Census Records during the German Empire 1 8 71- 1 91 8 - … Census/9... · 2020. 11. 16. · I ~\...

$: Census Records during the German Empire 1 8 71- 1 91 8 - … Census/9... · 2020. 11. 16. · I ~\ Census Records during the German Empire 1 8 71- 1 91 8 The German Empire that came$
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Census Records during the German Empire 1 8 71- 1 91 8

The German Empire that came to life in the Palace

ofVersailles near Paris on January 18, 1871 meant

the end of the Zollverein and the North German

Confederation, but the tradition of census enumera

tions continued. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870- 71

had interfered with the census that was scheduled for

December 3, 1870, but the process was continued

exactly one year later. Beginning in 1875, a national

census was conducted in December in five-year

intervals. The First World War caused another inter

ruption in the schedule, but a census was enumerated

in 1916. With the collapse of the German Empire

in November 1918, the history of German census

records entered a new and unpredictable phase.

The basic premise of the imperial census was the

establishment and maintenance of common stan

dards, instructions, documents, and procedures in all

of the thirty-eight states. The process of producing

such a census would require several attempts and in

many ways mirrors the slow evolution that took place

among the states in the five decades before 1871.

The census campaigns conducted under

the German empire had very similar processes.

Enumeration districts composed of no more than

fifty households were to be established and volunteer

officials (where possible) recruited for the campaign.

The owner or supervisor of each building was to see

that the records for each household were complete

and correct before the forms were collected by the

agent. The imperial government was allowed to vary

the information collected from census year to cen

sus year. 1 States wishing to collect data beyond what

was required were allowed to do so using individual

Zi:ihlkarten [enumeration cards]. This led to an enor

mous amount of documentation, as will be shown

below.

From the Haushaltungsliste, only the number of

persons was transferred to a Controlliste that featured a

line for each head of household by name and thus rep

resented the population of a Zi:ihlbezirk [enumeration

16

district]. The numbers (without names) were next

transferred to the Ortsliste [town summary page]

that included a line for each Zi:ihlbezirk and thereby

established the population of the town. County and

provincial officials moved those numbers to further

pages on each higher geopolitical level. Final totals

were submitted to the Imperial Bureau of Statistics

in Berlin and publications issuing from that office

included only statistics.

The founding of the empire required a new con

stitution with two bodies oflegislature: the Reichstag

and the Bundestag. It was in the latter body that deci

sions regarding census enumerations were made. The

first such ruling was issued in the summer of 1871

and stipulated that the initial national enumeration

was to take place on December 1 of that year.

This first nation-wide census featured a great deal

of supporting and instructional literature, including

a message meant to inspire cooperation (assuming a

patriotic spirit throughout the new empire). Under

the title "The Census of the German Empire on

December 1, 1871 and the Support Desired from the

Press and the Churches," it began with these words:

During the last days of November of this

year, thousands upon thousands of volunteer

letter carriers will knock at the doors of their

fellow citizens and deliver to them census

forms in open envelopes. Those forms are

meant for the recording of the names of the

people who dwell there . These cards and

papers are the tolls needed for the census

that will be conducted throughout the empire

on December 1- from the Memel River

[northeast] to the Mosel by Metz [southwest]

and from Konigsau [by Denmark] to Lake

Constance [south by Switzerland]-an area

of more than 10, OOO square kilom eters [sic].

Every family in Prussia [not Germany!] will

receive such an envelope and every head of

household is asked to record on a small card

his own name and the name of each person

in his household, their gender, age, occu

pation, education, religion, etc. The cards

are to be returned on December 1 or 2 to

the man who brought them. There will be

approximately 120,000 such men out and

about on those days in Preul3en alone--a

veritable army, well organized, consisting of

men of all status and occupations, from the

highest to the lowest, all of them convinced

that they are participating in a grand patriotic

work. And so it is. A census is undoubtedly

one of the best ways for a nation to get to

know itself .... 2

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Fi9ure 1. The first of four pages of the patriotic essay introducing

the national census in 1871 . The document was written by Dr .

Ernst Engel of the Royal Statistical Office in Berlin.

This four-page essay reviewed the statistics com

piled for Preul3en since 1820 (to show the growth of

the kingdom) and mentioned the importance of the

census to determine military strength ("to defend our

country, ... our numbers will convince our neighbors

to keep peace with us"). The writer indicated that the

census would involve papers weighing 4,000 Zentner

[about 200 tons] and that it would take 120 assistant

civil servants to compile the data in the Berlin office

over perhaps one year's time. The census would help

determine how old or young the people are; how

many persons work to support how many others;

the ages of married people and the duration of their

marriages and "perhaps help us find a way to prevent

the trend of celibacy among young men and women."

The census would facilitate predictions regarding pro

duction and consumption of resources and the gross

national product; those numbers could be used to

help states make adjustments in occupational distribu

tion, etc., etc. "All in all it is clear that a good census

can be one of the most useful and valuable resources

of the government." 3

The author, Ernst Engel (1821-1896), was well

known in the science of statistics; he insisted that

the English press and churches had supported their

national census well, but complained that they only

did the counting every ten years ("not often enough").

"Nobody can tell precisely what has changed in a

country until a new census is taken." 4 His final state

ments were meant to tug at the heartstrings of the

reader:

... everything grows from census to census,

the number of people, houses, trains, ships

and all of that shows that we are moving

forward. The census measures this. Let us

see to it that the census is done as well as

possible and may God grant that the next

census shows the greatness and the pros

perity of the Vaterland. The English press

supported the census on April 3, 1871. Let

us approach the census with confidence and

trust in God ... Thus we hope that our press

and our churches will off er similar support

so that by Easter next year at the latest the

results of the first general German census

of December 1, 1871 can be announced to

the German people. That will be a testimony

that Germany deserves a high position among

the nations, not just because of its power and

the brilliance of its weapons, but because

of the ingenuity, ambition, and virtue of its

citizens. 5

Ernst Engel was the head of the Royal (not

hnperial!] Statistical Bureau in Berlin. 6 This state

ment was probably not circulated among all of the

states in Germany, but rather only in the thirteen

Prussian provinces and a few oth er states. According

to Puttkammer and Miihlbrecht, the instructions

and forms emanating from Berlin in 1871 were used

17

only by PreuBen, Lauenburg (a district in Schleswig

Holstein), Braunschweig, Waldeck , and Ham burg.

The full set of documents sent to those few states

from the national lnnenministerium [Interior Ministry]

in Berlin for the census campaign of 1871 included

these elements (identified by alphabetical characters

as follows) :

A. Ziihlkarte: the card to be filled out for each

individual

B. Example of a Ziihlkarte filled out

C. Lists of persons present on December 1

D. General instructions

E. Instructions for the town author ities: these

included the procurement of the forms to be dis

tributed, filled out, and collected; the selection /

assignment and training of enumerators, and the

transfer of data to the next higher government

office.

F. Instructions for the enumerators: these included

the responsibility to be very familiar with all

forms to be used; to see that all forms were filled

out correctly or to fill them out himself; to treat

any adult living alone in a home as a head of

household; to treat e.g. the director of a hospital

or a prison as a head of household; and to trans

fer the names and numbers from the Ziihlkarte to

columns 1-3 of the Controlliste.

G. Controlliste (sample); the name of each head of

household was to be transferred from the house

hold list to a line on this form, along with only

the total number of members of the household

by gender and number. (States not using the

Ziihlkarte tra{isferred the numbers from the

H aushaltsvorstandsliste to the Controlliste.)

H. Statistical summary: from the Controlliste the total

numbers of persons (by gender and number but

not by name) were transferred to this list that

represented the entire enumeration district .

18

The resulting numbers were transferred to yet

another form ( Ortsliste) that included totals for

the town or the city.

Census Forms Used in the German Empire from 1871 to 1916 The five forms shown below constitute the literature

printed for national census campaigns throughout the

life of the German Empire. During those ten enumer

ations, individ ual states continued to print these pages

under their own governmental titles and included a

few items not required by national standards .

Figure 2. A rarity: an individual Zcihlkarte from a town

in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Most of these pages were

destroyed after the information was transferred as num

bers to the household list . [https :/ /familysearc h. org / ark:/61903/1: l:MVYl -FDPj

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Fi9ure 3. This Haushaltun9sliste was used in some states instead of the Ziihlkarte .

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Figure 4. This 1885 Controlliste shows the counts of perso ns in each

household; the data were taken from the Haushalt svorstandslisten .

[Biickeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe; Niedersachsisches Landesarchiv

Biickeburg Dep 9C Nr 637]

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Fi9ure 6. Taken from the Ortslisten, these are the fmal totals for the city of Fritzlar after the census of 1890 . [Stadtarchiv Fritzlar]

21

According to Michel, the data sought in all states

for all individuals under the first national census were

as follows: 7

I. relation to head of household

2. gender

3. birth place

4. birth year

5. marital status

6. religion

7. occupation or employment

8. citizenship

9. place of residence (if not permanently here)

JO. persons absent from this household on December 1

The national directives for 1871 allowed the

states to gather additional information if desired, but

restricted that additional information to the follow

ing: precise birth date, native language, level of edu

cation, handicaps, and reason for being at the current

location (if not a permanent resident).

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Becau se many of the states were still attempt-

ing to act as independent entities not yet subsumed

by the empire, the regulations for the census sent

to local authorities in many states did not cite the

Statistical Bureau in Berlin as the origin. For example,

a communique from the grand duchy of Baden dated

September 30, 1871 indicated that "the gran d duke

had decided" that his state would participate in the

census mandated by the national government . The

government of Sachsen-Meiningen in Hildburghau sen

issued a similar statement on November 12. Cards for

individuals were not used in Baden; a page issued to

each head of household facilitated the recording of the

same data included on the Prus sian Ziihlkarte .

Only the five German states named above used

the individual Ziihlkarte in 18 71, while all others

employed a Haushaltun9slist e [a page showin g all per

sons in a given household]. Thus somewhat differ en t

instructions were issued to towns and enumerators

under that system. Neverthele ss, the same basic data

was collected for individuals thr oughout German y.

Fi9ure 7. Original lists of residents from the 1871 census were not often preserved , but they do exist. This one is a left-hand page from the town ofGandersheim, Braunschweig. [Niedersiichsisches LandesarchivWolfenbiittel 254 N, Nr. 1]

22

1875 German Empire Census 9. occup ation

10. prin cipal employm ent

11. secondary occupatio n

12. secondar y employm ent

The analysis of the 1871 census was apparently com

pli cated by mi sunder standing s r egarding two major

issues: birth place and occupation. The instru ction s

for enumerator s of the 1875 census featured very

detail ed int erpretati ons of thos e aspects of each p er

son 's status . A que stion was added regarding the status

of men on active or res erv e status in the militar y. Th e

followin g are the topic s of th e questions includ ed on

th e Zi:ihlkarte for 1875:

13. does this p er son empl oy more than five per sons?

14. detail s of busin ess that employs more than five

per sons

As in 1871, the cen sus campaign of 1875

was still not carried out uniformly in all states of

1 . fir st and last nam e

2. gend er

3. birth date

4. marital status

the empire. PreuBen, Lauenbur g, Hessen , both

Mecklenbur gs, Old enbur g, Braun schweig, Waldeck,

Schaumburg-Lipp e, Lipp e, Bremen , Hambur g, and

ElsaB-Lothrin gen used th e individual Zi:ihlkarte, while

th e r est still emp loyed th e Haushaltungsliste. Again,

5 . r eligion

6. citizenship

7 . place of re sidence (if no t here : town, county, state)

the instructions and th e form s designed for the census

usually were print ed over the signatur e of the minis

ter of the interior of th e stat e from its capital city, not

from the Statistical Bureau in Berlin . 8. for militar y per sonn el: command post and unit

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Fi9ure 8. A page from the 1875 census of Burg, Hessen-Nassau [Stadtar chiv Gelnhausen J

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23

1880 German Empire Census The following are the topics of the questions included

in the census for 1880:

1. first and last name

2. gender

3. birth date

4. birth place; state of birth if not PreuBen

5. permanent residence if not here; county of resi-

dence if not in this state

6. place of residence if absent from here

7. citizenship if not PreuBen

8. religion

9. marital status

10. relationship to head of household

a. how are you related?

b. are you employed by head of household?

c. do you only sleep in this household?

11. handicaps

12. occupation, profession, or office

13. are you self-employed?

14. are you employed by another?

Fi9ure 9. The 1880 census form was quite simple. [Weillensee, Sachen-Provinz; Kreisarchiv Sommerda]

24



I. first and last name

2. gender

3. birth date

8. citizenship

9. military personnel: assignment and unit

10. place ofresidence if not permanently here

4. marital status

5. birth place

11. place of residence if temporarily absent from this

household

6. religion 12. comments

7. occupation

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·, (t/lthft ,l({u&P ! f4v"j'j'j ! 'j-/t,/J. )/t!JJ,f ;, .

. 'Jd,Jf,'6 ~,;A;~, <lll{t/~ ;,,~~ !JJf,j ~,;' x ~ if I~~ /i/;1'/v ~f·t,1~-?t4'I~ ;(/.14· a:k

-tlt11t1/l!t1 " /Jj:a,i frf~n~, IJJ4. " . . ~///;,/, ~ : ·¥, ll4'k (c!l#i ' . iJIII~ Lf • ,, l//ltr1;/4i$/}4

l . I

/I • A " . . /I : , ,...._,_• ; ! Fi9ure 10. The 1885 census form was still handwritten in many areas. [Reuden, Anhalt; Kreisarchiv Zerbst]

25




2. relationship to head of household

3. gender

4. age (birth date or age in years)

5. marital status

6. occupation and specialty

7 . birth place (town and county)

8. if on active military duty (status and unit)

9. religion

10. citizenship

11. native language

12. persons temporarily here (permanent place of

residence and county)

~ef,- J'..,.

.. ~;l

~7< , . ~

I,

~ )

.,

~.~

Fi9ure 11. This 1890 census features full birth dates and home towns or provinces. [Rheydt, Rheinprovinz; Stadtarchiv Miinchengladbach]

26




2. gender

3. age (birth date or age in years)

7. occupation and specialty

8. employment and duration thereof

9. if on active military duty (status and unit)

4 . marital status 10. if male 39-45: member of militia and if trained

5. rehgion 11. handicaps

6. citizenship

3 4. -----.~.s.--,--6. 'r' - ~mn I 1. • S&~a;ft• t}amilien• ..

ober f onftigc ftonb !Jlelt-~u~·t ____ °" . @ehrt~· ®teUung -y-;:;-- - QiODII• I Stoat!•

9lto. bd b~ . Jor. unb ~OmlfifRnamtn ~Ilium t::. .::!l j t g ~ btft~~·t· 4Ullt~Ol'i(lftit .aa~t· 3iijr, T)altung~· j ! j -~ !§: 111t 6ritff fartc l>orf tnnb I ~ ~ ~

·- ------41«-k --~ -~- -'%q Z:._,_ - _ ___ ,.;D J •

.2, ~ . ,y ~ .JfC ~ ~ ~ •

~- r-·· r ~ ---~' ·······;;;·7 .. ·······-: .................. -~ ···~ · ~ ......... 1 ................. ····· ··· ... ~ ...... ~ ..... -· ~ ·~ ~ ········ ·

Figure 12. 1895 census from Lobberich, Rheinprovinz [Stadtarchiv Kempen GALobberichlOl.2)

27



1.

2.

3.

4 .

5.

6.

first name

last name

status or occupation

day of birth

month of birth

year of birth

..

Strnr,c.

i '.~)aili

.Ai !Bomamc.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

religion

town of birth

county of birth

country of birth

citizenship

comments

1$tanb ober

@c1uetlie.

fi9ure 13. The left -hand page of the 1900 census [Minden, Westfalen; Stadtarchiv Minden)

!Religion.

Ort

ii

I - ~

' ..

(5tant.

!~_L_-/ ; ... /~~~ .

\Etant~ange~iitigftit, lllCltll

IT i dj t '.t!rcuflen. ~emetfnnoen.

fi9ure 14. The right -hand page of the 1900 census has the town, county, and province of birth. (Minden, Westfalen; Stadtarchiv Minden)

28

1905 German Empire Census The following are the topics of the questions includ ed


1.

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

first name

last name

relationship to head of household

marital status

male

female

day of birth

month of birth

9. year of birth

I O. principal occupation

11. position in employment

12. religion

13. citizenship

14. whether active military

15-17 for men 39 to 45 years of age

15. army training

16. navy training

17. no training

Eeit,2. ( ~

- .... -r·;?amm ber an,uefenbett 'l,'crjonen, .mn:11nb~;~11ft;,..,, obn li .. mm,, .. r 11·· ~- ... uptbttuf (.0 (st,1, •• 1"'"'1 lllff . s.i fonlllgt eteaung auin ll<1nb. II C!le, <¥4 • •

!llei ben liinttdOth i{l ft[gtnbt !Jlti~mfolge ~1>Uf~lllt1411QhOrlt1111b. 'l!n1ug,ben Db 'l fdJltd)t (9c(,ud~tag ;I IUl !II b,auoi\l,n: !llei[piel, faufti n Eitllun · lt~!g (b. ~- (but"'

.f,o.uif)attun;iuctflaub, Q~tftau, Rinbtt, fonjligr R QR , «· turbtt tin~ei• '-"' i lj ~11btt11>aubh, ~duilidje u,b getnuulidJ< '.lli,u{l, 'illtnftbah fur Ti•~t!ulj, abu rahl noiljbm 1 ; I! botm, al,11>ttbi9t~ilfrn, l••l\ig, !!lloljnungig,noffm, Q<hlerbll~, !llmuljtunge~,

unb

(,d,urt"inl)r,

:'=== I I

~ tt 6djlafleut, unb b0tii&,'l!•~nb 'llnm,f,nb<. 0,111,tblg,~tlf• obe, 2,~rhng, 'llltettt oTjne tigent !lllittfiljofl,

=-========all Ro~· unb G~lofsAnan:' !llm• } It ~ornam · ~amilimname. · fiondt, !jlflrgltng, !!ogiergof!.

I • _2:_ s.

Tjeiutet &" ltlefen), •u•

,.i,at,t, 1nm111, (r), gefdJle~en.

au~ •• a•iiljn,n.)

.. _!:JI Fritdrich ~,bold I Ilaushalttmg .. Ol'S;~ [ .,.,.h.irald 1i-=-1 ~: I Btrta I ·., E/,.frau I ~erheiratet -:-II S. II Hu_qo .. Sohn /,dig

,.

,: J _±:_ II Anna ., Tochter ledig. lf---i-1~I ~ ~/ Aug"81 ., Bnuitr gesd11tdffl I 1

~, 8. ii Marie -~lttoab• Dim,,t/JQI, - kdig--.. 1. , All.o<rl Zi•fJltr Ge,e/lt ldig

I;. 8. \!Abraham Sli,b,l Gcut au( B.,_,. Wit1<er

_ 9. lnobtrt Xli/iler Einq,iartiert ldig_

29

~ ....,, za:..:=-z __ ~--mr ... -· -· - D -·· - ~ • . .. - l -- - ... . & . £_,

lkll ...... . , ..... et .. ••1&-e1•11« ... ~· •UUhlf ..... ,..IAft ~ (.\¼ae,tmacrt) aat eteDaq .

..,_ ...... ..,,.,..1,r.u .... , ... I:."" .... _ ·-" ....... , .... rt, • •1t 1i-1u1,a: <• .... :,.: kllar,.,. •t1a•11.-.. ,. • ........ kt. .. .. .0-IIJtkr•f. .. ,.. ...... 1n "'14Mfr:nM 1111.-.1a.ata111Dlnfte r*:-11:::r·:-=.-·:: J ~w UIIWdl). Mmn~•m. 1111118'mit " -t,,ltatjala -- . IJltfalt.al c:.· ..... -, .... 11--.. ." ... c ...... ~-J.~ - ' (11$W,U.qJlil .aJ, ... Ill .»,•, flt 1hltu,aliti.,~ .. lnlllG, ,-la IMO tll 81 .. ttJtllkt llit• ... !llala.111 tldwlla ................ lfffrbll~). 1 K.lh1'1d14- 1n-..1 ....... ,i. ufltlll••tt !dl.,.daa._ , .. ,.. ..... ,_@•-i

If/IA ''"""-tt11), ................. , tat~,6. fcde .... di. •Cl IHI, IJ t1$t ka lltlll ••'*• :r:_ ~....,.,_.,. t ftr lllldltiM- $1iNlM11n9"1Uat,w kl~f.lit .......... ...,.,., .. !."'J:1!:nn •• ._...,...$1,._I .::.~=:.. ...... llht._ ..... ""*Lf .......... 11. .lillldM .,...,.. t • --=~ ..,..... (el4c •• ,.._ ai,. t,) (~~81&.L)

la ... • ·· - antlld. f:.._ JI. It. II. u .. 11. H , ,,.-_.

- ·- - B. D • "

E . . D -

---- I!. D I ~ -\" ~ B. D -.L\ G.a. .& D l

.,,._JI', ..

JC. 1) .............. . ' e.. 1l. .D - _.!..,_ It

,ti~ ........ J. ~ -......... ....,,,.. D ...... ~ Iii .l

' ~ If _, . . _,/ .

~ 'O

-1 "· ~ ,. . "1

___J_ ~·w.. · i--• 1 ~

. 'Jt',-!-..._J .L

~

I V, . .t ., /) .,/. ' ...,t;:· - i - -t • ... ,__,,,J.~

. ,,.2 ,. ~ , :..1

\t,

~ .,11 ,; ..t. . ~;{ . .. - -----..., • . . ,,J _e.,~-r - c.R. . \;,I •

~~ .J. • ,I./= ~- . ~• . ft

Fi9ure 16. The abbreviations are E. (Evangelisch) and D. (Deutschland). [StaatsarchivT hiiringen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Hofmarschallamt Sondershausen 0820, right-hand page]

30

~

1910 German Empire Census The following are the topic s of the questions included


1. relation to head of hou sehold

2. gender

3. marital status

4. birth date

5. occupation and employment

6. whether on active military duty

7. religio n

8. citizenship .

,£; . , .. , , f:1 ~~ 1 l r~.11..,,b¼.....,Z"' I·· 1. ~ - ~ I ~ - ~ rt.ff:!: . Vf; ~- " , , r

'llf' t/. ,(/ ''l . .• . ,.. /; :/: : ,t..., 'lt,1/J.., ' ~ ., • ..,.,..,,. , ·r,,r /1"1 ' ~ - •1', j '

,,,,. > It{""""" /4 ' · L_.,,/ JI/. ~ · t7 ~,// ~- 'i .,,,. . . /u ,,.. . ., . : If. L· ,/Jf., .,/4,~*" , . • Ii . , I., ~ ... /. : i~,~1 t~-: ~-;-1-.;f+h ·: .. /r: ' ,,,z , ·1 •

w..1LJ .:t. ....... · . ....... 7 ~·"' i JJ. I'°" ... '// J1,11," • I A , ~ . t.: ,,:; J, ..

• ' • I • I t: ~.:. ! "~ ~ - f~ ~. ' I • # I } I ~/ £A.._ .. , L,/1_ Iii/. L-'11 t, u _,_ • 1 •

Fi9ure 17. A common way to save paper and writing in a census book: only the last page of this 1910 census book has the column head

ings. [Schleusingen, Sachsen-Meiningen ; Kreisarchiv Hildbur ghausen]

31



1. given name

2. surname

3. status or relationship to head of household

4. gender

5. birth date

6. marital status

7. citizenship

8. employment

9. employer or employee on July 31, 1914

10. type of business at place of employment on July

31, 1914

11. current occupation

12. current position at place of employment

13. current type of business at place of employment

14. if born before December 1, 18 99 active military

status

15. if born before December 1, 1899 reserve military

status

16. status if military invalid

17. status if prisoner of war

allcr iit ber 91ndJt uom ·~:~fr .. r~

30. ilfouem6er 3um 1. SDe3emoet 1916 in bet ~og~µg :

ftnl>e

9'1tnn,

met

-" I ·-.-~

~fo1ucjcnbc ~er! onen ·; S/ ~,/t,1 . '.,' ltlutbe

!Hri~rnfo(ftt brr ffintriige: ,Oau3flaltung3boritanb, !itefrau, mnber, anbm 'rlltbettvanbte, !Befud), @ema&ege°6ilffll. ·· . \Jlttfot ~duah(1Jt, gelUfrblid)e, lanl>lllirtid!aftlid}e ~ienftbotm.·3immtrabmietcr, E~!afgimgn tmb fanftige ei!o~nimglgenojfen. · · ,_< · <i

ijantllien• llJorname

name

2 -

Karl Meier

Friila Meier

Hei1tricl, 'Mtit'I"

lltleiie J/eia

Ida 1.-1>tirh

Fi9ure 18. The left-hand page of th e 1916 census used in Sachsen-Provinz

32

,~t .... ·. .. t /l .. • (·~!J ~ ... :i~tlflf"\•,t _ ... #- •~ · ' ~ ;

-~~I~ungSuorfta111

bc~ 1mb in bcn 0ugcfJorigcn ~rn11n~IidJf~t~~·~n~ef~~!be1t:~~tj~nr,_~·-

~tlrf)es ijt i~re gege~iitti ge !Berufst~figfem

1rnr 4llt rtilljlbtulfcbrn m5nntidjm : 1ln1onrn, b!t ' ilor belrt 'l.1'r3t1111,cr"l899 ... ,

geburrn (i11b, ifl ba, gegrnm<irtige :Dlilitiirt1er~a1htia an3u9eben,unb 1mar:

6 t U "( t . l !u , ,.; ·nit!)I ;., ohi""

e llU!J " r fiir bie I "''"'"' ... ,,.,, ..

Ii im $eruf, he9 $etriebs, im11fti11ta'Iliett[t!n, ,..,.,.~ .....

@enoue oti: felhltonblg, in 'h)fldje111 ber fte!Jenben, cv- :.::;~,,.. ~nbaber, ~ei[lcr , 'llm,f oulgtflbl IDl:rb. 0

"' ""'7;i'.;',"°;.'~:::i'f~ i!lngOOC btt . ~,aui.l• !aiir ,iltttmlf 0 · 1'"1!:::mn:qk "f:"""''••~•'4'1f;~

. gew,rbetreibcnbcr, unb ~iUt~o,ttfanen · ..., c,.u.ihra,. .,,:~,':!:i~4;,n, · !llrt '11.ngefltllkf, anaugrben '&borbt, ............. a ... ~ ... ,,,. .. "''"' "

e!erlmrftt:, ~ruppenfdl uht,.) ~~~"!t~~ ~~~ ::::ris,. 'bet $tntfi• @;li,Oei \le~rl_mo. !mtnn 4ur 8iil o{Jne ••• , • .,,.,...,.,..,,,, .. : .. L"- u,ina •""·•n<td>~

· . :rb~,i:r ~rmm· <frmtrb'1tdtiA trlt, U\I, l;::--.n&&. D.•-~·,.:,~,1 c~ tatigfeit' ' · · @iir ~eamtr will lfl Qitt tln3utraaen • · ........... .,..,Q, ,. Li:;;:;,~:;,.;~.._

~iiit.:irptrfonen .auket 6teflung•, ~!S::!,~~;= t,.;t 0 • ~ J~ ~d,. 't:in1f1grub ,.tr10<rbf[ol)"', D•nuu" tt•t. tfl }itt ia leflftf! ,.a ("rl\.J~.r.t,.; .... ,.,.,.~.·.. . , . -1 ufm.) . .arbe:i!Blo3" D. bA"L bkl er CPGH• l!Jl.dllairwa I ~~ma':!E~-~~~~

~:c "' · .,. · I 10 I 11 · I 12 1:1 14 . ·· 1::; •

3ur .. ·, -:-:::. 1

rci~~· . f;aai flrti j beutfdje untrr ben In Strltge- ~l'olrr I u 2

bea till{lttrOR"1tTI fc!Jiibigtf \l,ltrion,n iO anau• i\Tleg.-.

gtben, ob gef11ng,ne fit 1l!ilitiir• (!lllilltar, aber

penfion Rioil• cb,r ' ·

!Dliiitar, , IJ!fnn11ene1 rrnlt au,; lltnnl>m. ~nil 21nlafl l>ti iit in bielrt

Q<Atn• n,iirll;en 5trttgt3 erbaUen (ja ober

neitt)

16

61•nlie smif .!lllilgtf.~ obrt irni .8i1111ti.

!II bt,tridltttn

17

~ - - . . - - I - · I _, ~ 1. ,,,..,_,, I M.,,,.;,a.i,r w,.....,..., I &aflo<io,f-'ri> - ~ ,. ..

1E ,· .. . 1. -~Farbenfabrik · 1 _ &,ldat . Vi.u~chtll'.m~er l 27. Fel~:~: --_1¼1· b .Hei,".af$1<rlaub1______ ____ ,,,. •

.lf,mfelna1ienn lleunark,tenn I Kri, 11s-l:t.,;_dun",amt - ! - I - I --~··"'~-; ·,· suldt , - 'l ~ l - 1 · - l d. u. 1-; -EJd .-Jri z1Mt,'17r.,,rk '. _______

1 ______ • ___ _ _ __ -----11-----

,, c- _ , , ,t,trvri!/.'ti:ren- Dnher f Arbeiter · _ J[rmitiomfcibrik - l_:.91'·: rdiamiert . ,

ii:£,. '· ' ·· · · l · · · ' La11darbcif"1' I _ _ •""'.' ___ - _ _ - i - I ' - f Milgef.

-·

~ Jf!r11& -~ .,,, ~

..... -- c..

fi9ure I 9. The right -hand page of the 1916 census used in Sachsen-Provinz

Notes 1 For impress ive details regarding the additional census data collected by states, see "Die Volkszahl der Deutschen Staaten

nachdenZahlungenseit 1816,"6, 7.

2 Ernst Engel, "Die Volkszahlung im Deutschen Reiche am 1. Dezember (1871] und ihre wiinschenwerthe Unter stiitzung

durch die Presse und die Kanzel."

3 Engel, "Die Volkszahlung im Deutschen Reiche."

4 Engel, "Die Volkszahlung im Deutschen Reiche."

5 Engel, "Die Volkszahlung im Deutschen Reiche ."

6 In 1875, Engel's name appeared on a similar appeal with the appearance of the new census instructions and supporting

literature .

7 Michel, Harald. "Volkszahlungen in Deutschland: Die Erfassung des Bevolkerungsstandes von 1816 bis 1933 ." jahrbu ch

.fiirWirtscheftsgeschichte 1985/11. Berlin: DeGruyter , 89 .

33

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