Cellular Respiration Part 1

Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationPart 1Part 1

Harvesting Chemical Energy Harvesting Chemical Energy from Glucosefrom Glucose

Releasing Energy From GlucoseReleasing Energy From GlucoseGlucose (6C)Glucose (6C)

2 X Pyruvate (3C)2 X Pyruvate (3C)

2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C)

CytoplasmCytoplasm

MitochondrionMitochondrion

Citric Acid Citric Acid CycleCycle

ATPATPee-- Carriers Carriers

ee-- Carriers Carriers

ee-- Carriers Carriers

Electron Transport Chain

Electron Transport Chain

½ O½ O22

HH22OO

ATPATP

2 H2 H++

4 CO4 CO22

2 CO2 CO22

ATPATP

GlycolysisGlycolysis

EnergyReleased

ee--

ee--ee--

EnergyReleased

OO2 2 presentpresent

Redox ReactionsRedox Reactions• Reduction: Gain of one or more electrons or hydrogen atomsReduction: Gain of one or more electrons or hydrogen atoms• Oxidation: Loss of one or more electrons or hydrogen atomsOxidation: Loss of one or more electrons or hydrogen atoms

Electron carrier NAD+ accepts two electrons and one proton to become NADH

Energy Yield Energy Yield of Glucose Oxidationof Glucose Oxidation

• CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + energyO + energy

– 40% of released energy captured in ATP 40% of released energy captured in ATP

• Involves two electron carriersInvolves two electron carriers– NADNAD++ + 2H + 2H++ + 2 electrons + 2 electrons NADH + H NADH + H++

– FAD + 2HFAD + 2H++ + 2 electrons + 2 electrons FADH FADH22

– Electrons donated to Electron Transport Electrons donated to Electron Transport Chain to produce ATPChain to produce ATP

Overview of GlycolysisOverview of Glycolysis

4 ATP4 ATP

2 NADH2 NADH

2 ATP2 ATP

2 NAD2 NAD++

Set

of 1

0 r e

actio

nsS

et o

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ti ons

2 X Pyruvate (3C)2 X Pyruvate (3C) CC CC CC CC CC CC

Glucose (6C)Glucose (6C) CC CC CC CC CC CC

Net gain of 2 ATPNet gain of 2 ATP

Occurs in cytoplasm under anaerobic conditionsOccurs in cytoplasm under anaerobic conditionsGluconeogenesis can convert pyruvate Gluconeogenesis can convert pyruvate glucoseglucose

Energy Investment Energy Investment Reactions of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis

Step 1Step 1

Reaction TypeReaction Type PhosphorylationPhosphorylation

ReactantsReactants Glucose Glucose ATPATP

EnzymeEnzyme HexoHexokinasekinase

ProductsProducts Glucose 6-phosphateGlucose 6-phosphateADPADP

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers - 1 ATP- 1 ATP


Step 2Step 2

Reaction TypeReaction Type IsomerizationIsomerization

ReactantReactant Glucose 6-phosphateGlucose 6-phosphate

EnzymeEnzyme PhosphoglucoiPhosphoglucoisomerasesomerase

ProductProduct Fructose 6-phosphateFructose 6-phosphate


Step 3Step 3


ReactantReactant Fructose 6-phosphateFructose 6-phosphateATPATP

EnzymeEnzyme PhosphofructoPhosphofructokinasekinase

ProductProduct Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateFructose-1,6-bisphosphateADPADP

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers -1 ATP-1 ATP

Energy Investment Reactions of Glycolysis--Step 4Energy Investment Reactions of Glycolysis--Step 4

Reaction Reaction TypeType

CleavageCleavage

ReactantReactant Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateFructose-1,6-bisphosphate

EnzymeEnzyme AldolaseAldolase

ProductsProducts Dihydroxyacetone Dihydroxyacetone phosphatephosphateGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphateGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate


Step 5Step 5


ReactantReactant Dihydroxyacetone PhosphateDihydroxyacetone Phosphate

EnzymeEnzyme IsomeraseIsomerase

ProductProduct Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Energy-Harvesting Energy-Harvesting Reactions of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis

Step 6Step 6

Reaction TypeReaction Type Redox + PhosphorylationRedox + Phosphorylation

ReactantsReactants 2 X Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate2 X Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate2 NAD2 NAD++, 2 P, 2 Pii

EnzymeEnzyme Triose phosphate Triose phosphate dehydrogenasedehydrogenase

ProductsProducts 2 X 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate2 X 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Energy Energy CarriersCarriers

2 NADH + 2 H2 NADH + 2 H++

1. NAD+ 2. G3P 3. BPG 4. NADHA. Which undergoes oxidation?B. Which undergoes reduction?


Step 7Step 7


ReactantsReactants 2 X 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate2 X 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate2 ADP2 ADP

EnzymeEnzyme PhosphoglyceroPhosphoglycerokinasekinase

ProductsProducts 2 X 3-Phosphoglycerate2 X 3-Phosphoglycerate

Energy Energy CarriersCarriers

+2 ATP+2 ATPSubstrate Level Substrate Level PhosphorylationPhosphorylation


Step 8Step 8


ReactantsReactants 2 X 3-Phosphoglycerate2 X 3-Phosphoglycerate

EnzymeEnzyme PhosphoglyceroPhosphoglyceromutasemutase

ProductsProducts 2 X 2-Phosphoglycerate2 X 2-Phosphoglycerate


Step 9Step 9

Reaction TypeReaction Type DehydrationDehydration

ReactantsReactants 2 X 2-Phosphoglycerate2 X 2-Phosphoglycerate

EnzymeEnzyme EnolaseEnolase

ProductsProducts 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate2 Phosphoenolpyruvate2 H2 H22OO


Step 10Step 10


ReactantsReactants 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate2 Phosphoenolpyruvate2 ADP2 ADP

EnzymeEnzyme Pyruvate Pyruvate kinasekinase

ProductsProducts 2 Pyruvate2 Pyruvate

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers +2 ATP+2 ATPSubstrate Level Substrate Level PhosphorylationPhosphorylation

Pyruvate OxidationPyruvate Oxidation

Reaction TypeReaction Type RedoxRedox

ReactantsReactants 2 Pyruvate2 Pyruvate2 Coenzyme A (CoA)2 Coenzyme A (CoA)2 NAD2 NAD++

EnzymeEnzyme DehydrogenaseDehydrogenase

ProductsProducts 2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoA2 CO2 CO22

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 NADH + 2H2 NADH + 2H++

2 X

2 X

2

2

2 +2 2

Occurs in the Mitochondrial MatrixNot Reversible, Cannot convert 2C3C

for pyruvate glucose pathway

1. NAD+ 2. Acetyl-CoA 3. Pyruvate 4. NADHA. Which molecule is an

oxidizing agent?B. Which is a reducing

agent?

Overview of the Citric Acid CycleOverview of the Citric Acid CycleCoACoA CC CC

Acetyl-CoA (2C)Acetyl-CoA (2C)

2 X2 X

Citric Acid CycleCitric Acid CycleSet of 8 reactionsSet of 8 reactions 6 NAD6 NAD++ 6 NADH6 NADH

2 FAD2 FAD 2 FADH2 FADH22

2 ADP2 ADP 2 ATP2 ATP

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

4 CO4 CO22 CC

Citric Acid CycleCitric Acid CycleStep 1Step 1

Reaction TypeReaction Type SynthesisSynthesis

ReactantsReactants 2 Acetyl-CoA2 Acetyl-CoA2 Oxaloacetate2 Oxaloacetate

EnzymeEnzyme Citrate Citrate synthasesynthase

ProductsProducts 2 Citrate2 Citrate



ReactantsReactants 2 Citrate2 Citrate

EnzymeEnzyme AconitaseAconitase

ProductsProducts 2 Isocitrate2 Isocitrate


Reaction TypeReaction Type Redox + DecarboxylationRedox + Decarboxylation

ReactantsReactants 2 Isocitrate, 2 NAD2 Isocitrate, 2 NAD++


ProductsProducts 2 Alpha-Ketoglutarate2 Alpha-Ketoglutarate2 CO2 CO22

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 NADH + 2H2 NADH + 2H++


Reaction TypeReaction Type Redox + DecarboxylationRedox + Decarboxylation

ReactantsReactants 2 Alpha-Ketoglutarate, 2 CoA2 Alpha-Ketoglutarate, 2 CoA2 NAD2 NAD++


ProductsProducts 2 Succinyl-CoA, 2 CO2 Succinyl-CoA, 2 CO22

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 NADH + 2 H2 NADH + 2 H++


Reaction TypeReaction Type Redox + PhosphorylationRedox + Phosphorylation

ReactantReactant 2 Succinyl-CoA, 2 ADP2 Succinyl-CoA, 2 ADP

EnzymeEnzyme SynthaseSynthase

ProductsProducts 2 Succinate, 2 CoA2 Succinate, 2 CoA

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 ATP, Substrate Level Phosphorylation2 ATP, Substrate Level Phosphorylation


Reaction TypeReaction Type Redox Redox

ReactantReactant 2 Succinate2 Succinate


ProductsProducts 2 Fumarate2 Fumarate

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 FADH2 FADH22

1. FAD 2. Fumarate 3. Succinate 4. FADH2

A. Which undergoes oxidation?B. Which undergoes reduction?


Reaction TypeReaction Type HydrationHydration

ReactantsReactants 2 Fumarate, 2 H2 Fumarate, 2 H22OO

EnzymeEnzyme FumaraseFumarase

ProductsProducts 2 Malate2 Malate


Reaction TypeReaction Type RedoxRedox

ReactantsReactants 2 Malate, 2 NAD2 Malate, 2 NAD++


ProductsProducts 2 Oxaloacetate2 Oxaloacetate

Energy CarriersEnergy Carriers 2 NADH + 2 H2 NADH + 2 H++

Free Energy Change for Glucose OxidationFree Energy Change for Glucose Oxidation

Energy Harvested from GlucoseEnergy Harvested from Glucose

(Cytoplasm)(Cytoplasm) GlucoseGlucose

2 NADH2 NADH2 NADH2 NADH6 NADH6 NADH2 FADH2 FADH22

2 Pyruvates2 Pyruvates

2 CO2 CO22

4 CO4 CO22

2 ATP2 ATP 4 ATP4 ATP

(Mitochondrial(MitochondrialMatrix)Matrix)

(Inner(InnerMembrane)Membrane)

2 ATP2 ATP

32 ATP32 ATPElectron TransportElectron Transport

SystemSystem

GlycolysisGlycolysis

Citric AcidCitric AcidCycleCycle

WaterWater

OxygenOxygen

2 ATP2 ATPNet Gain

Applying Your KnowledgeApplying Your Knowledge

A.A. Where is the Citric Acid cycle located?Where is the Citric Acid cycle located?B.B. Where does glycolysis occur?Where does glycolysis occur?

C.C. Where is COWhere is CO2 2 produced? produced?

D.D. Where is the electron transport chain Where is the electron transport chain located?located?

1.1. CytoplasmCytoplasm

2.2. MitochondrionMitochondrion

3.3. Both Cytoplasm and MitochondrionBoth Cytoplasm and Mitochondrion

4.4. Neither the Cytoplasm nor MitochondrionNeither the Cytoplasm nor Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration Part 1

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