Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesCell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nuclear EnvelopeNucleus

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Chloroplast

RER

SERSER

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

CentriolesCytoplasm and Cytoskeleton

Cell Wall and Cell Cell Wall and Cell MembraneMembrane

Cell WallCell Wall Plant, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi cellsPlant, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi cells

• Nearly all prokaryotesNearly all prokaryotes ProtectionProtection

• Support, Filtration, Over Expansion and StorageSupport, Filtration, Over Expansion and Storage Made from fibers of carbohydrates (plants= Made from fibers of carbohydrates (plants=

cellulose)cellulose) Cell MembraneCell Membrane

All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) Protection and FiltrationProtection and Filtration

• SemipermeableSemipermeable• Anchors cytoskeletonAnchors cytoskeleton

FlexibleFlexible Phospholipid bilayer (complex double wall)Phospholipid bilayer (complex double wall)All Organelles

NucleusNucleus Found in most eukaryotic cellsFound in most eukaryotic cells Control center of cellControl center of cell

Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Controls gene expression and DNA replicationControls gene expression and DNA replication Controls cell eating, movement and reproductionControls cell eating, movement and reproduction

Nuclear envelope- double layer membrane that Nuclear envelope- double layer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cells cytoplasmseparates the nucleus from the cells cytoplasm

Filters exchanges between the cell and its nucleus via nuclear Filters exchanges between the cell and its nucleus via nuclear porespores

Protects genetic materialProtects genetic material RNA travels through to send directions to the rest of the cellRNA travels through to send directions to the rest of the cell

Chromatin- DNA condensed to fit in the nucleusChromatin- DNA condensed to fit in the nucleus DNA and protein complex DNA and protein complex

Chromosomes- Condensed chromatin-threadlikeChromosomes- Condensed chromatin-threadlike During mitosis During mitosis All genetic info of the cell, transmits heredityAll genetic info of the cell, transmits heredity

Nucleolus- makes ribosomes (begins)Nucleolus- makes ribosomes (begins)All Organelles

Cytoplasm and CytoskeletonCytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm- cytosol and all organellesCytoplasm- cytosol and all organelles

Cytosol- fluid inside cellCytosol- fluid inside cell• Mostly water (transparent)Mostly water (transparent)

Storage of organic and inorganic molecules and site Storage of organic and inorganic molecules and site for manufacturing biomolecules and energyfor manufacturing biomolecules and energy

In all cellsIn all cells Cytoskeleton- network of protein filamentsCytoskeleton- network of protein filaments

Maintains cell shapeMaintains cell shape• Also aids in movement of some cells and objects or Also aids in movement of some cells and objects or

substances inside the cellsubstances inside the cell Motor proteins move organelles along cytoskeletonMotor proteins move organelles along cytoskeleton Microtubules- hollow tubes of proteinMicrotubules- hollow tubes of protein

• Maintain shape and serve as “tracks”Maintain shape and serve as “tracks”• During cell division help separate chromosomesDuring cell division help separate chromosomes

Centrioles- not present in plant cellsCentrioles- not present in plant cells• Bundles create cilia and flagellaBundles create cilia and flagella

Microfilaments- long thing fibersMicrofilaments- long thing fibers• Support and aid in movementSupport and aid in movement

All Organelles

Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum Ribosomes- made of RNA and proteinsRibosomes- made of RNA and proteins

All cells haveAll cells have Site of protein manufacturingSite of protein manufacturing

• Puts amino acids in order following instructions from the Puts amino acids in order following instructions from the nucleus (RNA)nucleus (RNA)

Free ribosomes- in the cytoplasm- create proteins for the Free ribosomes- in the cytoplasm- create proteins for the cell to usecell to use

Attached ribosomes- on the RER- create proteins for Attached ribosomes- on the RER- create proteins for exportexport

Rough ER- part of internal membrane systemRough ER- part of internal membrane system ““maze” of cisternae (folds)maze” of cisternae (folds)

• Also contains tubules and vesiclesAlso contains tubules and vesicles All eukaryotic cells haveAll eukaryotic cells have ““Rough” because of attached ribosomesRough” because of attached ribosomes

• Attach when protein synthesis beginsAttach when protein synthesis begins Proteins are made and modified (and packaged)Proteins are made and modified (and packaged)

• Modification especially of proteins for export and the cell Modification especially of proteins for export and the cell membranemembrane

• Often proteins go to Golgi Appartus nextOften proteins go to Golgi Appartus next Surrounds nucleus (membrane attaches to nuclear Surrounds nucleus (membrane attaches to nuclear

envelope)envelope)All Organelles

Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Makes lipids (and phospholipids), breaks down Makes lipids (and phospholipids), breaks down carbohydrates, helps regulate Calcium ions carbohydrates, helps regulate Calcium ions (Ca(Ca2+2+) and detoxifies drugs) and detoxifies drugs Also modifies some proteins (special enzymes)Also modifies some proteins (special enzymes) Contains enzymes to make sugar (glucose) out of Contains enzymes to make sugar (glucose) out of

nonsugarsnonsugars Refines steroidsRefines steroids Liver cells have many SERLiver cells have many SER

Made of cisternae, tubules and vesiclesMade of cisternae, tubules and vesicles Roller coaster shapedRoller coaster shaped

Part of internal membrane (attached to RER)Part of internal membrane (attached to RER) Also attached to cell membrane sensor proteinsAlso attached to cell membrane sensor proteins

• Brings in biomolecules vital to cellBrings in biomolecules vital to cell

Found in all eukaryotic cellsFound in all eukaryotic cellsAll Organelles

Golgi AppartusGolgi Appartus 1 of largest organelles in cell, stack of membranes (5-8 1 of largest organelles in cell, stack of membranes (5-8

cisternae, number depends on function of cell)cisternae, number depends on function of cell) 3 parts: Cis= closest to nucleus, Medial= middle, and Trans= 3 parts: Cis= closest to nucleus, Medial= middle, and Trans=

closest to cell membraneclosest to cell membrane Vesicles, cisternae and lumen (walls)Vesicles, cisternae and lumen (walls)

Also called Golgi Body, Golgi Complex and DictysomeAlso called Golgi Body, Golgi Complex and Dictysome Found in most eukaryotic cellsFound in most eukaryotic cells Part of inner membrane systemPart of inner membrane system Attach lipids and carbohydrates to proteinsAttach lipids and carbohydrates to proteins

Proteins start in the cis membranes and are modified as they Proteins start in the cis membranes and are modified as they move to the trans membranesmove to the trans membranes

• Different enzymes in each membrane do different jobsDifferent enzymes in each membrane do different jobs Vesicles bring substances to and from the Golgi ApparatusVesicles bring substances to and from the Golgi Apparatus

• Small enclosed compartments that store/ transport cell products Small enclosed compartments that store/ transport cell products and wastesand wastes

• Secretes cell chemicalsSecretes cell chemicals Create lysosomesCreate lysosomes Some break down and storageSome break down and storage

SecretionSecretion Send proteins to final destinationSend proteins to final destination Named after Camillo Golgi (discovered)Named after Camillo Golgi (discovered) All Organelles

Lysosomes and VacuolesLysosomes and Vacuoles Lysosomes- small organelles filled with Lysosomes- small organelles filled with

enzymes (mostly digestive)enzymes (mostly digestive) Gets rid of some of cells wasteGets rid of some of cells waste Digest food particles (lipids, carbs and proteins), Digest food particles (lipids, carbs and proteins),

engulfed viruses & bacteria, macromolecules, and engulfed viruses & bacteria, macromolecules, and unneeded cells and organellesunneeded cells and organelles• Disease fighting, AutophagyDisease fighting, Autophagy

Remove debrisRemove debris Mostly in animal cellsMostly in animal cells Build in Golgi ApparatusBuild in Golgi Apparatus

Vacuoles- Store water, salts, proteins, and Vacuoles- Store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydratescarbohydrates Many plants have one large oneMany plants have one large one

• Pressure gives cell structural supportPressure gives cell structural support Also in single-cell organisms and animals (smaller)Also in single-cell organisms and animals (smaller) Small vacuoles= vesiclesSmall vacuoles= vesicles

All Organelles

ChloroplastsChloroplasts In plants and other photosynthetic organismsIn plants and other photosynthetic organisms

photoautrophsphotoautrophs Not in animal or fungal cellsNot in animal or fungal cells

heterotrophsheterotrophs Use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food Use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food

moleculesmolecules Photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide + energy= sugar and Photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide + energy= sugar and

oxygen)oxygen) Substances used by cells to make usable energySubstances used by cells to make usable energy

Bound by two membranes (double membrane)Bound by two membranes (double membrane) Outer= regulates what goes in and out of organelle, inner= Outer= regulates what goes in and out of organelle, inner=

regulates intake of sugars and protiens going to the cell’s regulates intake of sugars and protiens going to the cell’s cyotplasmcyotplasm

Stroma= Aqueous partStroma= Aqueous part Thylakoids= photosynthetic membranes (discs)Thylakoids= photosynthetic membranes (discs)

• Green pigment= chlorophyll; found in photosynthetic membranesGreen pigment= chlorophyll; found in photosynthetic membranes Grana= Large stacks of thylakoidsGrana= Large stacks of thylakoids Lamella holds all togetherLamella holds all together Contains own ribosomes and DNAContains own ribosomes and DNA

All Organelles

MitochondriaMitochondria Release energy stored in food moleculesRelease energy stored in food molecules

Cellular respiration- uses food to make high energy Cellular respiration- uses food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use for growth, division, compounds that the cell can use for growth, division, development and movementdevelopment and movement• Sugar + oxygen Sugar + oxygen water, carbon dioxide and ATP water, carbon dioxide and ATP• ATP- adenosine triphosphate- usable energy of cells (chemical)ATP- adenosine triphosphate- usable energy of cells (chemical)

Enclosed by two membranes (double membrane)Enclosed by two membranes (double membrane) Bean shapedBean shaped Inner membranes- cristae (folds- where reactions Inner membranes- cristae (folds- where reactions

occur)occur)• Matrix- inside- contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomesMatrix- inside- contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes

Outer membrane regulates what goes in and out of Outer membrane regulates what goes in and out of organelleorganelle

Found in nearly all eukaryotic cellsFound in nearly all eukaryotic cells

All Organelles