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PATHO LAB 2

CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION

FRACTIONAL CURETTAGE SPECIMEN

70 yr old presenting with vaginal bleeding

HYPERPLASIA 

y  Note that this specimen is the endometrium but 

since belongs to a pt who underwent curettage. 

y  Note the pt's age (70) - too old to have vaginal 

bleeding; should be menopaused where there

should be decreased glands in the endometrium

indicates a PATHOLOGIC cellular adaptation y  See glands (arrows): Increased

- Of different sizes (some are dilated)

y  CAUSES:

a. excessesof hormones or growth factors

b. viral inf ections (papillomaviruses) - skin warts

y  Doc mentioned that in hyperplasia in the

endometrium, the glands increase in number   but 

the stroma (arrowheads) don't  so there is some

crowding of the glands 

y  Simple Hyperplasia:

y  Complex Hyperplasia:

y  Atypia: precursor to carcinoma of the endometrium

HYPERPLASIA, PROSTATE

F rom a 70y/o male presenting with dysuria

y  Hyperplasia is common to organs with glands 

y Prostrate (remember normal anatomy) - urethra passes through it

- contributes to ejaculation

- Normal weight: 10-20 gms

y  There may be an increased number of  glands &

stroma in the prostrate 

y  Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

- It is a fibromuscular organ;

y  Prostatic Hyperplasia, Nodular (P athologic) 

- Grossly, it appears nodular

- Glands and stroma prolif erate y  Dysuria - begins at 50 y/o above 

- Weight can increase to 30-40 gms 

- Increase tissue volume 

y  TRANSITIONAL ZONE 

- zone most commonly aff ected by hyperplasia

y  PERIPHERAL ZONE 

- zone most commonly aff ected by prostatic

adenocarcinoma

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HYPERTROPHY,HEART

y  Very common to muscles; Increase in SIZE

y  Note:

- Lipofuscin pigments - "wear & tear"

y  Hypertrophy

- Result of increased production of cellular proteins

- 'No new cells, just larger cells'

Mechanism:

- Induced by the linked actions of  mechanical

sensors, growth factors, & vasoactive agents.

ATROPHY

T aken from the uterus of a 72 y/o who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral 

salpingooophorectemoy 

y  Normal weight of uterus:

Nulligravid:

Primigravid:

y  CAUSES:

  Decreased workload 

  Loss of innervation 

  Diminished blood supply 

  Inadequate nutrition

  Loss of endocrine stimulation

  Pressure 

y  Microscopic f eatures: ?

METAPLASIA

Section taken from the cervix of 30 y/o who underwent

vaginal hysterectomy 

CERVIX:

ectocervix: stratified squamous

endocervix: simple tall columnar

-*chronic irritation metaplasia to squamous

site for cervical cancer 

y  Transition of diff erentiated to anothe

diff erentiated/mature cell type 

y  Other examples: Barrett's esophagus

- airway/bronchi of smokers

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PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION

Section taken from the wall of the uterus of a 68 y/o pt 

usually in medium veins in the uterus:

y  Pathologic Calcification- the abnormal tissue 

deposition of  calcium salts, together with smaller

amounts of iron, magnesium * other mineral salts

y  DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION 

deposition of calcium in dead tissue 

grossly - looks like kahoy (red)

**psammoma bodies - lamellated configurations

d/t progressive acquisition of outer layers; like

grains of sand 

y  METASTATIC CALCIFICATION 

may occur in normal tissue whenever there is

HYPERCALCEMIA

**sabi ni doc, more often na nagbibigay sila ng

dystrophic...