CELL DIFFERENTIATION –

the process of a committed cell becoming a particular type of cell by gaining the

structures and functions of highly specialized cells through gene expression.

CELL SPECIALIZATION -

Changes an unspecialized cell (stem cell) into a specialized cell. Ex. a stem cell might

become a cardiac muscle cell or a spinal neuron.

Stem cells can be used to replace unhealthy cells.

ROLE OF DNA –

in cell differentiation: Cell differentiation occurs because specific genes in each cell are turned on

and off in a complex, regulated pattern. The gene that is left “on” controls the process of cell

differentiation.

ROLE OF RNA –

in cell differentiation: RNA transcribes whichever portion of the DNA (whichever gene) that is

expressed in that particular cell. RNA takes this message to the ribosome where it is translated

into proteins.

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

• Factors such as temperature changes and supply of oxygen can affect gene expression and the

proteins that are produced.

• Pollution can also influence gene expression because they can mock or mimic chemical signals

sent by cells. This may cause some genes to be expressed that normally wouldn’t be expressed.

• Climate factors often affect gene expression. Ex: The length of day or night may trigger when

plants may bloom flowers, drop their leaves, etc.