CEE115/215

Report

Green Globes Evaluation of Schematic Design Phase of Knight Management Center of Graduate School of Business at the Stanford University

Claire Cormier Jixin Zhang Stacey Yuen Ting Lin

June 5, 2007

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Executive Summary In this report, the Knight Management Center for the Graduate School of Business (GSB) at Stanford University, at its schematic design phase, is evaluated based on the Green Globes standards. The Green Globes system is a revolutionary green management tool that includes an assessment protocol, rating system and guide for integrating environmentally friendly design into buildings. The scoring system is available online at the Green Globes website. The writers rated the Knight Management Center based on the information they had collected. Seven sections covering different aspects of the new GSB buildings are evaluated. They are: 1. Project Management 2. Site 3. Energy 4. Water 5. Resources 6. Emissions 7. Indoor Environment Within each section, multiple goals are set by Green Globes. This report is composed in a manner that explains the methods and justifications by the new GSB buildings in reaching each of these goals. At the end of each section, recommendations are provided for either the GSB buildings or the Green Globes rating system.

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Table of contents Page Summary of Scores 5 Project Management 6 Goal Summary PM1. Collaborate on Design (Integrated Design Process) PM2. Integrate environmental Purchasing PM3. Document Commissioning Plan Recommendations

Site 10 Goal Summary S1. Analyze Development Area S2. Minimize Ecological Impact S3. Integrate and Enhance Watershed Features S4. Enhance Site Ecology Recommendations

Energy 15 Goal Summary E1. Model and simulate the building energy performance E2. Optimize space configuration E3. Maximize use of daylight E4. Optimize building envelope E5. Use metering to monitor energy use E6. Incorporate energy efficient systems E7. Integrate renewable energy sources E8. Use energy-efficient transportation Recommendations

Resources 30 Goal Summary R1. Integrate systems and materials with low environmental impact R2. Minimize the use of non-renewable resources R3. Reuse parts of the existing building R4. Design for durability, adaptability and disassembly R5. Reuse and recycle demolition waste R6. Recycle and compost Recommendations

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Table of contents Page Water 39 Goal Summary W1. Meet a water performance target W2. Implement water conservation strategies W2.1 Minimize consumption of potable water W2.2 Minimize water for cooling towers W2.3 Minimize water for irrigation W2.4 Reduce off-site water treatment Recommendations

Emissions 50 Goal Summary EE1. Minimize air emissions EE2. Avoid ozone-depleting refrigerants EE3. Control surface run-off and prevent sewer contamination EE4. Reduce pollution EE5. Integrate pest management EE6. Properly store and control hazardous materials Recommendations

Indoor Environment 57 Goal Summary IE1. Effectively ventilate building areas IE2. Control sources of indoor pollutants IE3. Optimize lighting IE4. Optimize thermal comfort IE5. Optimize acoustic comfort Recommendations

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Summary of Scores Scores by Section1

Stanford Knight Management Center achieved an overall rating of 86%. This score achieves 4 Globes according to the following table from the Green Globes.

Due to some uncertainties in the rating the “Resources” section, the upper bound score will result in an overall score of 86%, while the lower bound only gives an overall score of 82% (not shown).

1 Green Globes Website: http://www.greenglobes.com/gbi/report-us.asp

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Project Management Summary of Goals: PM1. Collaborate on Design (Integrated Design Process) PM2. Integrate environmental Purchasing PM3. Document Commissioning Plan

PM1. Collaborate on Design Goal: Green Globes places an emphasis on the importance of planning and collaborative consideration for optimal green building design. The purpose of this goal is to encourage the owner, designer, and users to collaborate on the environmental and functional priorities of the project in an efficient manner.2 In order to achieve the highest rating for this goal, a collaborate process to develop the building’s design – drawing on various stakeholders to set define project goals, evaluate options, and define practical and environmental priorities at the initiation of design. Input from all members of the design team should also be solicited at each stage of the design process. Finally, Green Globes stipulates that the same collaborative scoping should be applied at each stage of project delivery in order for the project to receive the credit. Methods and Justification: Prioritize Sustainability

Stanford University prides itself on its collaborative approach to campus design. In recent years, this process has been enhanced by the incorporation of the Guidelines for Sustainable Buildings, a framework put forth by the Environmental Stewardship Committee to help the University communicate green goals and priorities during the planning, design, and construction phases for new buildings and renovations. 3

These guidelines are an integral part of the University’s approach to

2 Green Globes Design Summary. “Design for New Buildings 3 Stanford Guidelines for Sustainable Buildings

Figure PM1: Stanford Sustainability Guideline

Considerations (Courtesy: Goldstein, Kavanaugh)

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building projects and keeps collaboration and green goal prioritizing at the forefront of design dialogue. In accordance with the guidelines, land use, building quality, operations, aesthetics, sustainability, building codes, cost, and schedule must be discussed and prioritized as part of the formulation of the building program. Collaboration and Constant Input Stanford’s Project Delivery Process (PDP) is a framework that facilitates scoping and timely communication between project managers, campus stakeholders, contractors and various consultants. The matrix defines decision points for scoping, consideration, and approvals and designates a timeline for each phase before new decisions are made. The PDP approach also defines the roles and responsibilities of key decision makers on the project. During the schematic phase, GSB designers have worked closely with the stakeholders to gather input on goals for the project. This collaborative process has allowed the designers to prioritize the functional and environmental elements of the design.

Figure PM2: Stanford Project Delivery Process (Courtesy: Stanford Department of Project Management)

PM2. Integration of Environmental Purchasing: Goal: This objective encourages the project to select products, equipment, and materials with intention of minimizing environmental impact. In order to meet this requirement, the builders should specify environmental purchasing options being considered or integrate National Master Specification (NMS) green building stipulations. For the purposes of this goal, environmental purchasing can apply to high-efficiency, energy-saving equipment, use of local or certified materials, etc.

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Methods and Justification: The GSB designers have made significant efforts to ensure that environmentally conscious materials and processes will be used. Environmental considerations were not only factored into the choice of raw materials to be used in the building but also for the equipment that will eventually be used in the structure. During the schematic design phase, designers have placed low emitting materials such as composite wood and agri-fiber products containing no added

ureaformaldehyde resins on the consideration list for materials.4 They have also specified that a minimum of 50% of all wood used in the building will be from Forest Stewardship Council sources. 5 Additionally, to reduce material transport emissions, designers will give preference to materials located within a 500 mile radius of the site.6

PM3. Document Commissioning Plan Goal: The purpose of this goal is to ensure that the building is designed, constructed, and calibrated to operate as the owner and designers intended. To achieve this requirement, planners must provide specific “Conceptual Design” and “Basis of Design” documentation and develop a commissioning plan. Methods and Justification: The GSB’s design team has made drawings, goals, program, and specification narratives available to Stanford stakeholders. Specific Conceptual Design and Design Intent types of reports as specified by Green Globes have not been provided to us on a student level, but such documents or comparable dialogues area assumed to exist, based on the reputation and planning methods generally used by ARUP and the other consultants involved with the project.

4 GSB Building Architectural Systems and Building Materials Narrative (6) 5 GSB Building Architectural Systems and Building Materials Narrative (5) 6 GSB Building Architectural Systems and Building Materials Narrative (9)

Figure PM3: Forest Stewardship Council Certified

Wood (Courtesy: www.fscus.org)

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Checklist

Recommendations The University, project consultants, and designers should work together to create a formalized report structure to document Conceptual Design and Basis of Design in accordance with Green Globes standards. Similar mechanisms are already in place with the Sustainability Guidelines and PDP matrices and the GSB would likely receive credit during the consultant visit, but an effort should be made to clarify the format for these documents if they are to be submitted to Green Globes officials.

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Site

Summary of Goals: S1. Analyze Development Area S2. Minimize Ecological Impact S3. Integrate and Enhance Watershed Features S4. Enhance Site Ecology

S1. Analyze Development Area Goal: This objective seeks to protect the land on which the building will be located and ensure that impacts on the lands ecology and biodiversity will be minimized. This section encourages the designers to minimize the disturbance of undeveloped areas on the site and to, if possible, avoid locating the building in a wetland, wildlife corridor, or other ecologically sensitive area. Methods and Justification:

Figure S1: GSB Site Plan (Courtesy: Bohlin Cywinsky Jackson, Arup, PWP)

The new GSB building will be located on a site currently occupied by two concrete frame office structures: Serra office complexes 651 and 655, and a large parking area. The buildings will be demolished and recycled with a goal of achieving 75% recyclability by weight of construction, demolition, and land clearing waste. The contractor will develop and maintain recycling processes and provide documentation of total diverted material.7 Green Globes seeks to ensure that data for the site’s topography, geology, soils, water features, drainage, vegetation, 7 GSB Building Architectural Systems and Building Materials Narrative (2)

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and previous land use are all factored into the development of the site plan. GSB designers have carefully taken these considerations into account, placing a particular emphasis designing underground parking structure in a manner that minimizes impact on the water table. The GSB site is not located in a wetland or wildlife corridor and received positive ratings for being located on land that is currently serviced.

S2. Minimize Ecological Impact Goal: This objective seeks to ensure that the ecological integrity of the site is preserved. Green Globes wants designers to prioritize the protection of undeveloped areas on the site and make efforts to integrate native plant life into the landscaping. Designs should also include strategies to avoid the creation of heat islands and reduce night glow, light trespass, and bird collisions with the building.

Methods and Justification: Due to a technicality regarding the way in which Green Globes orders questions within the website, the GSB received negative credit for not leaving undeveloped areas undisturbed. This reality is merely a factor of the site already being a serviced space, and thus, there are no areas of land left undeveloped. The building received positive notation, however, for integrating native planting and naturalization into the landscape design. Stanford landscape architects have historically put great emphasis on protecting local trees and incorporating native plants into landscape designs.

Figure S2: GSB Exterior (Courtesy: Bohlin Cywinsky Jackson)

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The GSB also received positive notation for minimizing heat islands. According to the current specifications, artfully crafted façade sunscreen elements and external building shades will control solar insulation falling on the building’s exterior, minimizing glare, reducing heat island effect, and hopefully preventing birds from accidentally colliding with the structure. A highly reflective, light colored roof membrane and thermoplastic polyolefin sealants will also reduce the heat island effect. Foliage, arcades, and roofline designs will also work to reduce night glow.8

S3. Integrate and Enhance Watershed Features Goal: This objective requires that efforts be made to reduce the quantity of stormwater run-off entering storm sewers by increasing ground infiltration and carefully considering site grading. Green Globes requires that the designers provide a stormwater management plan to prevent damage to vegetation both on and around the site. The guidelines specify that if the 50% of the site is currently covered by impervious surfaces, a reduction to 25% should be sought. This goal also encourages designers to consider the use of groundwater reuse mechanisms for enhanced water management.

Methods and Justification:

The GSB’s site is currently comprised almost entirely of impermeable surfaces – including buildings and an expansive asphalt parking lot. The GSB’s design proposes a significant area of permeable landscaping and designers state that both the volume and rate of storm water run-off entering Stanford’s drainage system will be greatly reduced as compared to current levels. Filtrating landscaping and the use of on-site excavated material as reuse for grading will further reduce run-off.

Figure S3: Sample Water Recycling Diagram (Courtesy: Aquatek Water Management Systems)

8 GSB Building Architectural Systems and Building Materials Narrative (5)

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The GSB also received positive markings for incorporating rainwater harvesting and a recycled water system into design considerations. Designers have recognized that a rainwater harvesting system would require a storage tank and treatment system. Designers are using the schematic design phase to consider the proper size and location of such tanks and the feasibility of connecting the system to other water recycling systems on campus. In accordance with Santa Clara County requirements and the University’s Best Management Practices, Stormwater will be treated on-site prior to entering the University’s drainage system.9

S4. Enhance Site Ecology Goal: Green Globes encourages designers to increase the natural biodiversity of project sites. To receive points for achieving this goal, the site must be remediated if it is currently contaminated and strategies must be developed to enhance site ecology or create natural habitat cores by using native trees and shrubs for groundcover. Methods and Justification: The GSB received a not-applicable mark for site remediation as the site is not currently contaminated. It received a positive mark for the site ecology enhancement sub-section due to the green space considerations worked into the design and the use of native California drought-tolerant plants.10

9 GSB Building Civil Engineering Narrative (2) 10 GSB Environmental Task Force Documents: Green Features (2)

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Checklist:

Recommendations: The GSB should consider educating building patrons about efforts to enhance site ecology. Placards with plant species and information could be valuable teaching tools, educating GSB students and faculty about local flora and the importance of conserving local plant life.

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Energy Summary of Goals E1. Model and simulate the building energy performance E2. Optimize space configuration E3. Maximize use of daylight E4. Optimize building envelope E5. Use metering to monitor energy use E6. Incorporate energy efficient systems E7. Integrate renewable energy sources E8. Use energy-efficient transportation

E1. Modeling and Simulation of Building Energy Performance Goal: This goal is to model and simulate the building energy performance, and also have estimation for the total building energy use which should be rated against the Green Globes standards. Methods & Justification: Energy Estimation It is assumed that the Stanford Knight Management Center has a preliminary building energy simulation carried out on each of the energy options.

EUI Summary

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%-tile kBtu/ft2-yr

25 0

50 78

75 78 Table E1: Energy use distribution for education buildings

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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (2003)

Table E2: 2003 Commercial buildings’ energy consumption by building floorspace

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25,000 buildings average 725 trillion Btu = 0.029 trillion Btu per building = 2.9e7 kBtu

By average of two energy estimations and assuming 30% energy saving target: The annual energy use = (78kBtu/sqft x 357,684 sqft + 2.9 e 7) / 2 x (1 – 30%) = 1.99e7 kBtu

Checklist

11 California Building Energy Reference Tool: http://poet.lbl.gov/cal-arch/compare.html 12 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (2003):

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/pdf2003/c1a-c38a.pdf

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E2. Optimize Space Configuration Goal: This goal is to optimize the special configuration for better energy efficiency and also in response to microclimate and topography. Methods and Justification: Space Optimization: Seen from the plan view, the new GSB buildings are organized in a circular configuration, which provides convenience or savings in transportations for users to access every building. There are shared dining hall, mail & business center, and café located in the center of the building circle; this layout help reduce energy by avoiding having redundant facilities located in different areas. The spacing between the buildings also allows sufficient daylight to reach each part of the building. Meanwhile, the independent nature of each building, and the spaces remaining uninterrupted provide opportunities for future construction phase. Response to Microclimate and topography: The windows and walls of the new GSB buildings will be optimized to accommodate passive solar gains. i.e. the windows will be glazed with proper R values that optimizes the solar energy intake. The buildings also have operable windows and openings to allow for natural ventilation; and it reduces powered ventilation use.

Figure E1: New GSB ground floor plan view

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13 Program plan: Ground floor, Stanford University Knight Management Center, April 26, 2007, by ARUP

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Checklist

E3. Lighting & Daylighting Goal: This goal is to optimize the use of daylight to reduce energy consumption and provide lighting comfort. Methods & Justification Orientation & Configuration: New GSB buildings are oriented in the way that the larger façade area faces South. Daylighting opportunities are maximized on a daily basis. To maximize the intake of daylight, about 45% of the façade area will be windows, and portion of it will be glazed glass walls14. Internal light shelves will passively aid the penetration of daylight deeper into the occupied spaces15.

14 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University 15 MEP Narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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Figure E2: new GSB air ventilation and lighting

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Skylights will be implemented to maximize daylight for upper floors. The external building shades will passively control solar insulation falling on the building facades so as to minimize overheating and glare.

Glazing

All the windows will be glazed with either Viracon Corporation’s VE1-2M or PPG Solarban 60 materials. The glazing will be high performance thermally broken double pane insulated units that are spectrally selective and contain a low-emissivity layer. Total glazing will be optimized to assure the best ratio of light transmission to heat transmission. Areas of glazing will have an integrated photovoltaic frit glass17.

Lighting Control Lighting controls play an important role in further reducing the powered lighting load. The new GSB buildings are designed to use a “continuous/off” daylight dimming system18. This system consists of a photo-sensor that provides the control signal that is used by the dimming electronic ballast to vary the light level according to changes in daylight availability19. It reduces the use of electric light automatically without occupant intervention.

16 new GSB air ventilation and lighting, April 26, 2007, by ARUP 17 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University 18 MEP Narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University 19 Power and lighting narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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Checklist

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E4. Optimization of Building Envelope Goal: A building envelope is the exterior assembly that encloses the interior space of a building. It serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor environment as well as to facilitate its climate control. If properly designed, the building envelope can help reduce the energy consumption of a building’s heating, cooling and air ventilation systems. Our goal is to optimize the new GSB buildings’ envelopes. Methods & Justification: Thermal Mass

The Green Globes assumes a building’s thermal mass to reduce heat loss by retaining heat. Due to the climate zone in which the GSB Knight Management Center is located, the thermal mass should rather be used to absorb heat and maintain the indoor temperature lower than outdoors. They equally help achieve our goal from energy point of view. The new GSB buildings’ thermal mass comes from the concrete and masonry materials

used for walls, ceilings and floor slabs. Being exposed in vertical and horizontal configurations, they are used as a passive cooling device to allow radiant cooling20. The building will be night flushed using cool night air to pre-cool the thermal mass; during the day, the thermal mass can effectively absorb heat to relieve load on the building’s cooling mechanical systems.

Materials for Interior Comfort / Exceeding Code Standards Good thermal resistance of a building’s envelope helps maintain the comfort level of the indoor environment, and hence reduces the energy that would otherwise be used to offset the undesired influence from the outdoor heat. The new GSB buildings’ roof and wall systems will transmit 50% less heat than the standard imposed by ASHRAE 90.1-2004 or State Energy Building Codes. This

is achieved by using materials that double the code required insulating capacity. The roof insulation will utilize continuous board insulation with the Polyisocyanurate (PIR) material; one inch of PIR has an R value (thermal

20 MEP Narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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resistance) of 5.3, twice the code minimum21. Nominally flat roofs will employ a Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) adhered membrane roofing, installed over the PIR material. The roof membrane will be light colored, either light grey or white. It achieves high albedo (0.3 reflectance) and will be highly reflective. TPO sealants will be selected on the basis of performance, substrate material, and economy, and are expected to include both silicon and urethane based materials. The wall insulation will be accomplished using a continuous layer of rigid foam board – extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation applied to the exterior sheathing. The insulation will be designed to provide twice code baseline performance.

Water-proofing

The new GSB building is engineered to be sealed from moisture intrusion. The stone masonry walls will incorporate a cavity between the stone veneer and the metal stud and sheathing assembly substrate to weep from the wall any moisture that penetrates the outer masonry wythe22. Concealed masonry flashings will be flexible metal flashing in combination with a self-adhering membrane. Vertical waterproofing will be provided at basement foundation walls. Water proofing to the Faculty Office Building quadrangle over garage will be modified bitumen asphaltic membrane. The XPS materials in the wall insulation and the PIR & TPO materials in the roof insulation also serve as good water proofing for the building envelope. Continuous Air Barriers Air barrier systems control the movement of air into and out of buildings. The new GSB buildings will be equipped with a continuous air barrier to ensure minimum energy loss due to unintended ventilation. A complete envelope air infiltration sealing will be required; and certified blower door tests will be carried out to verify its quality.

21 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University 22 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University

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Checklist

E5. Metering Goal: the new GSB Knight Management Center aims to maximize use of energy metering systems to monitor energy consumption. Methods & Justification: In addition to the major metering system, sub-metering will be provided for lighting, receptacle power and mechanical equipment power loads so that the owner can monitor the energy use of the building for ongoing information and optimization23.

Checklist

23 Power and lighting narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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E6. Energy Efficient Systems Goal: A building’s MEP system includes the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. These systems account for the majority of a building’s energy use. Highly energy-efficient MEP systems can significantly reduce energy use; and this is what the designers of the new GSB buildings set goals for. Methods & Justification: Efficient Lumination The New GSB buildings use highly energy efficient lamps such as fluorescent and LED lamps. Light fixtures in offices will be fluorescent type with linear T8 or T5 lamps and electronic ballasts24. LED lamps are used for all the exit signs. In all the areas that receive enough natural daylight to meet the work plane lighting levels, dimming ballasts will be used to save energy for unnecessary artificial lighting. Lighting Control The new buildings are intended to provide at a minimum one lighting control zone per 200 sq. ft. for occupied areas within 15 feet of perimeter wall25. Offices, Seminar rooms, Group Work Rooms, Support Areas will all meet this requirement, and have individual lighting controls. Light fixtures in offices, corridors and public toilets will be controlled by occupancy sensing devices, which not only provides convenience but also achieves personal lighting control standards imposed by Green Globes. Task lighting will be provided wherever necessary. For example, in the auditorium, the ceiling grid will support adjustable stage lighting. Power Generation & HVAC The power generators are not applicable for the new GSB buildings because electricity will come from the university power supply. In addition, no boiler is needed because the main heating source will be provided by 125 psi campus steam interconnection26. No chillers are needed because cooling will be provided by interconnection to the existing campus chilled water loop.

The new GSB buildings will use more energy-efficient radiant heating instead of normal air heating. Therefore, rather than having heat pumps, they use heat exchanger packages with condensate pumps. Heating and cooling water will be distributed to the air handling units’ coils via 100% redundant Variable-Frequency Drives (VFD) driven pumps. A VFD varies the frequency of AC electricity in

24 Power and lighting narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University 25 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University 26 MEP Narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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response to an electrical signal. When coupled to a pump motor, the change in frequency will result in a corresponding change in motor speed. Since the power required to drive centrifugal fans or pumps is proportional to the cube of the fan or pump speed, large reductions in electricity are achieved when fans or pumps operate at reduced speeds.

As for the fan controls, VAV boxes are connected to variable speed drives on the fans. Controlling the fan speed enables the system to respond to varying internal loads reducing the energy use during part load conditions. The Air Handling Units (AHU) will include a direct/indirect system and will be sized on a face velocity of 400fpm.

The ventilation air will be distributed to all levels through a pressurized under-floor air plenum at approximately 1cfm/sf. Displacement air comes from below the floor and replaces the exhaust air more efficiently; hence reduced load on ventilation can be achieved.

Building Automation System The new GSB Knight Management Center will comply with the Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard for Commercial Buildings (ANSI/TIA/EIA-862)27. It will incorporate Energy Management Control Systems (EMCS) for each building to monitor and control the total energy use. It will provide direct digital controls for air handling units, dampers, valves, humidification devices, and heating and cooling coils. While energy use can be controlled low, this automation system also provides improved indoor comfort, protection of equipment and more reliable building operations. Energy-Efficient Elevator

The new GSB buildings will be equipped with thirteen elevators: a service elevator and passenger elevator or combination will be provided to all occupied floors of the buildings. The service elevators will be electric gearless traction elevators with Machine Room Less (MRL) arrangement28. Condensed elevator controller cabinet will be located at the top landing, and roof top machine rooms are eliminated. MRL elevators save up to 50% energy as compared to normal geared traction elevators. Their lifting belts configuration also ensures less maintenance. Figure E3: Machine-Room-Less elevator

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Other Energy Saving Measures Other energy saving measures adopted by the new GSB buildings are listed in the following:

27 GSB IT Narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University 28 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University 29 Machine-Room-Less elevator, OTIS

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-- Where possible, cost effective, and safe, air systems incorporate heat recovery via heat pipes. -- Where ventilation requirements are low, re-use of conditioned building return air through air handling unit mixing will be employed. -- Spaces within the interior/core zones are mechanically ventilated using in-wall displacement ventilation at approximately 0.4cfm/sf30. -- Each office and classroom will be provided individual temperature control per Stanford standard.

Checklist

30 Outline specification final, April 30, 2007, Stanford University

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E7. Renewable Energy Goal: Renewable Energy includes the energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. Maximizing use of renewable energy is another goal in complying with the Green Globes standards. Methods & Justification: Solar Heating The new GSB buildings will be designed to include active, rooftop solar thermal collectors that provide preheated water for hot water needs, reducing the fossil-fuel energy needed for hot water generation. Attractive federal and state incentives and tax credits are available to offset initial costs.

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics have been schemed for the building roof, tile roof, atria roof, and shading elements. A roof mounted photovoltaic system will be installed to provide supplemental renewable power to the buildings. The system will be grid-interconnected and is anticipated to supply 10-20% of the building energy consumption31.

Checklist

31 Power and lighting narrative, May 12, 2007, Stanford University

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E8. Energy Efficient Transportation Goal: In addition to the energy directly consumed by the building, the energy for transportation can be another energy saving point. Methods & Justification: Public Transportation

Figure E4: Bus-line map, Stanford University

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The new GSB campus will be located on the north side of Serra Mall along which multiple public transportation stops are located. As indicated in the right-hand-side map, 6 bus lines with 8 stops are located within 1/4 miles from the new GSB campus. This configuration largely reduces the need to use private vehicles and hence help conserve energy. Carpooling is another measure to help reduce number of vehicles and their energy use. The following map shows the many carpooling parking locations available within 1/4 miles from the new GSB campus. This configuration well facilitates and encourages the new GSB occupants to carpool rather than driving alone.

Figure E5: Carpool-Parking-Map, Stanford University

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32 Bus-line map, May 2006, Stanford University

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Cycling Facilities

Bikes are the zero-energy-consuming way of transportation. Therefore, it is encouraged by the campus. There are bike racks available in various locations within walking distance to the new GSB buildings. Also, changing facilities will be available by design.

Checklist

Recommendations Some of the rating standards can be improved by having more numerical quantification. i.e. percentage of glazing used for the building surface, percentage of material used that exceeded code standards, and etc. Green Globes can set goals for standardized after-build reviews to evaluate actual energy efficiency. The use of renewable energy suggested by the Green Globes can be expanded to a more innovative and comprehensive style. More method of renewable energies, other than solar, wind, biomass combustion should be encouraged.

For the GSB building, it is recommended to develop a site plan showing possible strategies to minimize the exposure to wind.

33 Carpool-Parking-Map, May 2006, Stanford University

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Resources Goal Summary R1. Integrate systems and materials with low environmental impact R2. Minimize the use of non-renewable resources R3. Reuse parts of the existing building R4. Design for durability, adaptability and disassembly R5. Reuse and recycle demolition waste R6. Recycle and compost

R1. Integrate Systems and Materials With Low Environmental Impact

Goal: Perform lifecycle assessment to compare the environmental burden and embodied energy effects of various assembly materials. Methods and Justification: Lifecycle assessment is the most complete and reliable assessment of environmental impacts for materials and resources. To fully evaluate the environmental impact of a new building, lifecycle phases of various assemblies from raw material extraction to disposal must be considered. Green Globes explicitly includes lifecycle assessment as its credit criteria which accounts for 40% of the total resource score, while LEED does not award credit explicitly for lifecycle assessment. In the schematic design stage of the new GSB, there is no explicit lifecycle assessment. However, lifecycle assessment is implicit through, for instance, consideration of material sources and future recycling value. Lifecycle phases include the following:

Raw material extraction Production Distribution Installation In-use Disposal

Material sources are related to raw material extraction and production, while

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future recycling value of materials is related to disposal.

The intent of the new GSB project is to achieve LEED platinum certification. Without lifecycle assessment, LEED credits could still be pursued. To obtain 40% of Green Globes credits in resources, further efforts need to be made in explicit lifecycle analysis, potentially through computational tools such as the Athena software 34 recommended by Green Globes. Examples of material environmental impact evaluations are included in the following four building assemblies.

Foundation and floor assembly materials Excavation materials from the existing site will be reused as fill. Stockpile materials also have potential for reuse and recycling35. Wood flooring will be used in large classrooms, while bamboo flooring is also considered as an alternative36. Bamboo is a more rapidly renewable resource compared to wood. Carpet backing material will also have a high recycled content. Structural systems and walls Cast-in-place reinforced concrete will be used for the parking structure and library. Concrete has high carbon emission. To minimize the environmental impact of concrete, high volume flyash is recommended by the Sustainability Task Force37. Flyash also increases the strength of concrete and reduces corrosion of reinforcing steel, which results in a longer lifespan of reinforced concrete.

Steel frame will be the main structural form for the above grade buildings. Structural back-up for stone veneer will be accomplished with steel stud systems. Steel has high recycling value. Recycled steel may be used, which will become recyclable in the future.

Composite metal deck and concrete topping will be used in some buildings. Composite materials are generally harder to disassemble and reuse than homogeneous materials. Roof assemblies Stanford clay roof tile will be used in sloped roof areas, while weathering copper may be used in exposed secondary roofs. Stanford clay roof tile from the existing buildings may be recycled to a local recycling company, or reused on the new sloped roof for the project. Copper could be recycled easily.

Roofing materials with good heat reflection will reduce the need for air-conditioning, as well as extend roof lifespan. Eco-friendly green roofs with vegetation will also have a cooling effect. 34 Athena Institute, EcoCalculator for Assemblies, http://www.athenasmi.ca 35 Arup, Pre-SD Civil Narrative, 4/30/2007 36 Arup, Outline Specifications, 4/30/2007 37 Environmental Sustainability Task Force, Final Report Green Features, 10/31/2006

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Other envelope assembly materials The vertical cladding will be 50% solid opaque materials and 45% glazing materials. Half of the solid surface is stone. Thin stone veneer composite panels are also under consideration for less visible areas, or areas higher up on the facade. Cubic cut stone will be utilized for window sills, wall caps, window returns and flush belt courses. Stone is durable and has future recycling value.

R2. Minimize the Use of Non-Renewable Resources

Goal: Develop strategies to minimize the use of non-renewable resources. Incorporate reused and recycled building materials and components. Utilize locally manufactured materials. Avoid tropical hardwoods and use wood products from certified sources for sustainability. Methods and Justification:

Reused materials Reused materials include excavation materials, stockpile materials and potentially Stanford roof tiles, as discussed in R1.

Recycled materials Materials with high recycled content have been considered. Examples of these include steel, carpet, and pre-cast pavers. There are also glasses with a 20% post consumer recycled content and certainteed “Prorock” interior partitions with 14% recycled content38. Locally manufactured materials The project uses locally manufactured materials to minimize the environmental impact. Local manufacturers within 500 miles are preferred. However, some of the Stanford University acceptable suppliers include foreign manufacturers, such as Rocamat from France. Certified wood The use of wood will be limited by code considerations. At least 50% of all wood used in the project will be from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) sources, consistent with sustainable forest practices. Some of the wood species include Maple, Beech or Birch species. Tropical hardwoods are avoided.

38 Arup, Outline Specifications, 04/30/2007

33

R3. Reuse Parts of the Existing Building

Goal Maximize the use of existing facades and major structures in the new building. Methods and Justification The construction of the new GSB requires complete demolition of Serra Complex 651 and 655. In the current design scheme, there is little intent to reuse parts of the existing building in the new building. However, parts of the existing building may be reused in other buildings or recycled. Existing facade reuse One exception is the potential to reuse Stanford roof tile since similar roof tiles will be used in the new building to keep the Stanford tradition. Such strategy is proposed by the Sustainability Task Force, and is apparent from the aerial picture of the existing site (Fig. R1) and the schematic drawing of the future site (Fig. R2). Nonetheless, even if Stanford roof tile is being reused, percentage of the existing facades being reused is less than 50%.

Figure. R1 (Left): Aerial photo of the existing site (Courtesy of Google Earth) Fig. R2 (Right): Schematic drawing of the new site (Courtesy of Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, Arup, PWP)

Existing major structures reuse There is no evidence of at least 50% of the existing major structures being reused. No credit is awarded for this section.

34

R4. Design for Durability, Adaptability and Disassembly

Goal: Consider durable and low maintenance materials in the project. Incorporate design features to facilitate building adaptability and disassembly. Methods and Justification: Building durability Durability is evident in the selection of building materials. For example, the new GSB outline specifications recommend choosing windows, doors and associated assemblies based on durability of the material. Building adaptability Many of the furnitures are movable within the new GSB building. There are also movable walls and modular furnishings. This allows for flexibility in building interiors and classroom configurations. It also allows a learning environment which is adaptable to changing pedagogies and technologies. This is consistent with one of the guiding principles for the project: to promote academic excellence39.

Fig. R3: Classroom configuration (Courtesy of Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, Arup, PWP)

Building disassembly The current design phase does not emphasize building disassembly. However, design options proposed do encourage future building upgrade instead of

39 Environmental Sustainability Task Force, Final Report Executive Summary, 10/31/2006

35

Fig. R5: Facilities to process recyclable paper (Courtesy of http://recycling.stanford.edu/5r/recycle_stanford.html)

Fig. R4: Stanford recycling logo (Courtesy of http://recycling.stanford.edu/5r/index.html)

replacement. An integrated design approach is used in response to rapidly changing technologies for heating, cooling and plumbing. In addition, future recycling values of materials are being considered.

R5. Reuse and Recycle Demolition Waste Goal: Develop a construction and demolition waste management plan. Methods and Justification: The new GSB strives to be a model in recycling. The goal is to salvage or recycle 75% by weight of construction, demolition, and land clearing waste40. Contractors will be responsible for developing the process and providing documentation. Stockpile materials are identified as suitable for reuse and recycling. Excavation materials will be used on site as fill. Potential locations for reuse of the remaining excavation materials will be identified to minimize waste41.

R6. Recycle and Compost Goal: Recycle consumer products and compost organic waste. Methods and Justification: Recycling and composting have been a campus-wide practice for Stanford, and will be assumed in the new GSB. PSSI proposes a 5R program which includes recycling and rotting. Facilities to handle and store consumer recyclables

There are currently many facilities that collect paper, glass, plastic and metal for recycling. Separate recycle bins are placed inside and outside buildings for each category. Most of the materials are brought to the processing yard to be sorted and decontaminated. The materials are then sold to local vendors,

40 Arup, Outline Specifications, 4/30/2007 41 Arup, Pre-SD Civil Narrative, 4/30/2007

36

delivered using roll-off trucks. Stanford is proud of diverting 60% of its waste by recycling. Provision to compost organic waste Organic waste includes food, trees, grass and wood, among others. The waste reduction and diversion program accounts for about 20% of the total diversion on campus. It is comprised of yard waste and food waste composting, brush chipping, grasscycling, and wood chipping. Recently, new composting bins have been installed in Tressider dining hall to collect organic waste. Composting signs have also been placed in the dining hall to promote the use of organic containers and utensils made from potatoes, corns and sugarcane fiber. Similar composting programs are found in the existing GSB building. We therefore expect composting provision to be available in the new GSB as well.

Fig. R6 (Left): Food waste composting (Courtesy of http://recycling.stanford.edu/5r/rot_stanford.html) Fig. R7 (Right): Green waste reduction program (Courtesy of http://recycling.stanford.edu/5r/rot_stanford.html)

37

Checklist

Disassembly is not considered explicitly. Design options allow for future upgrade instead of replacement.

“Yes” gives an upper bound of 80%. “No” gives a lower bound of 40%. Partial credit is more appropriate for implicit lifecycle assessment.

††

†

†

††

38

Fig. R8: Athena software (Courtesy of Athena Institute)

Recommendations We give the new GSB a score of 60% for resources, with a lower and upper bound of 40% and 80% respectively. This is due to the uncertainty in lifecycle assessment, which accounts for 40% of the total score. In the Green Globes checklist, only yes or no answers are available. This could lead to over- or under-estimation in the evaluation. We feel that the new GSB could get at least partial credit for lifecycle assessment. Many of the analysis in the new GSB seem to be relevant to lifecycle analysis, however, at this stage, the project team does not specify any intent to perform lifecycle assessment. We strongly encourage the new GSB to pursue credit in lifecycle assessment through the Athena software in later design phases. Athena estimates the environmental impact for a specific building design or a set of building assemblies. This enables the designer to study alternative design options to select the best materials and assemblies based on energy consumption, global warming potential, solid waste emissions, and air and water pollution. The Athena software will be available for free in early June this year. Another alternative software for lifecycle assessment is BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability), developed by the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)42. If the new GSB does not reuse parts of the existing building, it would be helpful to consider component reuse in other locations. Although building retrofit is preferred over replacement, it would also be beneficial to design for building disassembly in the event that replacement is needed. Note that Green Globes has separate evaluations for eight design phases. Scores may vary across design phases. A low score in earlier design phases may call for changes and improvements in later phases, which could eventually lead to a higher overall score.

42 NIST, BEES, http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html

39

Water Goal Summary W1. Meet a water performance target W2. Implement water conservation strategies W2.1 Minimize consumption of potable water W2.2 Minimize water for cooling towers W2.3 Minimize water for irrigation W2.4 Reduce off-site water treatment

W1. Meet a water performance target

Goal: Set a water performance target for a specific building type according to benchmark water consumption. Methods and Justification Green Globes awards credits for water performance target according to different building types. For schools and universities, water performance target receiving Green Globes credit divides into 3 levels: less than 45, 25, and 15 gallons per student per year 43 . This translates to a minimum requirement of water performance target less than 45 gallons/student/year.

Supply 1999 Demand 2010 Demand

Mil. Gallons per day 3.033 2.7 3.6

Gallons per capita per day 165 147 196

Gallons per capita per year 60272 53655 71540

Table W1: Water supply and demand Referring to Table W1, from 1999 to 2000, Stanford has an average daily water consumption of 2.7 million gallons. This demand is expected to rise to as much as 3.6 million gallons per day by 2010, while water supply from SFPUC is only 3.033 million gallons per day. To alleviate the problem of limited supply and increasing demand of water, Stanford University has developed a master plan for

43Green Building Initiative, Green Globes rating system, http://www.thegbi.org/greenglobes/ratingsystem.asp

40

water conservation. Since Stanford water performance target is to keep demand under supply, a conservative assumption of 2.7 million gallons per day from 1999 is used in Green Globes analysis. Normalized by the number of people on campus, such consumption is equivalent to 147 gallons per capita per day44. This means that Stanford annual consumption is 53655 gallons per capita, which is 1192 times the minimum requirement for schools and universities to get credits in Green Globes (Table W2).

Water Consumption (Gallons/student/year)

Water Consumption (Normalized by GG min req)

1999 Stanford 53655 1192

14% academic 7512 167

50% reduction in GSB 3756 83

Table W2: GSB water consumption calculations using 3 assumptions

Figure W1: Breakdown of Stanford water consumption (Courtesy of http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/waterconservation.htm)

44Stanford University, Water Conservation, Reuse and Recycling Master Plan, October 2003, http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/FINALStanfordConservation_Recommended_Plan10_16_033.pdf

41

Water consumption target in the new GSB is estimated in gallons per capita per year according to two additional assumptions as follows:

● Only academic buildings are considered, which accounts for 14% of total usage (Fig. W1)

● The new GSB achieves 50% water savings compared to other academic buildings on campus

We assume that usage of Stanford buildings, including GSB, is more or less evenly spread among the student population. Water usage in GSB will be 14%, which is the academic share of the total water consumption. Furthermore, with cutting-edge water-saving technology available, GSB is expected to consume only half of the average water consumption compared to other academic usage. The above estimation results in a GSB water consumption that is 83 times higher than the minimum requirements by Green Globes (Table W2). This could imply that either Green Globes criteria are too stringent or Stanford water consumption is already too high to begin with. Note that no benchmark comments on water consumption target are provided for schools and universities by Green Globes. It is unclear how Green Globes sets the target for schools and universities. The largest demand and the primary end uses of domestic water are toilet flushing and irrigation, which constitutes over 30% of water use on campus. As a result, these are two key focus areas for conservation, reuse and recycling at Stanford45, and correspond to two of the four major strategies by Green Globes46.

W2. Implement water conservation strategies W2.1. Minimize consumption of potable water

Goals Consumption of potable water could be minimized by sub-metering and using water-saving fixtures. Sub-metering helps in monitoring of water usage especially in water intensive facilities, and offers warnings for problematic water fixtures if

45Stanford University, Water Conservation, Reuse and Recycling Master Plan, October 2003,

http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/FINALStanfordConservation_Recommended_Plan10_16_033.pdf 46Green Building Initiative, Green Globes rating system, http://www.thegbi.org/greenglobes/ratingsystem.asp

42

sub-metering is down to the fixture level. This ensures system efficiency of water usage. Methods and Justification Sub-metering of water consumption From Arup narratives, sub-metering of water consumption is not specified in the new GSB. However, evidence of water use trends from the metered water data suggests that Stanford University has sub-metering of water consumption to keep track of water usage in different facilities, especially high-volume water-using facilities on campus. Water conservation strategies are then evaluated based on the analysis of water use trends (Fig. W2).

Figure W2: Evidence of water metering (Courtesy of http://www-facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/waterconservation.htm)

Water saving fixtures Water-less urinals will be installed in men's restrooms while dual flush wall hung toilets will be installed in women's restrooms. Low flow faucets and showerheads will be provided for all restrooms and showering facilities47. Stanford utilities department has specified performance goals for water efficient equipment in new Stanford University buildings. These goals include 0.125 gallons per flush for urinals, 1.28 gallons per flush for high efficiency toilets, 1.6/1.0 gallons per flush for dual flush toilets, 0.5 gallons per minute for public bathroom faucets and 1 gallon per minute for showerheads48. All these goals meet the Green Globes credit criteria for water fixtures (Table W3).

47Arup, Pre-SD Plumbing Narratives, 04/30/2007

48Stanford Utilities Department, Performance goals for water-efficient equipment in new or renovated Stanford University buildings, 05/02/2007, http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation

43

Green Globes Threshold

Stanford Goals GSB Arup Narratives

Urinals Water-saving devices or proximity detectors

0.125 gpf Water-less

Toilets 1.6 gpf 1.28 gpf or 1.6/1.0 gpf

Dual-flush

Showerheads 2.4 gpm 1 gpm Low-flow

Faucets 2 gpm 0.5 gpm Low-flow

Table W3: Water saving fixtures comparison

Other water saving appliances could be installed in the GSB Dining Hall and Café (Fig. W3). These appliances may potentially include recirculating steam to heat steamers, recirculating closed-loop chilled water or air for ice machines, and maximum of 1 gallon per rack for commercial dishwashers (Table W4). Recirculation of water maximizes water usage before discharge.

Fig. W3: GSB mechanical schemes Floors 1 and 3 (Courtesy of Arup)

Table W4: Performance goals for water-efficient equipment in new buildings (Courtesy of http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/)

44

Figure W4: Searsville Lake (Courtesy of http://facilities.stanford.edu/environment/NonPotableHome.htm)

W2.2. Minimize water for cooling towers

Goals: Reduce the need for cooling towers by using air-cooling or desiccant cooling If cooling towers need to be used, implement water-conserving strategies. Methods and Justification: Minimize the use of cooling towers The use of cooling towers for air conditioning is minimized by passive system and efficient active system applications. Natural ventilation will be a sole source or supplemental source of conditioning where possible. To reduce the demand on active cooling systems, the air systems incorporate indirect evaporative cooling, thereby taking advantage of Stanford's relatively dry climate during the cooling dominated summer month49.

Water conserving features for cooling towers GSB cooling is connected to central energy facilities (CEF). 63000 gallons of water are blown down by the CEF cooling towers and steam generator everyday. The cooling towers conserve water by recycling the water through the towers 10 to 15 times before draining it to the sewers. Possible uses for cooling tower blowdown water could include toilet-flushing and landscape irrigation50 . The schematic intent for GSB is to reclaim processed water sourced from the cooling tower blowdown51.

W2.3. Minimize water for irrigation

Goals: Use drought tolerant plants to minimize the demand for water in landscaping. If irrigation is required, consider non-potable water sources such as rainwater and graywater.

Methods and Justification:

49Arup, Pre-SD Mechanical Narratives, 04/30/2007 50Stanford University, Water Conservation, http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/waterconservation.htm 51Arup, Pre-SD Plumbing Narratives, 04/30/2007

45

Applications of xeriscaping

Arup narratives do not specify irrigation water systems. However, xeriscaping has been practiced in Stanford University for many years. Landscape water management for recommended best management practices requires new landscaped areas to use only the lake water system for irrigation. The lake water system is a non-potable water system that includes Searsville Lake (Fig. W4) and Felt Lake. In addition, Stanford uses drought tolerant plants in landscaping and provides specific plant types through Facilities Design Standards (FDS) to minimize water usage52. Plants with similar water needs are grouped together for efficient irrigation53. Most of the landscaping in academic areas use evapotranspiration (ET) technology to determine when and how much to water, based on live weather data and soil moisture54.

Rainwater/graywater irrigation systems According to Arup Civil Narrative, the proposed GSB development will contain a significant area of permeable landscaping. Storm water will be treated on site prior to entering the university drainage system. The feasibility of incorporating a rainwater harvesting and recycled water system for the GSB campus, which requires a storage tank and treatment system, will be determined during Schematic Design. The possibility of connecting to other recycled water/graywater systems on campus will also be explored55.

W2.4. Reduce off-site treatment of water

Goals: Consider a separate system for the supply of graywater to prevent cross-contamination. Install on-site wastewater treatment system. Reuse graywater or treated water. Methods and Justification: Separate supply system for graywater A non-potable water system is under analysis for water closet flushing56. Given the studies currently underway, an allowance should be maintained for a non-potable dedicated piping network throughout the building. Such pipe work

52Stanford University, Water Conservation, Reuse and Recycling Master Plan, October 2003, http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/FINALStanfordConservation_Recommended_Plan10_16_033.pdf 53Environmental Sustainability Task Force, Final Report Green Features, 10/31/2006 54Stanford University, Water Conservation, http://facilities.stanford.edu/conservation/waterconservation.htm 55Arup, Pre-SD Civil Narratives, 04/30/2007 56Arup, Pre-SD Plumbing Narratives, 04/30/2007

46

will be designed to prevent cross-contamination connections when new connections are made in the future. Storm water will be captured for irrigation or other purposes in a storm water collection tank. On-site wastewater treatment system Waste from lavatories and showers will be collected separately and terminate into storage tanks. Waste water will be treated on site for reuse. There is also storm water on site treatment systems being considered as stated in the previous section.

47

Checklist:

GSB target > 45 gallons/student/year (no option available)

Sub-metering not specified in GSB design

Water-saving appliances in kitchens recommended by Stanford

48

Recommendations

Environmental Sustainability Task Force envisions the new GSB to be highly

responsible in the use of water57. The new GSB fulfils most of the Green Globes

water criteria except for water performance target, and hence only scores 59% in

Green Globes compared to full credits by LEED standards.

Green Globes LEED

Water Performance Target

Total water usage (combined metric)

Water usage (individual metric)

- In landscaping

- Within buildings

Specific usage in gallons per year according to different building types (absolute goals)

Percentage reduction for all building types (relative goals)

Water Conserving Strategies

Water consumption sub-metering considered

Water consumption sub-metering disregarded

Quantitative checklist for water conserving fixtures

General recommendations for water conserving fixtures

Water minimization for cooling towers considered

Water minimization for cooling towers disregarded

Water efficient landscaping considered

Water efficient landscaping considered

On-site wastewater treatment system compulsory

On-site wastewater treatment system optional

Separate graywater supply system considered

Separate graywater supply system considered

Table W5: Comparison between Green Globes and LEED

While the design concept strategy is cutting-edge, the gap in water consumption

target between Stanford University and Green Globes criteria is hard to bridge.

This could imply that Green Globes standards are too stringent or Stanford's

water consumption is too high.

Water conserving strategies more easily meet the relative goals of LEED than the

absolute goals set by Green Globes. In LEED, partial credits could be obtained 57Environmental Sustainability Task Force, Final Report Executive Summary, 10/31/2006

49

through consideration of either landscape or building water usage. In contrast,

the overall water usage needs to be accounted for in Green Globes, which

stresses the importance of water reduction in the dominant water usage

component.

It is not recommended for the new GSB to pursue Green Globes credits in water

performance target (35% of total score) due to the huge discrepancy even under

conservative assumptions. On the other hand, we encourage the new GSB to

install water-saving appliances in the dining hall and café, and implement water

sub-metering to monitor water consumption. These two aspects (6% each) are

not evident in the current GSB design. However, they are relatively easy to

achieve since Stanford has set performance goals for water-efficient equipment in

new buildings and sub-metering is a campus-wide practice. This will increase

the score to 65%.

50

Figure EE1 Large low NOx boiler

(Courtesy: Burnham Commercial)

Emissions, Effluents and Other Impacts

Summary of Goals:

EE1. Minimize air emissions

EE2. Avoid ozone-depleting refrigerants

EE3. Control surface run-off and prevent sewer contamination

EE4. Reduce pollution

EE5. Integrate pest management

EE6. Properly store and control hazardous materials

EE1. Minimize Air Emissions

Goal:

Mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during combustion, and are

considered a form of air pollution that aggravate asthmatic conditions, react with

oxygen in the air to produce ozone, cause nitric acid when dissolved in water, and

result in acid rain when dissolved in atmospheric moisture. Reducing NOx

emissions will keep the air cleaner and protect the environment from acid rain

damage.

Methods and Justification:

Low-NOx Boilers

Heat generating systems will not be located on site,

so this goal is considered “Not Applicable” to the

GSB Knight Management center. Main heating for

the building will be provided by Stanford’s Central

Energy Facility, which uses low-NOx boilers58 like

the one seen in Fig. 1. Low-NOx boilers are Green

Globe’s key method of minimizing air

emissions, so GSB Knight Management

center would receive credit anyway.

58 “Central Energy Facility (CEF).” Stanford Utilities: Energy Services. Stanford University. 5 June 2007

<http://facilities.stanford.edu/energy/cef/>.

51

EE2. Avoid ozone-depleting refrigerants

Goal:

Ozone depleting chemical refrigerants are harmful to the ozone layer and should

be regulated and replaced by non-ozone depleting alternatives.

Methods and Justification:

Ammonia-based Cooling System

The cooling system will not be located on site, so this goal is technically not

applicable to the GSB Knight Management center. Stanford is cooled by a

central cooling system at the Central Energy Facility. As a campus, Stanford

began use of an ammonia-based refrigeration plant in 1999. Ammonia as a

refrigerant has zero ozone-depletion level and zero global warming potential59.

At that time, the new plant was intended to be used during summer months, which

would decrease Stanford use of ozone-harming refrigerants at the plant roughly

by half60. Thus, Stanford as a whole is making efforts to avoid the use of ozone

depleting substances (ODS) and potent industrial greenhouse gases (PIGGs).

However, it may still be using outdated cooling systems during the school year.

EE3. Control Surface Run-off and Prevent Sewer Contamination

Goal:

Stormwater has been identified as the source of up to 40% of non-point pollution

affecting water bodies in the United States 61 because of the potential

contaminants the stormwater is carrying. Regulating stormwater runoff is

important for preserving the cleanliness of the country’s waters.

Methods and Justification:

Stormwater has been identified as the source of up to 40% of non-point pollution

59 Treviño, Laramie. “The big chill: Cooling plant project ushers in the new ice age.” Stanford Report. 21 Apr. 1999.

Stanford University. <http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1999/april21/iceplant-421.html>. 60 Engleman, Jason. “New chilled water plant to open.” Stanford Daily. 29 Apr. 1999. Stanford University.

<http://www.stanforddaily.com/article/1999/4/29/newChilledWaterPlantToOpen>. 61 “Water Resources FAQ.” Environment, Safety, and Health at SLAC. 2 Mar. 2007. Stanford University.

<http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/groups/ep/water/faq_water.htm>.

52

affecting water bodies in the United States62.

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan

Stanford has a Stormwater Pollution Prevention plan that details requirements to

prevent sewer contamination by surface water runoff.63 Stormwater will be

treated on-site prior to entering the University drainage system.64 Stormwater

from the roof will be captured for irrigation or other purposes in a storm water

collection tank.65 So it will not likely enter public utilities.

Figure EE2: Stormwater Pollution Prevention Inspection Form

(Courtesy Stanford Storm Water Pollution Prevention)

62 “Water Resources FAQ.” Environment, Safety, and Health at SLAC. 2 Mar. 2007. Stanford University.

<http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/groups/ep/water/faq_water.htm>. 63 Special Conditions for Storm Water Pollution Prevention. 5 Dec. 2005. Stanford University. 5 June 2007

<http://facilities.stanford.edu/environment/SW%20Special%20Conditions%202005.pdf>. 64 Stanford GSB Pre-SD Civil &arrative. 30 Apr. 2007. Stanford University. 65 Outline Specifications, Knight Management Center, Graduate School of Business. 30 Apr. 2007. Stanford University

53

EE4. Reduce Pollution

Goal:

In general, pollutants can be harmful to the atmosphere, human health, and

ecosystems. Regulating various types of pollution is important to mitigating the

adverse affects of pollution.

Methods and Justification:

Compliant storage tanks

Stanford University’s contractors are required to store all hazardous or flammable

chemicals, liquids, or gases brought onto a project site in approved containers

conforming to federal, state, and local codes66. We assume that the rest of

Stanford University's storage tanks are subject to the same expectations of

compliance with federal guidelines and local requirements.

Control other pollutants (like radon)

Radon is a cancer-causing natural radioactive gas that you can’t see, smell or

taste. Radon is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers67. The

major source of radon in most buildings is the radon contained in soil gases. These

gases can enter the building as a result of interactions of its shell with wind and

temperature differentials between its interior and exterior68.

\The new GSB will take measures to protect the building. A three coat stucco

finish will be installed on the exterior. Air and moisture infiltration specification will

be provided, and complete envelope air infiltration sealing will be required,

including a certified blower door test. Roof areas will be insulated and provided

with a roof membrane. This will all ensure that harmful gases like radon do not

enter the building and harm its occupants.

66 Hazardous Materials Procedures. 1 Apr. 2001. Stanford University. 67 “Radon.” Indoor Air Quality. 23 May 2007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 5 June 2007

<http://www.epa.gov/radon/>. 68 United States. General Accounting Office. Indoor Pollution: Status of Federal Research Activities. Aug. 1999. 5

June 2007 <http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99254.pdf>.

54

EE5. Integrated pest management

Goal:

Integrated Pest Management is an effective and environmentally sensitive

approach to pest management that manages pest management with the least

possible hazard to people, property, and the environment69.

Methods and Justification:

Integrated Pest Management Program

Stanford’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program

is designed and maintained by Crane Pest Control. The

program protects the Stanford University campus against

injury and disease associated with defined pest animals

and occasional other forms of animal life that inhabit the

populate areas of the campus grounds. Wherever

feasible, this is accomplished by preventative measures

rather than after-the-fact means.

Field work contains strong elements of inspections, physical modifications of the

environment, structural integrity, consultations with campus Safety, Grounds,

Security, Personnel and University officials; teaching and being taught as well as

the more familiar application of liquid or powdered pesticides, injecting pastes and

solid baits, and setting various electronic and mechanical traps.70

EE6. Properly store and control hazardous materials

Goal:

A hazardous material is any solid, liquid, or gas that can harm people, property,

and the environment. Affects on humans include serious injury, long-term health

effects, and death. Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials is

important and can be achieved by properly storing and controlling hazardous

materials, as well as training those who handle them.

69 “Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Food Production.” 29 May 2007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 5

June 2007. <http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ipm.htm>. 70 “Crane Pest Control.” /Stanford University Facilities Operations./ 2000. Stanford University. 5 June 2007

<http://facilities.stanford.edu/about_crane_paste.html>.

55

Figure EE3: Labeled Hazardous Waste

Container

(Source: FedCenter)

Methods and Justification:

Hazardous Materials Management Plan

Stanford University submits a Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) for

monitoring stored materials and detecting releases, in order to obtain a permit

from the Santa Clara County for any storage facility71. On campus, Stanford

University’s HazMat Safety program requires the safety training of all employees

and students who may encounter hazardous substances in their work areas72.

Stanford University also has hazardous materials storage and handling

regulations that its contractors must follow. They must provide labeled waste

containers on site before any hazardous waste can be generated73. Contractors

must label all hazardous materials and hazardous wastes in accordance with local,

state, and federal regulations74 . Waste drums must be stored in a secure

location with lids closed, hazardous materials and wastes must be stored in

secondary containment and covered during wet weather, and chemicals may not

be applied outdoors when rain is forecast within 24 hours. All hazardous wastes

must be disposed of appropriately through the EH&S Chemical Waste Program75.

Stanford's plan also includes spill prevention

and control regulations. Spill cleanup

materials such as rags and absorbents must

be available in labs and at construction sites

at all times. When spills or leaks occur, they

must be contained immediately and

prevented from reaching the gutter, street, or

storm drain. All hazardous material spills

must be reported to Stanford Work Control

immediately.

71 “The Regulatory World.” Stanford Safety Manual. Stanford University, 1992. 5 June 2007

<http://www.stanford.edu/dept/EHS/prod/aboutus/documents/safetyman/regulatoryworld.html>. 72 “Safety Training Requirements.” Stanford Safety Manual. Stanford University, 1992. 5 June 2007

<http://www.stanford.edu/dept/EHS/prod/aboutus/documents/safetyman/safetytraining.html>. 73 Hazardous Materials Procedures. 1 Apr. 2001. Stanford University. 74 “Pollution Prevention – It’s Part of Your Job.” Stanford Pollution Prevention Program. 2004. Stanford University. 75 “Chemical Waste Program.” Stanford University Environmental Health & Safety: Environmental Programs. Stanford

University. 5 June 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/dept/EHS/prod/enviro/waste>.

56

Checklist

57

Recommendations

The new GSB successfully controls emissions, effluents, and other harmful

chemicals and gases associated with the building. It scores 100% in the Green

Globes analysis.

Reduce ozone-depleting refrigerants: If the Stanford Central Energy Facility’s

cooling system still uses ozone-depleting refrigerants during a portion of the year,

consider replacing the existing ozone-depleting system with a substitute.

58

Indoor Environment

Summary of Goals:

IE1. Effectively ventilate building areas

IE2. Control sources of indoor pollutants

IE3. Optimize lighting

IE4. Optimize thermal comfort

IE5. Optimize acoustic comfort

IE1. Effectively ventilate building areas

Goal:

Effective ventilation is important to maintaining good indoor air quality in a building,

in effect keeping the building occupants as healthy and comfortable as possible.

Methods and Justification:

Meeting Standards

Under Stanford University’s Sustainable Guidelines, the new GSB buildings will

strive to provide and maintain acceptable indoor air quality, which is defined as:

“Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as

determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or

more) of the people do not express dissatisfaction.” (ASHRAE 62-1999)76.

Effective ventilation77

The parking garage ventilation system will be naturally ventilated on Level 1 (top

level). There will be one fan room on each level, used to create a sweeping

effect through the entire space by drawing the outside air from level 1 to the levels

2, 3, 4 below. Exhaust ducts will come straight vertically out of the garage,

location dependent on the fan room locations.

76 Sustainable Guidelines. Mar. 2002. Stanford Capital Planning and Management: Environmental Stewardship Committee. Stanford University. 77 Stanford GSB Pre-SD Mechanical &arrative. 30 Apr. 2007. Stanford University.

59

Figure IE4: Ventilation methods for GSB Structures

(Courtesy: New GSB Mechanical Scheme Concourse)

Baseline designs for the new GSB provide all of the other buildings with a Variable

Air Volume (VAV) system, where air will be supplied by a standard overhead

variable air volume system at approximately 1 cfm/sf. However, Mechanical

Narratives also provide alternative proposed ventilation systems that are

custom-tailored to the floors in each individual building. They are described

below.

Level 1 for all of the office buildings will be distributed through a pressurized

under-floor air plenum. On levels 2 and 3 of the Faculty Office Building,

north-facing perimeter spaces will be naturally ventilated, supplied with ceiling fan

and operable windows. South, east, west-facing perimeter spaces will allow for

natural ventilation, as well as and mechanical ventilation through chilled ceilings

and beams78. In-wall displacement ventilation and supplemental cooling using

chilled ceiling and beams can also be provided. Interior spaces will be

mechanically ventilated using in-wall displacement ventilation and will be provided

with supplemental cooling via chilled ceiling panels if needed.

Levels 2 and 3 of the Serra Row and Arguello buildings will be served by an

in-wall displacement ventilation system at approximately 0.4 cfm/sf.

Supplemental cooling will be provided using chilled ceiling and beams as required.

Levels 2 and 3 of the Commons Building will have a pressurized under-floor air

plenum, and be served by fan terminal units with heating coils or fintube radiators.

78 Stanford University &ew Graduate School of Business: Mechanical Schemes 2nd Floor. 30 Apr. 2007. Stanford

University

60

Fig. IE5: Ventilation methods for 2nd and 3

rd floors of GSB Buildings

(Courtesy: New GSB Mechanical Scheme Fl 2)

Appropriate air intake positioning

Since exhaust from the parking garage ventilation system leaves vertically at the

top floor of the parking garage, it is not likely to re-enter the structure at air intake

points. Details about air intake locations of the office and classroom buildings of

the new GSB could not be found. However, CO2 levels will be measured by

sensors located within return air ducts, to ensure sufficient indoor air quality.

CO and CO2 level monitoring79

In the parking garage, a remote mount sensor/ transmitters for CO with an HVAC

electrochemical sensor with an appropriate CO detection range will be installed.

Mixing fans will be added where the CO concentrations are higher than the

desired and accepted level (about 25-35 ppm).

As mentioned before, CO2 levels in the buildings will be measured by sensors

located within return air ducts to ensure sufficient indoor air quality. When

outside air conditions allow, the air handling units will be set to full outside air

supply by full air economizer.

79 Stanford GSB Pre-SD Mechanical &arrative.

61

Adjustable controls80

Each office and classrooms in the GSB buildings will have individual temperature

controls.

IE2. Control sources of indoor pollutants

Goal:

Controlling sources of indoor pollutants will ensure that building occupants are as

healthy and productive as possible.

Methods and Justification:

Control Moisture

Complying with Stanford’s Sustainable Guidelines, the new GSB buildings will

control moisture to prevent microbial contamination. Materials will be chosen to

discourage microbial growth, and moisture control will be addressed on site within

the building envelope and inside the building.

Accessible AHUs

Stanford makes arrangements to ensure that Air Handling Units (AHUs) in

facilities are accessible for maintenance. AHU casing panels are fully removable

to allow them to be thoroughly cleaned of microbial growth and to access internal

parts. When panels are not removable, access sections with doors are located

between all internal components to ensure the AHU is accessible for proper

cleaning.81 Fan sections will also have removable access doors for inspection

and maintenance of internal components.

Reduce risk of sick building syndrome (SBS)

One of Stanford’s goals as outlined in the CPM Sustainable Guidelines is to

provide environments that enhance human comfort, well-being, performance, and

productivity by reducing sick time. However, neither Stanford University nor the

new GSB provide documentation that specifically states the intent to select a

humidification system that will pose a low risk of sick building syndrome (SBS), as

is recommended by Green Globes.

80 Stanford GSB Pre-SD Mechanical &arrative. 81 “Section 15720 - Air Handling Units with Coils.” Apr. 1999. Facilities Design & Construction Standards. Stanford

University. 5 June 2007. <http://facilities.stanford.edu/fdcs/docs/15720.pdf>.

62

Avoid Legionella

No documentation provided suggests that the new GSB has not considered a hot

water system design that will specifically help avoid the occurrence of Legionella,

a bacterium that causes primarily respiratory infections. These infections could

develop into respiratory illnesses such as acute pneumonia or cause

extrapulmonary symptoms such as headache, confusion, muscle aches, and

gastrointestinal disturbances. An uncommon manifestation of Legionella-rooted

respiratory illnesses is Pontiac fever, a non-pneumonic epidemic which resembles

acute influenza. Common sources of Legionella include cooling towers,

domestic hot water systems, fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a

public water supply.

Local exhausts

Local exhausts will be provided for areas where contaminants are likely to be

centrally generated. The library building will have smoke evacuation systems of

exhaust fans and operable louvers or windows82. Kitchens will have exhaust

canopies to relieve the room of smoke produced during kitchen use.

IE3. Optimize Lighting

Goal:

Available lighting is important to occupant comfort and productivity as well as the

aesthetic of a building. Integrating and maximizing natural daylighting in the

lighting design scheme can also save a significant amount of lighting and cooling

energy required for the building. Individual lighting controls also increases

occupant comfort.

Methods and Justification:

Design for daylighting

The new GSB buildings are well oriented for daylight

potential, maximized on a daily basis, with the larger

façade area facing south. There will be at least one

operable window and one lighting control zone per 200

sq. ft. for occupied areas within 15 feet of perimeter

walls. Occupied spaces located deeper into the building

will receive daylight with the aid of internal light shelves

(Fig. IE6). Offices, Seminar rooms, Group Work

Rooms, Support Areas will all have individual windows

and lighting controls.

82 Outline Specifications

Figure IE6. Light shelf

(Courtesy: cce.ufl.edu)

63

Indoor lighting design

Lighting for the new GSB will be designed in accordance with Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) recommendations, as well as

Stanford’s Design Standards 83 . Fluorescent fixtures will be provided with

electronic ballasts and controlled by local wall mounted switches.

Lighting features will be designed to minimize glare. Dimming ballasts will be

used in all areas receiving enough natural daylight to meet work plane lighting

levels (as defined in Table IE1) without supplemental artificial lighting. Lighting

fixtures in offices, corridors, and public restrooms will be controlled by occupancy

sensing devices. LED exit signs will be used. Incandescent lamps will be

avoided when possible.

Table IE1. Y. Work plane lighting levels

(Courtesy: New GSB Electrical Narrative)

IE4. Optimize Thermal Comfort

Goal:

Improving thermal comfort in a work space increases the satisfaction and

productivity of occupants in the building.

Methods and Justification:

Adhere to standards

Stanford Sustainable Guidelines for buildings recommends that facilities adhere

with the latest consensus standards pertaining to thermal comfort, including

83 Stanford GSB – Pre-SD Electrical &arrative. 30 Apr. 2007. Stanford University.

64

ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy. Green Globes recommends that the building comply with ASHRAE

Standard 55-2004, which is more recent than the 1992 version. The discrepancy

lies in the fact that the Stanford Sustainable Guidelines were last revised in 2002,

before the new set of ASHRAE standards was released. However, two versions

are very similar, and by complying with ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, the new GSB

most likely complies with ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 as well. Stanford

University should make efforts to update its Sustainable Guidelines document to

the most recently accepted standards.

IE5. Optimize acoustic comfort

Goal:

Acoustic comfort allows occupants to work easily and efficiently with as few noise

disruptions as possible.

Methods and Justification:

Equipment noise/vibration mitigation84

Noise from equipment on the roof and in underground car parks should be

carefully considered to prevent excessive noise breaking back into the building.

Roof mounted equipment should sit on concrete housekeeping pads. Selection

of Air Handler Units should include consideration of duct borne and casing

radiated noise. Duct connections at the inlet and outlet of an AHU should be

designed for uniform and straight airflow. Main air distribution ducts should be

routed through non-sensitive areas, such as corridors, rather than private offices

or classrooms. Where ducts must be routed through noise sensitive areas,

noise breakout should be controlled by enclosing them in a mass loaded barrier

material or gypsum board. Ducts that directly connect spaces may need to be

acoustically lined to reduce crosstalk. All VAV boxes serving areas considered

as noise sensitive should be supplied with lined plenum silencer.

Building plumbing in noise sensitive spaces should be resiliently mounted and

externally lagged with noise insulating jackets. Vibration isolation will be

provided for all rotating and reciprocating mechanical equipment, and ducts and

pipes will also be vibration isolated where necessary.

84 Stanford GSB – Pre-SD Acoustics &arrative. 1 May 2007. Stanford University

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Effective acoustic zoning85

Efforts will be made to control background noise in zones where good speech

intelligibility is required or where recording or audio conferencing systems are

implemented. Table IE2 lists recommended acoustic privacy standards for

different room types that will be applied to the new GSB buildings. Each area

should be located with consideration of anticipated noise and privacy

requirements.

Table IE2. Speech Privacy Recommendations

Table IE3 on the next page shows the reverberation control requirement for each

room or area type and the recommended treatment finishes for the floor, ceiling,

and walls in order to conform to that requirement.

85 Stanford GSB – Pre-SD Acoustics &arrative. 1 May 2007. Stanford University

66

Table IE3. Room Finish Treatments

67

Checklist

68

Checklist (cont.)

69

Checklist (cont.)

70

Recommendations

The new GSB design provides a comfortable and clean environment for its

occupants, displaying the project’s attention to the students and staff that will be

working in it. The new GSB scores 92% in Indoor Environment. Two

recommendations that Green Globes makes are:

- Strategic air intakes placement: If the air intakes are not already, they

should be strategically located away from pollution sources. Wind direction

should be considered when assessing the potential sources of pollution.

- Minimize the risk of Legionella: Design the domestic hot water system with

features that will help minimize the risk of Legionella, including measures

to ensure that water can be heated to high temperatures for pasteurization,

and can be kept at a uniform temperature. Design the system so that it can

be readily accessed for draining, dismantling and cleaning, and to avoid

dead-legs and long runs. Consider using point-of-use heaters.