CBMS-GFC Findings in Cambodia

Try Sothearith

CBMS3 - Monitoring the Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis through CBMS in Asia

1

Expansion and Institutionalization of Commune-Based Poverty Monitoring System (CBMS)

in Cambodia, Phase III (December 2009-December 2010)

Abstract:

The Community-Based Poverty Monitoring System (CBMS) has been successfully implemented in Cambodia by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The NIS, a central statistical office in Cambodia, has now implemented a system with the active cooperation of the government and several non-government agencies. The project consists of two parts and implements over a period of two years (December 2010 to December 2011), in two districts of two provinces, representing different levels of resources and capacity. The project is implementing in two rounds. The first round, all the households in selected Snuol district in Kratie province is surveyed under the project. The second round, three communes in Battambang. To meet the long-term objective of creating a sustainable system to locally monitor the impact of global financial and economic crisis towards poverty reduction over time, the project is put emphasis on expanding and institutionalizing the CBMS as well as on capacity building at the local level and being cost-effective. Capable villagers are recruited and trained to undertake the household surveys and process data manually under the management of the commune councillors and under technical supervision of the Project Management Team of the NIS. The project actively engages key partner institutions in a capacity as Project Advisory Team. It is envisaged that this third phase is substantially contribute to an eventual nationwide implementation of the poor household identification and targeting. The study on the impact of global financial and economic crisis (GFEC) on household is designed by using the original CBMS questionnaires and added a number of questions concerning the impact of GFEC and coping strategies that people used to be able to cope and retain status quo of their livelihoods and food security. Based on the results is required a stronger social safety net programme to support the smaller farmers to remain in the producer group, poor children to stay in school, and better targeting policy intervention to support the poor and vulnerable. The social safety net programme can be implemented more effectively if the capacity of commune council can be further enhanced and strengthened and empowered to implement national policy.

The impact of crisis is often viewed as constraints and opportunities to farmers to increase agricultural intensification and diversification. Lack of saving, ineffective extension services and imperfect markets are still obstacles to agricultural development. Therefore, small landholding farmers have been eventually pushed out of producer group since they have not received adequate support. The findings from the CBMS study support stronger commitment and timely intervention to support small farmers and the poor. The policy action should accelerate efforts of rural infrastructure development: road and irrigation facilities, outreaching effective extension service to support both crops and livestock production. For landless poor, however, special social safety programme and vocational training should be reflected in the community development planning and funding.

2

I. Introduction The Community-Based Poverty Monitoring System (CBMS) was successfully implemented in Cambodia in 2004-2006. With the recent global financial crisis, known as the global economic crisis, it is recorded that global GDP per capita has decreased leading to unemployment crisis. Economic downturns in developed countries have significant impact on developing countries through the following channels: a) trade and trade prices; b) remittances; c) foreign direct investment (FDI) and equity investment; d) commercial lending; e) aid; and f) other official flows. The crisis would also result to weaker export revenues, lower investment and growth rates and lost of employment. In term of social impact, the lower growth would translate into higher poverty and even more difficulties in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The global financial crisis--coming on the heels of a devastating global food crisis--is likely to have severe consequences on enterprises, workers and families around the world. Jobs are likely to be lost in some sectors, while new jobs may be created in others. Given that there is already a recession in major global markets, new jobs, if created, is likely to be in the informal economy where productivity, wages and conditions of work are poor. The ILO projects that as a result of the financial crisis, global unemployment could increase by 20 million by the end of 2009 and the number of the working poor living on less than two dollars a day could rise by more than 100 million. These projections could get much worse if the effects of the current economic contraction and looming recession are not quickly confronted. The impact of the financial crisis has a wide spillover effect on Cambodia's economy, trickling down to many layers - global, macro, sector, labor market, and household. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the economic and social impact of the global financial crisis on poverty, especially on developing countries. CBMS has so far provided valuable results, which satisfactorily describes the different facets of poverty in 12 communes in three different provinces. Poverty rates based on household consumption and poverty lines compared to the national one were estimated for both the village and commune level. For what is more, it has successfully promoted links between the communes; provincial and national level planning processes through the use of CBMS data. The project has developed the capacity of local authorities to implement the CBMS in their localities. To meet the long-term objective of creating a sustainable system to locally monitor the impact of global economic crisis towards poverty reduction over time, the project will place emphasis on institution and capacity building at the local level and leadership by the National Institute of Statistics. The twelve communes undertaken could produce their own poverty statistics books which can be used for planning and monitoring purposes. In addition to poverty rates at the village level, the exercise provided scientifically generated statistics regarding demography, education, housing, land, water, health, household expenditure, occupation and income, assets, livestock, and domestic violence. The results have been widely shared with various stakeholders for consideration for the replication of CBMS in other areas. The CBMS provided a basis for the Ministry of Planning to draw on experience in combination with the qualitative method of identification of poor households by other NGOs in order to establish a national system of identifying poor households. The Ministry of Planning has established a “Working Group on Poor Household Identification” (WGPHI) of

3

which NGOs and government agencies are members. The working group has been studying a set of indicators that best predict the poverty status of the households with the objective to establish a simple, statistically sound tool that can be implemented to identify poor households nationwide to serve the targeting purpose. It is envisaged that the CBMS will further contribute to this process. After the currently proposed second phase, the two processes could be merged. Currently, the working group is still in the process of finding a set of proxy indicators. There is a possibility that the CBMS can test the draft instrument adopted the WGPHI. Decentralization and deconcentration (D&D) reforms were launched by the RGC in 2001 with the enactment of the Law on Commune/Sangkat Administration and Management and the Law on Commune/ Sangkat Elections. In February 2002 and again in April 2007 elections of Commune/Sangkat councils were held in Cambodia’s 1,621 communes and Sangkats. In June 2005 to 2008 the RGC worked on an “Organic Law on Decentralization and Deconcentration” entitled “Law on Administration and Management of the Capital, Provinces, Municipalities, Districts and Khans”. It was promulgated in May 2008 after an approval by the National Assembly and the Senate. After the election of Provincial/Municipal and Districts/Khan Councillors on 17 March, 2009, the councillors have important roles in making the development planning. In practice, main features of the D&D reform will be the following: a) the revision and strengthening of horizontal and vertical institutional relations at all levels of administration. b) the elaboration of development plans and investment programs and c) the monitoring of progress. Due to unavailability of the district data which makes councillors hard to implement the development planning, CBMS takes a crucial part in pushing their plan ahead and ensures the successfulness of D&D reform. Moreover, it has a strong emphasis on capacity building in the previous phases. It is expected that the communes and districts will have the capacity to repeat the system with minimal technical support from the provincial and district offices. This part is the consolidation of previous phases and to prove that the CBMS can build local capacity efficiently when it is implemented. The project is undertaken for a period of two years, December 2009 to December 2011. The aim of the project is to expand the coverage to cover Snoul and Aek Phnom districts in Kratie and Battambang Provinces respectively. The governor of Kratie has suggested CBMS to be implemented in Snoul District in 2009 due to the fact that the district is bordered by Viet Nam and was prioritized to be developed in the five-year development planning of the province. On the other hand, CBMS will be held in 2011 at the Aek Phnom district.

4

II. Objectives 2.1. Rationale for the Third Phase of CBMS Project in Cambodia Cambodia is committed to undergo a long process of decentralisation and D&D reform. To attest to this commitment, local elections were conducted in February 2002 and April 2007 to elect "commune councils" to be incharged with local development planning and its implementation. Another election was held in March 2009 for Provincial/Municipal and District/Khan Councillors. The importance of local governance is well recognised by all of Cambodia's stakeholders and they are working to contribute to the success of this reform process. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) has received a mandate from the recently passed Statistical Law to expand its statistical activities down to the commune level. The NIS is proposing a new research programme to develop statistics for local development planning on local governance and decentralisation, a five-year commitment strongly supported by the Cambodian Government and major donors. A CBMS definitely complement such decentralisation and D&D reform efforts in a concrete way and will be able contribute to successful functioning of the new decentralised state apparatus. As mentioned above, Cambodia presently lacks a community-based poverty monitoring system, although there is a commune database, collected through administrative reports under the Seila/PLG Programme initiative. Both the commune and district councils need adequate information that needs to be, generated in a systematic and reliable way in order to effectively conduct their needs assessments, planning, monitoring and evaluation of development projects. The best way to achieve this is to establish a national system and have it operated in a consistent manner by the commune and district councils, with technical support from the district and provincial statistics offices and other agencies. Clearly, when local capacity is built to take over the CBMS, it will be much more cost effective than sending enumerators from the capital city as in the past national and community-based surveys. Engaging local involvement and responsibility in the survey will contribute to local ownership and ensure local use of data. Currently, the national surveys generate data only for analysis at the national level and provide no database for the local authorities. Unexpectedly, a large part of communes and districts are statistically left out in the national sample surveys. The proposed CBMS project is to be supported by the PEP-CBMS sub-network. The NIS has successfully implemented this system as a leading and management role in institutionalising the CBMS. The creation of official CBMS office at the NIS has been discussed and approved by the Director-general of NIS. The NIS set up an Advisory Team, consisting of experienced individuals from key stakeholders namely, the CDRI, the World Bank, and the Seila Programme. The Project Advisory Team will only provide technical advice and guidance. At present, accurate data about poverty in Cambodia at communes and district is a valuable asset. Not only can the commune and district councils better meet the needs of their citizens, but they can enlist the help of government and donors to solve pressing problems. It is also shared by the national government. The Royal Government of Cambodia devolved power from the centre to provincial and district levels as a means of improving the delivery of services and to strengthen the state’s regulatory functions. A joint government-donor program

5

was launched in support of the D&D reform. The use of the CBMS has grown rapidly in Cambodia, both in terms of enabling lower levels of government to participate more effectively in development planning through the decentralized political and governance structure and in terms of matching the aspirations of the National Institute of Statistics to collect data at the commune level in a cost-effective way. 2.2. Objectives of the CBMS Phase III The global financial and economic crisis/shock (GFEC) has been anticipated to affect Cambodian income and living standards. In this regard, a rapid assessment of the impact of the financial and economic crisis on Cambodian households was initiated. The main objectives of the study are as follows:

• To revise and adopt a new tool for addressing the impact of global financial and economic crisis towards poverty reduction at the local level.

• To what extent has GFEC affected household income, consumption, employment and assets

• To what extent can existing and potential future development in the area of social safety nets, both formal and informal be expected to reduce the adverse effects of GFEC

• What strategies do rural households use to overcome the effects of GFEC • To review the nature and scale of changes in individuals and households and the

coping strategies of these vulnerable groups • To gain insights into the major changes and coping strategies in response to a

particular crisis/shock • To build the capacity of the communes and districts covered in the previous project in

carrying out the CBMS independently. • To document the use of the CBMS data at the national and local levels for commune-

based poverty monitoring and analysis. • For the commune councils, to be able to provide practical and scientifically generated

data for their effective planning, monitoring and evaluation of their development projects.

• To produce Commune Poverty Monitoring Reports based on the CBMS results. • To build the capacity of the selected commune councils in survey methods and data

processing, including its analyses and uses. • To promote the link between commune and provincial/national level planning

processes in utilising CBMS data. • To build a more concrete link between the PMATU, the NIS and the commune and

district councils and eventually to be able to prepare nation-wide CBMS. • To promote a firm process of decentralisation that can win the commitment of the

Government and other donors.

II. Research Activities, Outputs and Methodology

6

3.1. Activities

• Develop data collection and processing tools for both household and village levels, • Recruit enumerators and data processors, • Train enumerators and data processors, • Pre-test the census instruments as part of the training of enumerators, • Conduct the census in all the selected communes • Process data, using manual approach, primarily undertaken by commune teachers and

officials, under technical supervision of the Supervisory Team, • Analyse data/census results to be primarily done by local capacity, under guidance of

the Project Management Team, • Validate data processing and analysis, using computer, jointly undertaken by the

Project Management Team and the provincial statistical staff, • Write project report, incorporating qualitative information (by commune council

members and the Project Management Team), • Document the uses of CBMS data for the communes and various stakeholders, • Present the results of the CBMS in three workshops at the local level and another

workshop at the national level for the stakeholders including NGOs, Donors, key line ministries and other government institutions.

3.2. Outputs

• Establishment of CBMS partner at national and local authority • Revised data collection and processing tools • Final design of CBMS methodology as a tool for monitoring poverty and the impact

of the global financial crisis on poverty • Training modules ( enumerators and supervisors using revised questionnaires and

training on data processing, training on poverty mapping and training on the use of CBMS data)

• Establishment of CBMS database • The CBMS is successfully repeated in the old CBMS site thru its local capacity. • The CBMS is successfully implemented in the district level. • Commune and district councils, district and provincial statistics officials will have the

capacity to re-conduct a CBMS. • Poverty profiles for selected project area using data gathered from the survey will be

established. • A research paper on the impact of the global financial crisis on poverty and the

necessary policies and program to mitigate the impact on the poor • A documentation of the proceedings of the consultation meetings and dissemination

activities conducted in relation to the project • Two districts level seminars are conducted successfully. • A national seminar to disseminate the CBMS results will be conducted successfully. • A report of survey results primarily written by the commune councils based on both

quantitative and qualitative data, called Commune Poverty Monitoring Report that can be used for planning purposes.

• A report of the CBMS will be submitted to PEP-CBMS sub-network and to all key partners in Cambodia. The report will outline the CBMS process and suggest how to improve and expand the CBMS in Cambodia.

• Final project report containing a technical report on the details of all project activities and a detailed project financial report.

7

3.3. Methodology for the third Phase CBMS The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) is responsible for undertaking the third Phase of CBMS and achieving the objectives set above. The National Institute of Statistics at the Provincial Statistical Office at provinces, the district offices and commune councils selected for the project. Capacity building is a priority task among partners, especially among the commune councils concerned. The primary source of data is the household. It is a census of households at the commune level. Enumerators will be required to interview a household head or in case of absence during the whole period of the survey time, the oldest adult person in the house will be interviewed. Information from the local government and at the village or commune level will be compiled, in addition to the Commune Database collected by the Seila Programme. Supplemental information will be gathered from other sources such as administrative reports, and surveys done by other agencies in the past, if any. Capable villagers including members of the voluntary Commune Planning and Budgeting Committee will be recruited by the commune councils and be trained to become enumerators. A set of criteria will be provided to the commune councils in order to recruit the capable villagers. Announcements for recruiting the enumerators will be posted in schools and other communal places to ensure wide outreach to potential capable villagers. Training courses will be conducted for three days, including one day for pre-testing of the questionnaire and enumeration capacity. The payment for enumerators will be maintained at $0.5 per household. To ensure quality interviews, enumerators can only interview six households at the most. Those with a good command of quantitative skills will also be trained to be manual data processors. The Project Management Team will be responsible for training the commune councillors, the enumerators and the data processors. The training will include classroom training and field testing of a few households for each enumerator. The CBMS census will take approximately one month of full time work. Rather than applying the usual qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions, commune council members who have lived and worked with the locals for a period of time, will be requested to write a commentary report providing qualitative aspects of the data. The report will be discussed and agreed upon all the commune council members before it is incorporated in the Commune Poverty Monitoring Reports and the project report. Lessons learned and recommendations from Phase I and II will be fully taken into consideration in the Phase III. Wherever and whenever possible, these suggestions will be incorporated in the current proposal.

During the implementation, there were problems encountered but were able to be solved along the way. Anyone or any group who would like to put up a project like this must be ready to encounter unexpected problems. Such issues are as follows: The training period was not enough for some enumerators to acquire the necessary

skill. The educational level of some selected enumerators was too low to meet the work load

requirement. The designed questionnaire have some parts where it is difficult to obtain a true

answer (Ex. household income / expenditure) The period the interviews was done was not so appropriate (should not be in the rainy

8

9

Selection of interviewers: All interviewers should be a resident of the village (commune in some cases) where they will conduct the interview, and should have at least some interviewing experience, as well as good numeracy. A better way to select candidates would have been to post a public announcement at the school or in other communal places.

Data collection: The enumerators have to be trained and supervised closely because

their experience and knowledge are still limited. Timing of survey: The survey should be conducted in the non-farming period. In most

places, this will be February and March or August and September. Data processing: It is necessary to process data manually in the village. Manual data

processing is too difficult for certain villages where skill levels are relatively weak. However, one option is to do it using resources from the commune. The other option is to use schoolteachers or qualified high school students in the commune. Training of data processors is also necessary.

Interviewers’ fee: A rate of 1,000 riels ($0.25) per household, which takes one to two

hours to interview on average, on the expectation that six households can be interviewed per day, is appropriate for most villages. However, this amount was not suitable for this time (third phase) the pay will be double due to rising prices and many difficulties. For interviewers who interview remote households where they can reach only two or three households per day. There is a need to increase the fee for interviewers who interview remote households and to pay for transportation.

The time frame to conduct survey: The surveys should not be conducted in the

period close to or during elections. Local commune officers will have less time to assist in the project because they will be busy campaigning during this period. Also, if training is done before the elections, there is a possibility of the need to repeat the training course for the new set of elected commune officers.

The Enumerator: It was found during the project implementation that female

enumerators worked more effectively in interviewing households than male enumerators. Female enumerators worked patiently specially during interviews. Most of the household head were females; therefore female enumerators were more welcomed to perform asking household information. Female household heads usually led and managed the household economy such as expenditure, income and other economical situation. From these experiences, with regard to the CBMS question which requires information collection on income and expenditure, both female respondent and enumerator could nicely perform and cooperate with each other.

Training of commune councillor: Since the knowledge of statistics of the commune

councillor is very limited, training of basic knowledge of statistics is needed for the commune councillor to be able to use statistics for preparing development planning at the commune level and also for integrated for district planning with line-provincial department of ministry.

Final Project Report Phase II

10

4. Coverage 4.1. Selection of sites The selection of this first round is covered entire a district (Snuol) in Kratie province, which consist of 12,822 households located in five communes of the whole district. The three communes under phase I & II of Snuol district are also covered and expand to other two new communes with the effort to cover the entire district for this comprehensive phase. Those communes are Snuol, Khsem, Pir Thnu, Svay Chreah and Sre Char. The first part of this project will be implemented from December 2009 to December 2010. Referring to a lesson learned in Phase I and II, it is important that the district as well as the commune authorities be totally willing to undertake and be involved in this exercise. Therefore, the selected district might be altered depending on their interest, readiness and willingness to cooperate in the implementation of the project. Indeed, the power of the respective agencies to convince the new local authorities will be tested especially on how they will explain the CBMS and its benefits. Selection of sites in phase III, round 1, CBMS, Cambodia

Province Name

District Name

Commune Name

Village Code

Village Name

No. of Household

No. of Male

No. of Female

Both Sexes

I. Round 1 Kratie Snuol Khsuem 01 Mil 291 679 643 1,322

02 Choeng 100 263 256 519

03 Doung 107 266 278 544

04 Khsuem Knong 102 255 250 505

05 Khsuem Krau 396 1,043 925 1,968

06 Samrang 227 604 536 1,140

07 Srae Roneam 358 849 804 1,653

08 Srae Thmei 282 716 757 1,473

Sub-total 8 1,863 4,675 4,449 9,124 Pir Thnu 01 Cheung Khle 264 649 634 1,283

02 Cheung Khlu 173 484 442 926

03 Thma Hal Dei Kraham 142 344 371 715

04 Pravanh 212 492 506 998

05 Thma Hal Veal 151 361 358 719

06 Trapeang Srae 389 1,013 914 1,927

07 Chrab 189 491 455 946

08 Pir Thnu 82 185 181 366

09 Kranhoung Senchey 637 1,551 1,459 3,010

Sub-total 9 2,239 5,570 5,320 10,890 Snuol 01 Kat Dai 277 671 716 1,387

02 Kbal Snuol 114 253 267 520

03 Krong 285 694 686 1,380

04 Preaek Kdei 281 658 615 1,273

05 Snuol Voat Kaeut 206 480 521 1,001

06 Thpong 259 599 541 1,140

07 Snuol Voat Lech 214 528 535 1,063

08 Roung Chak 397 876 792 1,668

09 Kbal Thpong 145 329 347 676

10 Thpong Leu Kraom 95 239 242 481

11

11 Trapeang Leak 326 816 765 1,581

12 Phsar Snuol 1,115 2,537 2,378 4,915

Sub-total 12 3,714 8,680 8,405 17,085 Srae Char 01 Roha 376 909 939 1,848

02 Kbal Trach 242 558 556 1,114

03 Mak Kandal 416 1,073 1,022 2,095

04 Mean Chey 1,265 2,795 2,837 5,632

05 Triek 337 794 777 1,571

06 S'at 362 918 902 1,820

07 Chivat 146 350 354 704

08 Kamlaek 87 223 204 427

Sub-total 8 3,231 7,620 7,591 15,211 Svay Chreah 01 Thnal 344 853 877 1,730

02 Voat 138 329 364 693

03 Sambuor 264 656 674 1,330

04 Ta Saom 284 761 739 1,500

05 Srae Char 97 307 265 572

06 Ta Pum 169 443 452 895

07 Doun Mea 159 406 422 828

08 Rumpuk 320 796 778 1,574

Sub-total 8 1,775 4,551 4,571 9,122 Total-1 5 45 12,822 31,096 30,336 61,432

4.2. Maps of project site

Map1. Snuol district, Kratie province

Source: Seila program.

12

4.3. Structure of Local Authority at District and Commune Level and CBMS network Figure 5.1: Structure of local CBMS networking

CBMS Network at local

5. Analysis and validation of the poverty results The most challenging effort here was to determine the poverty line for each commune and the proportion of poor households in the village and commune. This was done on the basis of consumption expenditure per capita, in line with the adopted national definition. The Poverty Line (PL) defines as follows:

– Using national rural poverty line in 2004 as a base to generate PL for 2006 and 2008.

Commune chief

1ST vice 2ND vice

Member Member Member .......

Commune clerk

Commune council

District Council Chief

1ST Deputy 2ND Deputy

Members

District Governor

1ST Deputy 2ND Deputy

Administrative Offices Statistics Office

Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 .....

13

– Adjusted with rural inflation based on CDRI/NIS rural price survey of 106 items, 2005 - 2008-2010.

– PL: 1,753 riels in 2004 as base: • PL 2006= 2,079 riels (adjusted with inflation between 2004 and 2006) • PL 2008= 2,427 riels (adjusted with inflation between 2004, 2006 and 2008) • PL 2010= 2,623 riels ((adjusted with inflation between 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010)

6. Composition of Indicators A set of core indicators for the project phase III is outlined below. It has been drawn from consultations with partners and their working documents during Phase I and II including the indicators for assessing the impact of the global financial and economic crisis are intended to capture the immediate and direct impact of the crisis on households. The impact is most likely concentrated on three channels – employment and income, utilization of social services, and access to credit. As Cambodia is an open economic market country, there are thousands of workers mostly in manufacturing and service sectors who are employed by bordering and overseas countries such as Thailand, South Korea and Malaysia. Some of them have encountered difficulty either come back home or decrease remittances for their family because of the impact of this crisis. Since the proposed CBMS is employ a census approach, and given the critical importance of these variables, they remain in the core set in Phase III. However, it is now proposed that income questions be dropped. It is well acknowledged in Cambodia that income data is a problem and is often unreliable. The poverty estimate will depend on the household’s consumption and expenditure, which will be continued to be collected and will be given primary attention. 6.1 CBMS core indicators This core set of indicators is based on household questionnaire has been formulated and improved during the consultations with the local authorities and field testing. It will be run by the PEP-CBMS sub-network as well for their review and consent. With the income data dropped, there will be less ambiguity concerning the questions. The number and complexity of questions are severely constrained by the fact that data processed manually and that local enumerator's capacities and experiences are limited.

Basic Need Core indicator Status

1 1-Under 5 mortality rate Existing indicator

2 2- Maternal mortality rate New indicator Demography and health

3 3- Proportion of person who got sick of Malaria decease Existing indicator

4 1- Proportion of households living under makeshift/ salvage house/ dwelling Existing indicator

Housing 5 2- Proportion of household using own

dwelling Existing indicator

14

6 1- Illiteracy rate Existing indicator

7 2- Proportion of children aged 6-14 who are not attending elementary school Existing indicator

8 3- Proportion of children aged 6-14 who drop out elementary school Existing indicator

9 3- Proportion of children aged 15-18 who not attending secondary school Existing indicator

Education

10 4- Ratio of girl to boy who are attending school Existing indicator

11 1- Unemployment rate New indicator Employment

12 2- Proportion of children aged between 5-17 years old who are working Existing indicator

13 1- Population living under national poverty line Existing indicator

14 2- Population living below national food poverty line Existing indicator Poverty

15 3- Proportion of households experienced in food shortage New indicator

16 1- Proportion of households without access to safe water supply Existing indicator

Water and sanitation 17 2- Proportion of households without

access to sanitary toilet facilities Existing indicator

18 1-Proportion of households with members who are victims of crime Existing indicator

Social disorder 19

2- Proportion of households with members who experienced domestic violence

Existing indicator

Disaster 20 1- Proportion of household experienced from huge disaster Existing indicator

6.2. Commune level indicators 6.2.1. Information on school 6.2.1.1. Number of primary, secondary and high school 6.2.1.2. Number of classes in primary, secondary and high school 6.2.1.3. Number of Students in primary, secondary and high school 6.2.2. Health service 6.2.2.1. Number of hospital, health centre, health post and other health services 6.2.2.2. Number of health staff 6.2.3. Agricultural land 6.2.3.1. Area of paddy rice field in rainy and dry season in hectare 6.2.3.2. Area of paddy rice field with irrigation 6.2.3.3. Paddy rice yield producing 6.2.3.4. Area of agricultural farmland 6.2.4. Infrastructures 6.2.4.1. Number and length of paved road, red-gravel roads and dirt road

15

6.2.4.2. Number of main channel and sub-channel 6.2.4.2. Number and length of concrete bridge 6.2.4.4. Available market 6.2.4.5. Credit institution 6.2.4.6. Telephone service 6.2.4.7. Television channel 6.2.4.9. Radio line 6.2.5. External assistance 6.2.5.1. Number of none government organization (NGO) in the commune 6.2.5.1. Number of associations in the commune 6.2.6 Village level indicators 6.2.6.1 Health and Education Services 6.2.6.1. Distance from village to nearest health centre 6.2.6.1.2. Number of skill midwife of government staff 6.2.6.1.3. Distance from village to primary, secondary and high school 6.2.6.2. Agricultural land and Chemical fertilizer Utilities 6.2.6.2.1. Area of paddy land in rainy and dry season in hectare 6.2.6.2.2. Area of other farmland 6.2.6.2.3. Area of paddy land with irrigation system in dry season 6.2.6.2.4. Number of households uses fertilizer in farming 6.2.6.2.5. Average selling price of 1 kilogram of paddy rice 6.2.6.3. Infrastructures 6.2.6.1. Available market 6.2.6.2. Number of sellers 6.2.6.3. Distance to nearest market 6.2.6.4. Duration spend to go o the nearest market 6.2.6.5. Number and length of paved road, red-gravel roads and dirt road 6.2.6.6. Availability of electricity 6.2.6.7. Usable tube/pipe wells 6.2.6.8. Number of open dug wells 6.2.6.4. Security and Violence 6.2.6.4.1. Number of cases of murder, robbery and thief 6.2.6.4.2. Number of cases of land dispute 6.2.6.4.3. Number of households generally has domestic violence 6.2.7. Household indicators 6.2.7.1. Household and Population Characteristics 6.2.7.1.1. Number of population by gender 6.2.7.1.2. Number of population by status single, married widowed, divorced 6.2.7.1.3. Number of population by age group 6.2.7.1.4. Sex ratio 6.2.7.1.5. Relationship to head of household 6.2.7.1.6. Dependency ratio 6.2.7.1.7. Marital status by gender 6.2.7.1.8. Nationality by gender 6.2.7.2. Education 6.2.7.2.1. Literacy level

16

6.2.7.2.2. Literacy by gender 6.2.7.2.3. Literacy by age group 6.2.7.2.4. Literacy by sex of household head 6.2.7.2.5. Educational level by gender 6.2.7.2.6. Educational level by age group 6.2.7.2.7. Educational level by sex of household head 6.2.7.2.8. Age at first attending school by gender 6.2.7.2.9. Grade level by single age by gender (currently studying) 6.2.7.2.10. Average schooling by age group and gender 6.2.7.2.11. Access to school (distance from house to school) by gender 6.2.7.2.12. Access to school (distance from house to school) by educational level 6.2.7.2.13. Drop out ratio by gender 6.2.7.2.14. Drop out ratio by sex of household head 6.2.7.2.15. Drop out ratio by gender and household head occupation 6.2.7.2.16. Reason of dropout by gender 6.2.7.2.17. Reason of dropout by sex of household head 6.2.7.2.18. Reason of dropout by head of household occupation 6.2.7.2.19. Proportion of children aged 6-12 years old who are not attending elementary school 6.2.7.2.20. Proportion of children aged 13-16 years old who are not attending secondary school 6.2.7.3 Occupation and Employment 6.2.8.3.1. Occupation by gender (primary and secondary occupation) 6.2.7.3.2. Occupation by age group (primary and secondary occupation) 6.2.7.3.3. Occupation by gender and by sex of head of household (primary and secondary occupation) 6.2.7.3.4. Child labour by gender 6.2.7.3.5. Child labour by Age 6.2.7.3.6. Child labour by gender and by sex of head of household 6.2.7.3.7. Child labour by gender (currently schooling) 6.2.7.3.8. Child labour by gender (out school) 6.2.7.4. Disability 6.2.7.4.1. Type of disability by gender 6.2.7.4.2. Type of disability by age group 6.2.7.4.3. Reason of disability by gender 6.2.7.4.4. Reason of disability by age group 6.2.7.5. Access to health care 6.2.7.5.1. Place seek for health care by gender 6.2.7.5.2. Place seek for health care by gender and by sex of head of household 6.2.7.5.3. Place seek for health care by age group 6.2.7.5.4. Distance to health care 6.2.7.6. VI. Housing 6.2.7.6.1. House ownership 6.2.7.6.2. House ownership by sex of head of household 6.2.7.6.3. Average of house size 6.2.7.6.4. Average of area of homestead land 6.2.7.6.5. Type of wall 6.2.7.6.6. Type of roof

17

6.2.7.6.7. Type of floor 6.2.7.7. Sources of power supply 6.2.7.7.1. Type of sources of lighting 6.2.7.7.2. Type of main of fuel use for cooking 6.2.7.8. Source of clean water and sanitation 6.2.7.8.1. Sources of water using in wet season 6.2.7.8.2. Sources of water using in dry season 6.2.7.8.3. Type of toilet use 6.2.7.8.4. Type of drinking water 6.2.7.8.5. Sleep in mosquito net 6.2.7.9. Consumptions (by major Items) 6.2.7.10. Crises or Household disadvantages 6.2.7.10.1. Household with crises or disadvantages 6.2.7.10.2. Average of cost for seriously ill 6.2.7.10.3. Average of cost loss in disaster 6.2.7.10.4. Average of cost loss of crops destroyed by pets 6.2.7.10.5. Average of cost loss of pets died 6.2.7.10.6. Average of cost loss by robbery 6.2.7.11. Property Among the items of information gathered from the commune census are household facilities and amenities such as ownership of transport and communication equipment such as cars motorcycles, bicycles, computer, and telephone, and household appliances such as radio, television set and stereo etc... 6.2.7.12. Livestock and poultry (Household village and commune) 6.2.7.12.1. Cows 6.2.7.12.2. Buffalos 6.2.7.12.3. Pig 6.2.7.12.4. Chickens 6.2.7.12.5. Duck 6.2.7.12.6. Goats 6.2.7.12.7. Sheep 6.2.7.12.8. Crocodiles 6.2.7.12.9. Other 6.2.7.13. Agriculture land by household 6.2.7.13.1. Rainy-season land 6.2.7.13.2. Dry-season land 6.2.7.13.3. Perennial crops land 6.2.7.13.4. Season crops land 6.2.7.13.5. Other agriculture land 6.2.7.13.6. Total agricultural land 6.2.7.13.7. Two season-rice land 6.2.7.14. Violence, security and order 6.2.7.14.1. Domestic violence

18

6.2.7.14.2. Domestic violence by sex of head of household 6.2.7.14.3. Sexual abuse 6.2.7.14.4. Crime killed 6.2.7.14.5. Violence by other person 6.2.7.14.6. Robbery 6.2.7.14.7. Seeking for help if problem occurred by gender 6.2.7.15. The indicators for the assessing the impact of the global financial and economic crisis are intended to capture the immediate and direct impact of the crises on households. The impact is most likely concentrated on three channels – employment and income, utilization of social services, and access to credit (refer to the past 6 months from the interviewing date of the survey). 6.2.7.15.1. Outcome Indicators 6.2.7.15.1.11. Number of persons who lost job 6.2.7.15.1.13. Number of households who has access to public health services 6.2.7.15.1.14. Number of persons who availed of any government employment program 6.2.7.15.2. Impact Indicators 6.2.7.15.2.1. Proportion of children aged 0-5 years old who died 6.2.7.15.2.2. Proportion of women who died due to pregnancy related causes 6.2.7.15.2.3. Proportion of children aged 0-5 years old who are malnourished 6.2.7.15.2.4. Proportion of households living in makeshift housing 6.2.7.15.2.5. Proportion of households that are squatters 6.2.7.15.2.6. Proportion of households without access to safe water supply 6.2.7.15.2.7. Proportion of households without access to sanitary toilet facilities 6.2.7.15.2.8. Proportion of aged 6-12 years old who are not attending elementary school 6.2.7.15.2.9. Proportion of aged 13-16 years old who are not attending secondary school 6.2.7.15.2.10. Proportion of households with income below the poverty threshold 6.2.7.15.2.11. Proportion of households with income below the food (subsistence) threshold 6.2.7.15.2.21. Proportion of households that experienced food shortage 6.2.7.15.2.13. Proportion of persons who are unemployed 6.2.7.15.2.14. Proportion of persons who are underemployed 6.2.7.15.2.15. Number of persons below 15 years old who are working 6.2.7.15.2.16. Number of persons 60 years old and above who are working 6.2.7.15.2.17. Proportion of persons who were victims of crimes 6.2.7.15.3. Coping Mechanism 6.2.7.15.3.1. Number of households who seeking new job 6.2.7.15.3.2. Number of households who drop children from school 6.2.7.16. Poverty profiles 6.2.7.16.1. Poverty indicators 6.2.7.16.1.2. List of poor household 6.2.7.16.1.3. Poverty maps Most the indicators are to be collected from the household questionnaire; a few at the commune and village levels from the village questionnaire and others are to be developed during the process of consultation and site selection.

19

7. Technology to be adopted Since in most of Cambodia's rural communes, there is no electricity or computers, manual processing of data will be done for the CBMS survey. This has implications for designing the questionnaire and questions. The enumerators and commune council members will be trained to process the survey results manually. The data will then be computerised at the Provincial Statistics Office under supervision of the Project Management Team. A SPSS programme will be used to analyse the data. 8. Data Processing A number of enumerators with good numeration skills will be recruited and trained to process the survey results manually, using electronic calculators provided by the project. Commune council members will be involved as administrators/supervisors. The computer data entry process will be conducted in the province where the CBMS site is selected under the close supervision of the Director of Provincial Planning Department and Statistics Bureau Chief, which reports directly to the Project Management Team at the national level. 9. CBMS Database Management A set of database of CBMS is established and the team leader of the project takes responsibility of updating, maintaining and enhancing the CBMS database. The user can access this database with the approval of Director General of the National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning at the national level. It is planned to upload the database in the NIS’s website (www.nis.gov.kh) so that users can easily access. At the provincial level, the Director of the Provincial Planning Department (DPPD) takes care of CBMS provincial database including coordinating with the project team leader. The team leader provides the latest version to the DPPD and updates every database of CBMS. Data users such as development partners, NGOs, community developers, private sector and local government units at the province and district of CBMS can get the database from Provincial Planning Department. The Statistics bureau chief in the province assists the DPPD in monitoring and controlling the CBMS database. In accordance with the Statistics Law, the NIS ensures the confidentiality of the information gathered from a census and a survey. Following this, CBMS has taken strong action to ensure the confidentiality of the information gather from its CBMS sites. In the data entry dictionary both manually and computerized, the name of the household head does not appear to avoid easy identification. Only household numbers will appear in the data processing form. The users will not be able to identify the household and individual’s name and individual’s background from the database. The used questionnaires are kept in locked cabinets. The chief of commune councillor takes full responsible in caring of the used questionnaires and to make sure there will be no leakage of any information. The illegal use of the household and individual information is strictly prohibited. The information can only be used for the purpose of the community development of the CBMS’s sites. The commune council chief will sign a contract ensuring the confidentiality of the individual’s and household’s information. 10. Validation of Data

The commune council members who are responsible for the project will review all questionnaires that have been just completed. It will be required that they sign every questionnaire that she/he has verified for accuracy. In cases where there are errors in the

20

responses, they will send the responsible enumerators to re-interview the household. The official from the District and Provincial Statistics Offices as well as the commune council members will do regular checks to ensure that the quality of data is maintained. In order to verify the results from the manual process, all the completed questionnaires will be computerised and analysed at the provincial level under direct supervision of the Project Management Team as discussed above. Validation of data at the community level: Validation of data at the community level is one of the activities under Phase II. This will be done at the community level through community meetings or assemblies. The validation activity at the community would make certain that local leaders and the rest of the community are informed of the results of the CBMS survey. This would also provide a setting to verify the accuracy of the findings of the survey by facilitating discussions on possible reasons of said findings. The exercise would also be a venue for identifying the major problems of the community and identifying possible interventions needed to resolve these problems. The activity, if properly documented, would serve as good source of qualitative data to be inputted in the Commune Poverty Report. Involving the community in the CBMS process, including data validation, would foster the acceptance and ownership of the community to the CBMS data. 11. Dissemination

National Level: The CBMS results will be disseminated through a national workshop for all partners of the project and relevant government and non-government institutions. Efforts will be made to "market" the project to prospective donor agencies and the government so that they will continue to expand the CBMS. Ideally, the Government-Donor Joint Working Group on Identification Poor Households will eventually adapt the CBMS into its nation-wide programme.

Both government and non-governmental agencies will be invited to use the CBMS data for diagnostic study of the poverty situation in the selected communes and districts. The information shall help design policy interventions and target the vulnerable groups, including the poorest of the poor in the communes.

Local Level: While ownership of the survey by commune councils is an expected outcome of the project, the CBMS results will be disseminated beyond the selected communes. It is expected that the provincial authorities will further disseminate the CBMS to other communes for consideration and potential adoption, through their regular meetings.

Outputs from the CBMS will provide the basis for "commune poverty monitoring report", which will be the main tool for commune council members to better monitor and evaluate the impacts of development policies and programmes undertaken in their communities, and to inform decisions about allocation of resources. A combination of community poverty monitoring reports will provide information for the national poverty monitoring system.

The flow of information

Province

District councils

Government

IOs, NGOs, Donors

21

12. Uses of Data: Efforts will be made to induce activities that will foster the use of CBMS data at the commune and village levels and beyond. In addition to the commune’s direct use for the three year rolling plan, impact assessment can be tried in the old six communes although the two year interval does not provide a long period enough to assess the impact of certain interventions. The CBMS data will be used as input to the village book and the CBMS dataset. Efforts will be made to develop training modules to build capacity of local planners in analyzing data and writing the village report using CBMS results. V. Institutions and Personnel 5.1. Project implementation institution The current regulated organization and functions state that the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) is composed of seven departments. These are Departments of 1).Statistics Policies and Cooperation; 2).Economic Statistics, 3).Social Statistics; 4).Census and Surveys, 5).National Accounts; 6).Technology, Communication and Information (ICT); and 7).Statistics Standard and Analysis. According to Statistics Law which was enacted in May 2005 states that the NIS is the official national statistical institute and that Directorate General having a number of departments responsible for specific statistical activities is under the portfolio of Ministry of Planning. The NIS also has organized units in the provinces, municipalities, districts, khans and in the commune and sangkat. Currently, the NIS has two buildings situated behind the Ministry of Planning, No. 386 Preah Monivong Blvd, Phnom Penh. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) is the principal agency of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) responsible for collection, compilation, analysis, publication, and dissemination of the statistical data and information relating to the Socio-Economic condition of the people in private and government establishments and enterprises, including demographic statistics, national accounts, consumer price indices and other related services within the Kingdom of Cambodia. The NIS is also mandated to take charge of maintaining,

22

updating and implementing of the statistical program for the Cambodian Government and other statistical data users. The responsibility of coordinating with other government statistical agencies and development partners is also a function of the institution. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) is responsible entity vis-à-vis the Cambodian CBMS project. The Director General of the NIS will be accountable to the PEP-CBMS for financial and management issues. The NIS Director General will formally set up, direct and guide the Project Management Team, and provide project oversight in order to ensure high quality and integrity. The NIS will provide capable staff and necessary institutional support to manage the CBMS project. The NIS is set up an Advisory Team, consisting of experienced individuals from key stakeholders namely, the CDRI, the World Bank, UNDP, and Decentralization and Deconcentration Programme. The Project Advisory Team will only provide technical advice and guidance but will not be responsible for managing the project. 5.2. Project personnel and advisory team 5.2.1. At the national level 5.2.1.1. Project management team The proposed Project Management Team is comprised of officials from the NIS. They are to be partially funded by the PEP-CBMS fund allocated for the project. 1. Mr. Try Sothearith, CBMS Project Team Leader, (Deputy Director of the Department of Demographic Statistics, Census and Surveys, NIS) 2. Mr. Kim Net, Team Leader Assistant, (Deputy Director of the Social Statistics Department, NIS), E-mail: kimnet2010@yahoo.com or kimnet41@hotmail.com Tel: (+855)16 770 769 / 23 720 241 3. Mr. Noun Nisaykosal, Team Member, (Vice Bureau Chief) E-mail: kosal_nn@yahoo.com, Tel: (+855) 12 937 292 5.2.1.2. Role of project management team 5.2.1.2.1. Project team leader

Takes control and manages the project under direct overseeing and advising of the

Director General of NIS. Responsible for ensuring the functioning of the project Trains the trainees Manages fieldwork operations Creates programs to enter data Manages data entry and database Ensures the quality of the data Writes technical reports and findings, Coordinates and facilitates with National and local authorities Coordinates with MIMAP - CBMS Leader.

5.2.1.2.2. Project team leader assistant

Assisting team leader including technical work Coordinating and facilitating with local authorities

23

Responsible for administrative and technical work Providing training to supervisors and enumerators Fieldwork operations management Assisting data processing management Assisting data analysis and writing technical reports and final report

5.2.1.2.3. Project team member

Responsible for accounting and office supplies of the project Compiling financial reports Assisting in organizing training courses and workshops Assisting team leader assistant with administrative work

5.2.1.2. Project Advisory Team In order to promote partnerships, the NIS will tap and involve key partners for their expertise and experience in order to ensure success and enhance the impact of the project. The Advisory Team members are not paid by the project, although their fieldtrip costs can be charged to the CBMS project fund. 1. Mr. Chan Sophal, Research Manager, CDRI 2. Mr. SO Sovannarith, Research fellow, Cambodia Development Resource Institute 3. Mr. Chea Chantum, Deputy Director General of General Directorate Planning, ID Poor

project coordinator, Ministry of Planning 4. Mr. Nak Sam Sen, Poverty Specialist, World Bank Cambodia Country Office 5. Mr. Hong Sokheang, Poverty Specialist, UNDP Cambodia Country Office 6. Mr. Chea Rithy, M&E Officer, the D&D Reform Programme 5.2.2. At the provincial and district level The project has already gained the participation of the provincial statistical office in Kratie province Mr. In Kimsea and Mr. Sun Liheng, a statistics officer in Kratie province, worked closely with the project team and received modest compensation from the project. They joined all the training and monitoring activities. The two officials are expected to continue their contributions. Two new district councillors will be invited to join the project and perform the same tasks. They will be required to do more or less the same job as those at the provincial level. These provincial and district statistics officers are closer to the communes and can therefore provide efficient liaison between the commune and district councils and the Project Management Team. 5.2.3. At the commune level The commune councillor is empowered and entrusted to supervise the survey team and data processors. They are recruited at the village level. Efforts have been made to ensure

24

ownership by the commune councils. It is important that they know that the results of the work will be primarily used by the commune councils for their annual planning process required by the Law. As part of ownership promotion, commune councils will be given firsthand opportunity to comment on the draft questionnaire. The commune councils will also have the authority to mobilise potential villagers and recruit qualified villagers to be enumerators following a set of criteria to be provided by the Project Management Team. Each commune council is nominated three of its members to form a "Commune Controlling Committee" to take charge of supervising the enumerators and data processors. The committee monitors the enumerators closely and checks the questionnaires completed by the enumerators and receive a modest honorarium from the project. As much as possible, the Project Management Team at the central level was act purely as technical advisors. 5.24. At the village level The village chiefs are assist enumerators in locating the households and also responsible for administrative matters. They are received a modest compensation from the project. Village chiefs are not present during interviews in order not to interfere with the information gathering. Before the commencement of interviews, enumerators and village chiefs produce household listing to certify the total number of households and serial numbers. Every household will have a serial number written on the questionnaire, guaranteeing that no household are missed in the census exercise. The enumerators and data processors is work closely with the commune councillors and the provincial statistics officials, all under the technical supervision of the Project Management Team. VI. Data collection instruments The CBMS project phase III uses the based-previous phase of CBMS questionnaires to capture information. In addition to the global financial crisis, the project in phase III also designs and uses rider questionnaire to capture information addressed on global financial crisis. The following instruments will be used to collect information and ensuring the quality of information/data: 6.1. Main questionnaire 6.1.1. Based-previous CBMS household questionnaire 6.1.2. Based-global financial crisis household questionnaire 6.1.3. Household listing 6.2. Controlling form 6.2.1. Sheet of Supervision Results 6.2.2. Summation Sheet of Daily Supervision 6.2.3. Summation Sheet of Daily Enumeration 6.3. Other supporting forms 6.3.1. Household sticker

25

6.3.2. Age conversion table (convert from animal year of birth to international year) 6.3.3. Contract paper with supervisor and enumerator 6.4. Manual 6.4.1. Enumerator manual 6.4.2. Supervisor manual 6.4.3. Manual of manually data processing 6.4.4. Manual of computerized data processing References: - Establishing a Commune-Based Poverty Monitoring System in Cambodia (CDRI, 2005) - Working towards a Nationwide Commune-Based Poverty Monitoring System (CBPMS) in Cambodia: Phase II: Consolidation and Expansion (National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, 2007) - The Rapid Assessment on the Impact of the Financial Crisis in Cambodia (Prepared by the Cambodia Institute of Development Study with Support from the International Labour Organization, January 2009) - The Organization and Functioning of the National Statistical System (National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, January 2007) - Fallon, Peter R. and Robert E. B. Lucas. (2002). “The Impact of Financial Crises on Labor Markets, Household Incomes, and Poverty: A Review of Evidence,” World Bank Research Observer 17.1:21-45 - Datt, Guarav and Hans Hoogeveen. (2003). “El Nino or El Peso? Crisis, Poverty and Income Distribution in the Philippines,” World Development 31.7:1103-24. - Frankenberg, Elizabeth, James P. Smith and Duncan Thomas. (2003). “Economic shocks, wealth and welfare,” Journal of Human Resources 38.2:280-321. - Frankenberg, Elizabeth, Duncan Thomas and Kathleen Beegle. (1999) “The Real Costs of Indonesia's Economic Crisis: Preliminary Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Surveys.” Working Paper DRU-2064-NIA/NICHD (1999). Santa Monica, CA: RAND. - Levinsohn, James, Steven Berry, and Jed Friedman. (2003). “Impacts of the Indonesian economic crisis: Price changes and the Poor,” in Michael Doole y and Jeffrey Frankel (eds.) “Managing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets,” Chapter 12, Chicago: University of Chicago Press/NBER. - Poverty Profile of Cambodia (Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Planning, February 2006) - Statistics Law (National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, May 2005) - Introduction to poverty Analysis (World Bank Institute, August 2005) - MIMAP-Ghana, Implementing a Community-Based Poverty Monitoring System in Ghana (2003-2006), A Project Proposal presented to MIMAP-CBMS. - RGC (2000), Seila Programme Document 2001-2005 (Seila Task Force: Phnom Penh, December 2000). - RGC (2003), Seila Programme Annual Work Plan and Budget 2003 (Seila Task Force: Phnom Penh, January 2003) - WFP/MoP (2002), Estimation of Poverty Rates at Commune Level in Cambodia, (World Food Programme and Ministry of Planning: Phnom Penh, October 2002) - CDRI (2002), Understanding Decentralisation in Cambodia: A Research Framework to Support the Process of Devolution and Deconcentration in Cambodia, (Cambodia Development Resource Institute: August 2002)

26

- MoP (2002), "Commune Profile Formulation Process", prepared by General Directorate of Planning (Ministry of Planning: Phnom Penh: October 2002) - RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia) (2001), A Profile of Poverty in Cambodia 1999, Phnom Penh: Ministry of Planning.