Causes of World War I 1.Nationalism 2.Imperialism 3.Militarism 4.Alliances.
Causes of the War in Europe Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Alliances 1.
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Transcript of Causes of the War in Europe Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Alliances 1.
Causes of the War in Europe
•Imperialism•Militarism
•Nationalism•Alliances
1
imperialism
•Competition for territory to colonize
•Mostly in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
2
militarism
•Aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war
3
nationalism
•Countries act in their own best interest as a matter of pride
•The desire of ethnic minorities to create an independent homeland
4
nationalism•Germany had conquered
Alsace-Lorraine in 1871•France wanted it back
Too bad. She’s ours now.
We had her first and we
want her back.
Too bad! She’s
ours now.
nationalism• Bosnia and Serbia were inhabited
by Slavic people • Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
in 1908• Serbia had wanted to join with
Bosnia to create a Serbian kingdom
Serbia
Austria-Hungary
SerbiaBosnia
alliances
•The great powers had promised to come to each other’s aid if attacked
5
alliances
•Germany + Austria-Hungary•Russia + France
•France + Great Britain
European Alliances Just Before the Great War
Franz Josef, Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef
von Habsburg Lothringen
Nephew to Franz Josef, Heir to the Austrian
Throne
How the Great War Begins
• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the Archduchess Sophia make an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
• Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist shoots them both with a pistol in protest over Austria’s annexation of Bosnia
6
SerbiaBosnia
Sarajevo
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
& Archduchess Sophia
June 28, 1914
Leaving for Sarajevo
The Archduke’s Car is Attacked
Gavrilo Princip Shoots the
Archduke and Archduchess
Gavrilo Princip
Member of a secret
Serbian Nationalist
society called the
Black Hand
Princip is Arrested
The Chain Reaction
• July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29 – Russia (Serbia’s protector) mobilizes its troops
• July 30 – France (Russia’s ally) mobilizes its troops
• August 1 – Germany declares war on Russia, but plans to attack France first
7
The Chain Reaction
• August 3 - Germany invades Belgium on the way to attack France
• August 4 - Great Britain (Belgium’s ally) joins the war against Germany
• August 4 – U.S. declares neutrality
7
2
3
41
56
78
June 28 – August 4, 1914
And so . . .
“the war to end all wars”
begins.
Central Powers
•Germany•Austria-Hungary
8
Franz Josef
Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Emperor of the
German Empire(grandson of
Queen Victoria)
Allied Powers
•Great Britain•Russia•France•Serbia
9
Queen Victoria of England
1837 - 1901
Grandmother of Kaiser Wilhelm II
George V Tsarina Alexandra
King George V
of England
1910 - 1936
Grandson of Queen Victoria
Cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II & Czarina
Alexandria
King George V
in full royal regalia
Tsar Nicholas
II
Emperor of
Russia
Tsarina Alexandra of Russia
Granddaughter of Queen Victoria
Cousin of George V & Kaiser Wilhelm II
The Tsar & Tsarina
Tsar Nicholas & Family
Modern Weapons of Warfare
• Machine guns• Rapid fire artillery
• Hand grenades• Submarines
• Dirigibles (Zeppelins)• Airplanes
• Poison gas
10
Machine Guns
Lewis Air-Cooled Machine Gun
French Machine Gunners
American Machine Gunners in France
Belgium
Dog Teams Used to Pull Machine Gun Carts in Belgium
Belgian Machine Gun
Movement
More Belgians
Russian Machine Gun Captured by Germans
German Anti-Aircraft
Gun
German soldiers examine captured Russian machine
gun
Russian- Built
Machine Gun
U.S. Marines – Machine Gunners
British “mono-plane” for scouting missions
A “bi-plane” – 2 wings
French “tri-plane”
(those silly French)
Russian “super bi-plane”
(those scary Russians)
British Sea Plane
German Curved-back
Bi-plane
German Taube
Crash Landing
United States bi-planes over San Antonio, Texas
LTA’s
Lighter Than Air Airships (Dirigibles)
Dirigibles• Rigid airships made of a lightweight wooden or
aluminum frame• Covered with cloth• Filled with hydrogen gas - FLAMABLE• 400 – 800 feet long• Used primarily by the Germans and British for
reconnaissance and bombing• Called “Zeppelins” when made by the German
Zeppelin Company• Could reach higher altitudes than early planes and
difficult to shoot down• Could hover in one spot or travel up to 60 mph
British Airship - 1909
British Airship1912
British Airship and a “Blimp” 1918
German Zeppelin
German Zeppelin hovering over an airship shed
Zeppelin guarding German fleet
German Zeppelin in hanger
Zeppelin
stern (rear) view
French Reconnaissance Airship
United States
dirigible
British bi-plane
bombs a German Zeppelin
German Zeppelin wrecked in Finland
German Zeppelin shot down over England
Poison Gas
Ariel view of gas attack
German gas attack
Mustard Gas
Yperite was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks.
Mustard Gas
The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning.
Mustard GasOne nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-colored blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."
World War I Mustard Gas Victim
Mustard Gas Burns
Mustard GasBurns
British Soldiers Blinded by Mustard Gas
Early Gas Mask – the
British Hypo Helmet – effective against
chlorine gas
British Small Box Respirator – first
used in April 1916 – Effective against mustard
gas
Military Training Poster
Horsies Too
Volunteers in French engineering school test masks
The “Front”
•Where the opposing sides in a war meet and engage in battle
11
Trench Warfare
• Both sides dug a system of deep trenches to hide in for protection
• Stretched for miles along the front• Muddy, lice and rat infested• Lines of trenches separated by
empty “no man’s land”
12
Stalemate
•A situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage
13
Neutrality
•Not taking either side in a conflict
•America’s official policy until 1917
14
How America Enters the Great War
Unterseeboots•German submarines•Known as “U-Boats”
15
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany began to sink merchant ships carrying supplies to Great Britain “without warning”
• U-boats were undetectable• Passenger and merchant
ships were helpless
16
German U-boat
German U-boat deck with
quick-fire gun lowered
British sub
Quick-fire Gun
The Lusitania
• British passenger ship
• Secretly carrying weapons for Allies
• May 7, 1915 Germany sank it
• 1200 passengers died
• 128 Americans on board
17
The Lusitania Sinks
The Sussex
• French passenger ship• March 24, 1916 torpedoed by
the Germans• Killed or injured 80
passengers• 2 Americans• America threatened to cut
diplomatic ties to Germany
18
• German government again pledged not to sink passenger ships without warning
• January 31, 1917 – Germany informed the U.S. it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare the next day
19 Sussex Pledge
Zimmerman Note
• Arthur Zimmerman – Germany’s foreign secretary
• Feb. 1917 - Makes a secret offer to Mexico – if Mexico would attack U.S., Germany would reward them with U.S. land (Arizona, New Mexico, & Texas)
• Telegram is intercepted by Britain
20
The Zimmerman Telegram inDiplomatic
Code
Russian Revolution
• March 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II is overthrown and a republic is set up
• U.S. had not wanted to join sides with an autocrat
• Americans now felt more comfortable joining the Allies
21
War Resolution
• March 16–18, 1917, Germany sank 3 U.S. ships
• April 2 – Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war against Germany
• “The world must be made safe for democracy.”
• April 6 – Congress passes a war resolution
22
AEF• American Expeditionary
Force• June 1917 - 14,500 men sent
to France, led by General John J. Pershing
• Pershing recommends the army be expanded to 1 million by 1918
23
General John J. Pershing
Selective Service Act
• May 1917 - Congress authorizes the draft
• By November 1918, 24 million men had registered
• 3 million draftees sent to serve
24
Convoy• Group of unarmed ships
surrounded by destroyers and other armed naval vessels for protection
• Very successful way to get American troops to Europe
• German U-boats did not sink any U.S. troop transport ships
25
The Tide of the War
Turns
New Technology
The British develop the Mark IV tank which can roll right over trenches
The British Mark IV
Bolshevik Revolution
• November 1917 – Communists led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow the republic
• March 1918 – Lenin signs treaty with Germany, surrendering much of Russia’s western territory
26
Saving Paris
• May 1918 – German forces were only 50 miles from Paris
• American Marines and Army forces met attacking German troops just east of Paris
• Refused to dig trenches – “The Marines will hold where they stand.”
• Battle of Chateau-Thierry – half of American troops were lost
• Paris was saved
27
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• September 1918• Over 1 million AEF troops drive
the Germans through the Argonne Forest and out of France
28
Austro-Hungarian Empire Falls
• October 1918 – Austria-Hungary breaks apart creating independent ethnic groups
• Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Hungarians
29
Armistice• October 29, 1918 – German sailors
mutiny• November 10 – Kaiser Wilhelm flees to
Holland• November 11 – The armistice is signed
and at 11 a.m. all fighting stops • “11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th
month”
30
War Casualties
• Battle Dead: 8 million– Americans – 51,000– Other Allies – 4.9 million– Central Powers – 3.1 million
• Wounded / disabled: 21 million– Americans – 206,000– Other Allies – 12.6 million– Central Powers – 8.4 million
31
Paris Peace Conference
January 1919Woodrow Wilson meets
with leaders from Britain, France,
and Italy
32
The BIG Four
Lloyd George Orlando Clemenceau Wilson
Britain Italy France U.S.
Wilson’s 14 Points
• Wilson’s plan for keeping world peace after the war. He wanted– end to secret treaties– removal of trade barriers– reduction of military forces– self-determination for ethnic groups– formation of a permanent agency
where countries could resolve disputes
33
President Wilson asks
Americans for support of his plan for the League of Nations
League of Nations
• Wilson’s plan for global security• Members of the League would
consider an attack on one to be an attack on all
• The League would have no military power
• The Senate rejected the League, believing it would draw the U.S. into future wars in Europe
34
Treaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in France
• 9 new nations formed• Ottoman Empire became Turkey• Germany forced to accept guilt for
the war and would pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations
35
The Palace of Versailles
Fighting the War on the Home Front
Economic Measures
• Liberty Bonds • Daylight Savings Time
• Food Rationing
36
Daylight Savings Time
moved an hour of daylight to the end of the
work day – saving
America’s energy
consumption
The sale of bonds to the public helped
finance the war.
Political Measures
• Immigration halted• “Hate the Hun” campaign• 1918 – Espionage and Sedition Act
prohibited– obstructing the sale of Liberty Bonds– promoting disloyalty toward the U.S.
government, the Constitution, or the military
37
How the Great War Changed Us
Political Effects of the War
•U.S. is recognized as a world military power
•U.S. becomes an economic power as bankers loaned $11 billion to Allies
38
Economic Effects of the War
• 400,000 women take men’s jobs during the war, but many are forced to quit as troops returned
• 500,000 blacks migrate from the South to the North to take industrial jobs, but face resentment and discrimination
• Economy booms during the war, but slows as troops returned home
39
Psychological Effect of the War
Feeling of gloom and disillusionment because of the terrible destruction and loss of
life
“a lost generation”
40
Cemetery at Montfaucon, France
14,246 graves
German Cemetery at Neuville-St. Vaast, France 44,000 graves
The world mourned “a lost generation”