Catalyzing  Energy  Breakthroughs  for  a  Secure  American  Future

Production

Consumption

Million barrels pe

r day

U.S. became a net oil 

importer in the 1940s

U.S. became a net oil 

importer in the 1940s

China became a net oil 

importer in the 1990s

China became a net oil 

importer in the 1990s

Both countries now import around half of their oil

Energy security is an increasing concern

Source: Energy Information Administration

Geographical & Resource Constraints

Spending $1B/day to import oil

Population Density

Energy Use

Energy use and population do not correlate

Invent  Affordable  Clean Energy  TechnologiesInvent  Affordable  Clean Energy  Technologies

+

Make  Locally

+

Sell  Globally

=

American  Jobs & Economic Security

How  do we win the future?

Pace and Scale of Innovation:  1900‐2000

Artificial Fertilizers  &  Green Revolution

Polio VaccinationAirplanes

Electrification Nuclear Energy

Transistor & Integrated Circuits Fiber Optic & Wireless Communication Internet

Space

Algae CelluloseCornSugarcane

PhotosyntheticBiofuels

Less than 1% efficient

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

20 40 60 80 100 112

Venezuela Heavy Oil

Deep Water

ArcticSugarcane 

EtOHOil Sands (Mining)

Oil Sands (In‐situ)

GTL

CTL

Corn EtOH

Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per day (MBOE/d)

Tota

l Pro

duct

ion

Cos

t ($/

BO

E)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Source: Analysis based on information from IEA, DOE and interviews with super-majors

Production Cost, per barrel

Biofuels in a Petroleum Context

Marginal Conventional Oil

Oil Shale

Electrofuels

Non‐photosyntheticMicrobes

Sour Crude

Electricity

H2

>10X moreefficient

OPX Biotechnology & North Carolina State University

Plants Engineered to Replace Oil (PETRO)

79 GJ/ha‐yr

Corn

Today

160 GJ/ha‐yr$50/BOE

Future?

Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage for Transportation (BEEST)

Electric cars with longer range and lower life‐cycle cost than gasoline cars

Chicago

St. Louis

300 miles

Lithium‐Oxygen

Metal‐AirMagnesium‐Ion

Lithium‐Sulfur

Lithium‐Ion, Flow Battery

All ElectronBattery

BEEST Competition

2X increasein energy density

3X reduction in cost

BEEST Targets

Lithium‐Oxygen Battery from PolyPlus

Steve Visco 

Natural Gas Transportation

?

Clean and Inexpensive ElectricityScaling without subsidies

Sunshot

2017

15‐20¢ 5‐20¢

4‐10¢

NGCC

10‐15¢

Clean Coal

6‐13¢

Nuclear

10‐15¢

Geothermal

Heat Engine Efficiency

5 cents/kWh

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Aging Infrastructure

“average generating station was built in the 1960s using even older technology.

“average age of a substation transformer is 42, 2 years more than…life span.”Source: Galvin Electricity Initiative

2009 Report Card for America's Infrastructure

Grid‐Level Power Conversion & Storage

10,000 lbs 100 lbs

Today Future

AndSmart!

Cree Inc, North Carolina

$100/kWh $100/kWh

Use anywherein the worldCity University,New York

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 20

• Negligible storage – just in time delivery of power

• Centrally controlled

• Negligible control of path – Joules are indistinguishable

Delivering Electricity

Not the internetCan we ControlPower Flow?

Current Learning Curve

NOWTime

Cost ($)/Performance

ARPA‐E Innovation

ARPA‐E Competition Among Portfolio of Approaches

Supply DemandTransmission & Distribution

Courtesy: Lawrence Livermore National Lab.

How do we measure success?

2013‐15

Beyond 2020

$100M from private sector within 1 year

6 technologies $24M from ARPA‐E

R&D to overcome technology barriers

Private Sector

Fierce Urgency of Now

Envision Engage Evaluate Establish ExecuteInternalResearch& Program Idea

ScientificWorkshop&  InternalDebate

Thorough Technical Review

Award Selection & Contracting

Hands‐on Active Project Management

6‐8 months6‐8 months

Speed and Efficiency

Streamlining Innovation Ecosystem:Where is the bottleneck?

US & Global Buyer• Businesses• Consumers• US Gov’t 

<$10M(2‐5 yrs)

$10‐100M(5‐10 yrs)

$100M‐1B(>10 yrs)

>$1B

Regulatory Hurdles

Manufacturing Maturity/Scaling

Business Maturity

Tech. R&D

Pilot

Mass Production

SmallBusiness

LargeBusiness

Public/Private Investment &Gov’t Incentives

Private Investment/ Gov’t Loan Guarantees

Capital Markets

Technology Maturity

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

ARPA-E’s Connective Tissue

26

DoD-ARPA-E Partnership•ARPA-E technologies can help DoD in making it more energy efficient•DoD can be first adopters and provide testbed for ARPA-E technologies

Starting a Consortium on Stationary Energy Systems

Energy Ecosystem (>2000 people)• Scientists and engineers• Technology entrepreneurs• CEOs & CTOs of small & large businesses

• Investment community• Other DOE offices & federal agencies

• Congress members & staff• White House staff• NGOs• State regulators and energy R&D representatives

Technology Showcase•100 ARPA‐E funded technologies•100 technologies ARPA‐E could not fund