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![Page 1: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery
Ben Shneiderman [email protected]
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabDepartment of Computer Science &
Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
University of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
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Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Info Studies - Psych, Socio, Poli Sci & MITH (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Design Issues
• Input devices & strategies• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
• Direct manipulation
• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices & formats• Screens, windows, color, sound
• Text, tables, graphics
• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration & communities
• Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI
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U.S. Library of Congress
• Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, Students
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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
• Doctors
• Surgeons
• Researchers
• Students
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NASA Environmental Data
• Scientists
• Farmers
• Land planners
• Students
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NSF Digital Government Initiative
• Find what you need
• Understand what you Find
www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
Census,NCHS, BLS, EIA,
NASS, SSA
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www.smartmoney.com/marketmap
Treemap: Smartmoney MarketMap
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International Children’s Digital Library
www.childrenslibrary.org
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911.gov
Integrate Internet and mobile technologies:
• Residents report information
• Professionals disseminate instructions
• Resident-to-Resident assistance
Professionals in control while working with empowered residents
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/911govShneiderman & Preece, Science (Feb. 16, 2007)
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911.Gov article in Science (Feb. 16, 2007)
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/911gov
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Potential Advantages of CRGs
• Interoperability & scalability
• Survivability thru multiple communication channels
• Universal usability
• Trust based on social networks established before emergency
• Highly localized information
Philip Fei Wu ([email protected]), Jenny Preece, Yan Qu
Jen Golbeck, Ken Fleischmann, Paul T. Jaeger
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
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How to motivate participation?
• Reporting
• Response
• Recovery
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How to motivate participation?
• Reporting
• Response
• Recovery
What could we do on the UMd campus?
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1) Research Testbed
Design, implement, & evaluate:
• Technology alternatives: web & mobile
• Integration into existing emergency response
• Determinants of social participation
• Universal usability
• Resistance to attacks & rumors
• Scalability, survivability & privacy
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Tuesday 9:14amMay 20, 2008
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Tuesday 9:15amMay 20, 2008
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P V
Tuesday 9:16amMay 20, 2008
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P V PV
P
Tuesday 9:17amMay 20, 2008
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P V PV
P
Tuesday 9:17amMay 20, 2008
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2) UM Survey of Emergency Communications
113 Grad Students, Faculty, Staff...
• Only 64% use text messaging
• SMS concerns: Cost, spam, usability
• Focus groups are being conducted
• Study of undergrads is underway
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3) Alerts.umd.edu
• Web-based registration, cellphone alerts
• Monthly test messages
• One alert: car jacking
• Issue: Motivating registration
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4) Typology of Emergency Events
Physical/
TemporalPersonal Community Multi-Community
Sudden
Personal Emergency
Community Crisis
Disaster
GradualCommunity Emergency
Catastrophe
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The ISCRAM Challenge
• Disturbing societal transformations
• Complex multi-disciplinary problems
• New research methods
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• Neighborhoods & education failing
• Economic & healthcare inequities
• Epidemics & pollution
• Accidents &
natural disasters
• Terror threats
Declining Social Capital (Putnam, 2000)
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• City, county, state civic services
• Federal agencies
• Corporations
• Resident action for community efficacy
Restoring Social Capital
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Social Media & Community
• Open Source, LINUX
• Wikipedia, Citizendium, Wikia
• Citizen Journalism, Democracy NOW
• Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace
• Flickr, YouTube, Digg, del.icio.us
• Second Life
• Google Map Mashups
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Wikipedia
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Citizendium & WikiDemocracy
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Democracy NOW
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Chicago Crime
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Wikideedia
Role Models & Inspirations • Make good deeds visible
• Everyone is a role model
• Tell stories to celebrate local heroes
• Encourage generalized reciprocity
• Build community efficacy & social capital
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How to motivate participation?
Disaster-related
• Reporting
• Response
• Recovery
What has been tried?
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Reporting: Earthquakes & Storms
earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/dyfi weather.kimt.com
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Reporting: Abducted Children
www.ncmec.orgwww.missingkids.com
www.amberalert.gov
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Reporting: Wildfires
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Reporting: Wildfires
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Reporting: Local incidents
watchjeffersoncounty.net
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Response: Wildfires
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Response: Gov’t, NGOs, victims
www.sahana.lk sourceforge.net/projects/sahana/
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Response: Coordinating Professionals
reliefweb.int
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Recovery: Connected Giving
katrinahelp.info
citizenactionteam.org
(Torrey et al., HICSS2008)
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Recovery: Connected Giving
http://www.katrinasangels.org
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Recovery: I’m OK
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Recovery: Memorials
• Community response to emergencies• 2007 CA wildfire
• Virginia Tech tragedy Wikipedia “has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information
on the event.” (NY Times)
• University of Maryland emergency response systems• Typical Incident Command System
• UMD Alerts notification system
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How to motivate participation?
Disaster-related
• Reporting
• Response
• Recovery
Is there a theory to start from?
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Motivations of residents
• Fear, imminent threat (Rogers, 1975)
• Revenge, response to tragedy, guilt (Hanson, 2008)
• Theory of public-service motivation (Perry, 2000)
• Egoism, altruism, collectivism, principlism (Batson, Ahmad & Tseng, 2002)
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Stages of participation
Wikipedia & Reporting sites
• Reader
• Contributor (Legitimate Peripheral Participation)
• Leading Contributor
• Leader (Admin, Bureaucrat, Steward)
(Preece, Nonnecke & Andrews, CHB2004; Forte & Bruckman, SIGGROUP2005; Hanson, 2008)
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Strategies for managers
Charismatic leader & bottom-up initiatives
• Personal contact, viral marketing, 1-to-1
• Appeal to special skills & uniqueness
• Engage existing groups
• Public call to action
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Design for Activities
Implement software & real-world efforts
• Promote awareness
• Encourage participation
• Make impact visible
• Recognize contributions
(Vassileva, 2002, 2005; Ling et al., JCMC 2005; Rashid et al., CHI2006)
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships
1-to-1
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
Activities
Awareness Participation Impact Recognition
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How to motivate participation?
Disaster-related
• Reporting
• Response
• Recovery
What new scientific methods are needed?
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Interdisciplinary Challenges
• Modern problems are complex
• Solutions require multiple disciplines
• Laboratory studies have limited relevance
• Natural sciences are not sufficient
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UN Millennium Development Goals
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Achieve universal primary education• Promote gender equality and empower women• Reduce child mortality• Improve maternal health• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases• Ensure environmental sustainability• Develop a global partnership for development
To be achieved by 2015
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Historic Transformation
• Existing sciences have reached limits:
The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, John Horgan
• End of Physics
• End of Computer Science
• End of History, Francis Fukuyama
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Science 1.0
• Reductionist
• Controlled Experiments
• Replicability
• Laboratory
• Natural World
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Science 1.0 + Science 2.0
• Reductionist Integrated
• Controlled Case Experiments Studies
• Replicability Validity
• Laboratory Situated
• Natural World Made World
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Science 1.0 + Science 2.0
• Reductionist Integrated
• Controlled Case Experiments Studies
• Replicability Validity
• Laboratory Situated
• Natural World Made World
• Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing
• Predictive Theories Predictive Theories
• Replications Replications
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Science 2.0 Emerges
Interdisciplinary study of the made world
Socially embedded Bringing closer together
- theory & practice - basic & applied research
New research directions (Emerson, Dewey, James, Simon, Berners-Lee, … and many of you!)
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Short Range Goals
• Validate benefits of new designs
• Move from observational & experimental
to interventional
• Rapid refinements of designs
• Benefits to users
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Long Range Goals
• Harness Collaboration • Pair-wise• Small Team• Larger Group• Social Creativity
![Page 63: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Long Range Goals
• Harness Collaboration • Pair-wise• Small Team• Larger Group• Social Creativity
Measure giga-collabs and peta-contribs
![Page 64: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Long Range Goals
• Understand dynamics of• Trust
• Empathy
• Responsibility
• Privacy
• Etc.
![Page 65: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Road ahead
• Much work to be done
• Difficult to attain all our goals
• But we can make important contributions
![Page 66: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Road ahead
• Much work to be done
• Difficult to attain all our goals
• But we can make important contributions
• Shift public policy• National Institutes for Collaboration
• National Initiative for Building Community
![Page 67: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Road ahead
• Much work to be done
• Difficult to attain all our goals
• But we can make important contributions
• Shift public policy• National Institutes for Collaboration
• National Initiative for Building Community
Let’s roll!
![Page 68: Catalyzing Community Efforts for Disaster Reporting, Response and Recovery Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d175503460f949ed4fd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
25th Anniversary SymposiumMay 29-30, 2008
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil