Case study - Brazil

8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil

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44 BrazilianBrazilian CasesCases StudiesStudies

Dr Circe Monteiro

Universidade Federal dePernambuco

Tony Lloyd Jones

University of Westminster

Localizing the HabitatLocalizing the Habitat

AgendaAgenda


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Case studies to explore application of HabitatAgenda principles to urban poverty reductionin Brazil

Method for selecting the case studies:

Analysis of Best Practice data baseFocus on neighbourhood development and long termimprovements in living conditions

Exploration of different models of partnership


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Many innovative approaches to urban poverty

reduction at the local level in Brazil

92 submissions to the 2004 Dubai Award for Best

Practices, and received Best Practice Awards in2002 and 2004.

Caixa Economica Federal National Housing

Bank promotes and coordinates a National Awards

for Best Practices.


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4 Case studiesProvide different contexts for urban poverty reduction:

A middle size city in an industrial region aiming toerradicate poverty and poor settlements in itsperiphery

State capital in a poor region tackling poverty in thewhole city

State capital in the country poorest region dealing

with poverty and environmental protection

Developed metropolitan centre in a poor region


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Brazilian Context

Largest country in Latin Amrica = 8.5 million km2 Population in 2004 = 182 million inhabitants

Gross Domestic Product GDP = US$ 395 billion(2000)

Economically is the 8th country in theworld

Human Development index- IDH = 0,757Human development is 73rd country

Inequality - GINI index = 0,6

4th place among countries with unevendistribution

GINI per capita = 2,710

95th place together with Namibia (2003)


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Brazil is a rich country with a

large number of poor people

Recent economic growth

The country consistently presents advances

in social indicators

But the benefits of economic growth are not

shared and level of poverty remainsunacceptable high


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Income inequality

Policies to improve income distribution did notsucceed in the last decades to reduceinequality

1% wealthiest - 17% of income5% wealthiest - 39% of income

10% wealthiest - 53% of income


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Political Context

New Government of 2002 with strong popular andcivil society support

Long awaited social and political reforms are stillunder construction.

The Ministry of Cities was created in order topromote an integrated national policy of urbandevelopment with the collaboration of State andMunicipal Governments.

Conference of Cities and Cities Councildemocratic forums to propose, endorse and

evaluate urban policies.


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Local Government Context: Three levels of government: Federal, State and

Local

Local authorities have gained power at the cost of

state governments but state governments have a

larger share of expenditure

Local Municipalities have powers to propose local

legislation and experiment with urban policies

but are financially constrained by the external

public debt


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National Poverty Reduction

Programs Health Care programs:

Nutrition Programs: Fome Zero (Zero Hunger)

Minimum Income

Bolsa Escola School Scholarship Programaiming to guarantee children at school

Micro credit Small entrepreneurs

Nation-wide social and economic policies aregenerally not well-targetted


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Governance laws and tools forempowerment and participation

Participatory Budgeting

City Statute

Social Housing Policies:

PSH-PAR

Habitar Brasil Pro-Moradia

Morar Melhor


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Economy: in transition between modernizing heavy

industry and growing Business and Service

Sectors.

Poverty:

138 slums numbering roughly 120,500inhabitants - about 18.56% of the citypopulation

Increasing number of poor people living inshanty towns at the city periphery


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SANTO ANDR MAIS IGUAL PROGRAMBest practices 2002 Gender and Citizenship Program

All together, at the same time and everywhere

Programme aimed at social inclusion of segments

of the population currently suffering social andeconomic exclusion

Covers 4 slums in the Municipality

Urban infrastructure, social and economicdimensions


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All together at the sameplace and time

SANTO ANDR MORE EQUAL

US$ 15.200 000,00

Iniciative:Local Government

Matrix Mode foradministration

ImprovedCommunication Flow

Complex partnership

Flexible

333 professionalsinvolved

urbsocecon

Strong Participativepractice

Social InclusionCoordination

Funds: EU + BID +PGU-UN +Federal andState funds

Main features:


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Case Study 2:Case Study 2:Teresina

CAPTION:

INTERVAL OF IMUP

- 0,00 0,50 LOW DOWN

- 0,51 0,75 - MIDDLE

- 0,76 1,00 -EXPECTED

Teresina

Capital of Piau, pooreststate of Brazil

751,000 inhabitants Economy; Commerce and

Services


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VILA BAIRRO PROGRAMFrom shantytowns to neighbourhoods

155 Shanty towns in Teresina and 116,000inhabitants

Minimum standard for all inhabitants

Integrated multi-sector approach

Community participation

partnerships between city government and fewcivil society, organisations


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Polyedric

Pavement

Water Supply

Electricity

Land regularization

Housing improvement

Popular Sanitary Units

Distribution of Water Filters

Planting trees

Environmental Education

Community Day-Care

CentersMulti-Functional SportsCourts

Health Units

Schools

Soccer Fields

Integral Attention toChildren and Adolescents

Community Vegetable

GardensCommunity LaundriesUrban Backyards ofProductionCommunity Centersof Training and Production


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Monitoring system provides constant evaluation ofpoverty alleviation in the city.

Monitoring and evaluation

IPMU Index of minimum urbanizationpatterns for poor settlements

Evaluation of urban standards indicators:

streets pavement and urban service,housing conditions and sewage system.

IPMU low 0,00 0,50

IPMU regular 0,51 0,75

IPMU expected 0,76 1,00


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Case Study 3: Belem

Capital of Par -gateway to the

Amazon and one of thepoorest states of Brazil

Population: 1,279,861


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TUCUNDUBA OXBOW

PROGRAM100 Best Practices 2002

This program was conceived to promote: Sustainability (economic, cultural,

environmental);

Gender and social inclusion;

Leadership;

Community strengthening


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Community Equipment

Nurseries Community Centre

Public Squares

Playgrounds Market places

Social Programs

Leadership formation

Clothes makers cooperative

Market trade cooperative

Wood trades cooperative

Peoples bank

Theatre groups

Environment Committees

Urban programs

Housing relocations

Housing improvements Basic hydraulic Unit

Infrastructure Water supply system

Drainage

Sewage primary andsecondary


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TUCUNDUBA RIVER BAY PROJECT

US$ 3.200.000,00

Local Governmentiniciative

7.600 beneficiaries

Municipal ExecutiveUnit - UEM4 municipal secretaries

and metropolitan agency

social urban

urbanisation and housingflood control and sanitary

leadership formationcommunity organizationincome generationtrade organization

education

UASOperational Unit locatedin the area

12 professionals involved

UAS

Urban environmentalmanagement

Few partrneships but

strong communityinvolvement andparticipation

decision making inassemblies and formalagreement to projects

Funds:BID + Federal Bank+ State Funds

Main features:


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Case Study 4: Recife

Capital of State of Pernambuco in theNortheast of Brazil

Population: 1,422,905


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40% of the city inhabitants areconsidered poor, shantytowns are localized all over

the city mainly in hill areasand flood prone ones.

As many favelas are near

well-established, wealthyneighbourhoods theyconstantly faced removal

pressures.


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PREZEIS Regularization Program of

ZEISZEIS - Zones of Special Social InterestSubmitted to Best Practices 2002

Being a program based on the communitiesorganisation it was basically oriented for citizensrights and the strengthening of communityorganisation and leadership formation.

There are 66 ZEIS instituted by law, whichoccupy 12% of total area of the Municipality

Beneficiaries: 298,000 inhabitants


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Promote land tenure and urbanisation inpoor areas of the city

Protect poor areas in order to avoid land

speculation Implement tools and management

channels for dwellers participation

Implementation and improvement ofurban infrastructure

Co-ordinate urbanisation plans to define

use of land and urban parameters forinformal areas

THE PREZEIS - Zones of Special Social Interest


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Iniciative:Social Movement headedby community organizationsand NGOs

Funds: Municipal BudgetUS$ 1.200.000,00per year

THE PREZEIS - Zones of Special Social Interest

COMUL

governmentalsphere

civilsociety

UrbanizationLand tenureEmployment andIncome generationEnvironmental actionsin risky areas

66 settlements and298.000 beneficiaries

A formal framework ofcommunity participation

FORUM PREZEIS

Partnerships of NGOsand local communities

Main features:Law enacted to secure landtenure in poor settlements

Prezeis law wasreplicated in several cities


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Based on a formal framework for democraticparticipation of neighbourhood associations, NGOsthrough a Forum Zeis

Faces complex conflicts between partners

Leaders tend to professionalize their actions and toscatter resources in all the ZEIS with little impact onpoverty.

Few urbanization plans were implemented

The program was successful in promotingperceived security but no regularization of tenure

Over 17 years the program did not manage tocapture other investment.

Participation is key aspect but alone did notguarantee good governance


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ConclusionsPoverty has many different faces as

well as solutionsParticipative practices empower andcan take various forms:

Direct Consultation

Leadership representationOperational involvement


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Conclusions Partnerships often difficult to establish

Difficulties in co-ordination between different levelsof government

Partnerships strong at the local level but difficult

between local and state level. Partnerships of local and national agencies are

mainly for finace

Partnerships with NGOs happen more in statecapitals.

Local government culture creates difficulties in

establishing new partnerships with civil society


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Localizing The Habitat Agendain Brazil: Recommendations

Habitat Agenda has an important role in thedissemination of the local experiences in povertyreduction that could be expanded.

It could provide a framework for better co-ordinationbetween different levels of government andbetween government and other Habitat AgendaPartners

A culture of partnership needs capacity building

Case study - Brazil

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