ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN FOR BOGOTA(Bogota Climate Action Plan)

ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN FOR BOGOTA (Bogota Climate Action Plan)

Scientists and world leaders recognize that climate change is a fact and the result of an economic model and a political vision based on the use of fossil fuels. Likewise, they iden-tify that it is a real and disturbing manifestation: at different regions of the world there is a progressive increase of extreme weather events; heavy precipitation and storms, high temperatures and droughts that are detrimental to the infrastructure, the economy, and the right to development, culture, traditions and life itself.

Bogotá as the capital city of Colombia, is located in a country that is responsible for 0.36% percent of global CO2 emissions. However, Bogota is committed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to improve local and regional air quality. These actions will con-tribute to diminish the effects of climate change on health, water, energy, but also food availability and in general on the humankind quality of life. Responding to these challenges, Bogota introduce ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION TO CLIMA-TE CHANGE PLAN, as a roadmap to build a city organized around the water and adapted culturally and environmentally to climate change impacts, keeping the greenhouse gases in a low-level emission.

1. Bogota’s greenhouse gas emissions

Bogota released 16 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2008, and each citizen produced 2.28 tons per capita of CO2e. Energy sector were responsible for 64% of citywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, its derivatives, natural gas) for energy purposes. Moreover, waste sector accounted for 19.75% and the remaining emissions stem largely from emissions released at agriculture, forestry and land use changes (15.31%) and industrial processes sector (0.03%).

Waste33.215.351,72

19,75%

Land use and land usechange

2.492.347,0015,31%

IndustrialProcesses

5.254,480,03%

Energy10.566.325,44

64,91%

2025 2038 2050CO2e emissions (tones/year) 33.688.468 46.896.802 59.089.110

Projected emissions per capita (tones/year)

3,79 4.59 5.16

Fig 1. GHG Emissions by Sector

According to actual economic and technological trends, CO2e emissions are projected to rise up between 2008 and 2050.

Bogota Greenhouse gas inventory, baseline 2008

IPCC categories Ton CO2e (%)1A1c Solid fuels manufacture 38,92 0,00

1A2a Iron and Steel 13.213,02 0,08

1A2b Mon-ferrous metal 8.346,49 0,05

1A2c Chemical products 74.675,18 0,46

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 33.972,90 0,21

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 376.949,10 2,32

1A2f Non-metallc Mineral 180.173,29 1,11

1A2g Transport equipment 78.092,15 0,48

1A2h Machinery 65.535,25 0,40

1A2i Mining 94,06 0,00

1A2j Wood and Wood Products 3.730,73 0,02

1A2k Construction 361,38 0,00

1A2l Textile and leather 237.980,73 1,46

1A2m Industry unspecified 69.806,96 0,43

1A3a Aviation 230.198,98 1,41

1A3b Road transportation 4.831.224,66 29,68

IPCC categories Ton CO2e (%)1A4a Comercial / institutional 1.279.736,79 7,86

1A4b Residential 541.165,97 3,32

1A4c Agriculture 3.306,66 0,02

1B2 Oil and natural gas 3.446,61 0,02

Others 2.534.275,58 15,57

Total Energy Sector 10.566.325,44 64,912A3 Glass production 426,00 0,00

2D1 Lubrincant use 4.828,48 0,03

Total Industrial processes 5.254,48 0,033A1 Enteric fermentation 32.550,00 0,20

3A2 Manure management 191.120,00 1,17

3B1 Forest lands 104.480,00 0,64

3B2 Cropland 1.500,00 0,01

3B3 Pastureland 528.587,00 3,25

IPCC categories Ton CO2e (%)3B4 Wetland 3.905,00 0,02

3B5 Settelements 668,00 0,00

3B6 Other lands 528,00 0,00

3C1 Biomass burning 231.630,00 1,42

3C2 Whitewash 542.220,00 3,33

3C3 Urea fertilisation 854.050,00 5,25

3D1 Wood 1.109,00 0,01

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry 2.492.347,00 15,314A1 Solid waste disposal on land 2.933.501,76 18,02

4D1 Nitrous Oxide for wastewater 246.772,19 1,52

4D2 Domestic and commercial waste water treatment 35.077,77 0,22

Total Waste Sector 3.215.351,72 19,75TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS 16.279.278,64 100,00

2. Bogota climate projectionsIn order to satisfy population needs (water, food, energy, among others) Bogota has a strong bound and interdependence with the region and its ecosystems. Climate change may alter this dynamic. This section describes climate trends and projections related to temperature and precipitation for Bogota and the region as follows:

Fig. 2 Projected Changes in temperature from 2011 – 2100

For the next years there is a progressive increase in the average temperature, with intervals projected around 1 – 2°C for 2011 – 2040, 2- 3°C for 2040-2070 and 2 – 5°C for 2070 – 2100. Increasing temperature can lead to a reduction of 70.5% forests and 54.6% moorlands (Paramo) at the whole region. The main impact is on consu-med water in Bogota that comes from regional ecosystems. This creates a water, energy and food vulnerability.

Fig. 3 Projected Changes in temperature from 2011 – 2100

The climate change scenarios show decreases on rainfall (between 10% and 20%) at the east of the department and in some areas of Chingaza moorland. These declines may have serious implications in wetlands and water springs of rivers and streams that supply aqueducts and reservoirs. On the other hand, the largest increases in pre-cipitation (20% to 30%) will be at the South (Sumapaz) but also on central parts of Cundinamarca, Rionegro and Gualiva provinces (especially for the period 2041-2070). Increasing precipitations could produce a frequent and intense flooding and landsli-des in Bogota.

3. Bogota’s Plan of Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change

The ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN FOR BOGOTA gi-ves the roadmap to build a city organized around water and adapted culturally and environmentally to climate change impacts, keeping the greenhouse gases in a low-level emission.

Goal 1: To cut Bogota’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The aim is to cut emissions by 56% by 2038 and 62% by 2050, based on projected changes in CO2e emissions. This imply the stabilization of emissions of equivalent CO2 per capita, with 2 tones as a limit by 2025 based on the emissions projected in the trend-based scenario. This will be ac-complished through the following programs:

• Sustainable mobility

• Zero waste

• Eco-efficiency in responsible consumption and production systems.

• Sustainable building

Priority projects are:

• Transformation of conventional city taxi fleet to electric taxis• Implementation of technologies of zero or low emissions in the integrated public

transport system• Implementation of four (4) Light rail –LRT- and heavy Metro lines • Change of the particular vehicle to the use of non-motorized transport - bicycle• Use of 100% of the potentially recyclable material in industrial processes.• Reuse of construction and demolition waste.• Implementation of thermolysis technology for 60% of the solid waste generated.

Mitigation not only means reducing CO2 emissions, it helps to reduce the pollu-tion of the air and improve the health conditions of the inhabitants of Bogotá, and their quality of life. At the same time, optimizes the urban structure and its network of mobility services.

Goal 2: Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change: This will be accomplish throu-gh the following programs

• Ecourbanism and territorial planning for adaptation• Recovery the ecological main structure of Bogota • Recovery the ecological region structure • Scaling of green space coverage• Health and climate change

• Food security

Priority projects are:

• Climate change adaptation through land use planning

• New management model for the ecological main structure

• Continue the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of regional moor-lands and rain forest

• Strengthen land uses based on the water cycle and the Bogota river as adapta-tion strategies

• Develop a regional information system for adaptation decision-making

• Increase ecological biodiversity and ecological restoration

• Research on health Impacts of Climate Change

Goal 3: Save and manage integrally the water: This goal will be achieve by the following programs

• Sustainable urban drainage system

• Reduce water losses

• Increase rainwater uses

• Aquifer protection

• Bogota river basin recovery

Priority projects are:

• Build “Canoas Wastewater Treatment Plan”

• Sustainable water management practices and facilities designed to drain surface water

Goal 4: Consolidate a system of environmental governance to tackle climate change collectively.

The social capital will be strengthen, which means, the ability of organization, appropria-tion of knowledge, understanding of the environment and conflict resolution capacity. In addition to regain confidence in institutional management and achieve the shared responsibility of citizens in the construction of the public through formal and informal participation in the decision-making processes that impact the city.

Goal 5: Promote a transformative cultural change, according to new climate challenges that are imposed.

The challenge for the city, will be match, coordinate and achieve synergies that in-crease social and cultural appropriation for adaptation to climate change, allowing a clear message of reflection on our consumption habits, internalize and implement practices and habits by the inhabitants of the territory. This will lead to achieving climate change adaptation and mitigation measures defined for the city, but this split knowledge, clear information, education, participation, recovery of the sense of belonging and recog-nition and valuation of the diversities with their knowledge.

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