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Cardiovascular System
• Heart: hollow muscular organ, pumps blood full of nutrients throughout the body– Arteries: carry blood away from the heart• Capillaries: smaller vessels, microscopic, exchange of
nutrients– Veins: carry blood back to the heart• Venules: connect capillaries to veins
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Cardiovascular System
• Pulse: the surge of blood that the heart is pumping out to your body
• Venous Blood: deoxygenated blood, that is going back to the heart
• Arterial Blood: Oxygenated blood, leaving the heart and going out to the body
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Capillaries• Microscopic vessels, join the arterial and
venous system.– Thin walls– Easily exchange water, gases, molecules,
metabolites, and waste
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Vascular System
• Valves: small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood
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Heart• Pericardium: sac that encloses the heart• Tissue Layers:– Endocardium, Myocardium, epicardium
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Heart
• Four Chambers: Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle
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Blood flow through the Heart• Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava
bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart pouring it into the Right Atrium
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Blood flow through the Heart
• From the Right Atrium blood passes through the Tricuspid Valve and into the Right Ventricle
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Blood flow through the Heart• From the Right Ventricle blood is pumped
through the Pulmonic Valve into the Left Pulmonary Artery and Right Pulmonary Artery and travels into the lungs
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Blood in the Lungs
• Pulmonary Artery branches into millions of capillaries lying close to Alveolus and carbon dioxide in the blood is exchanged for oxygen
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Lungs to the Heart• Oxygen rich blood leaves the lungs in the Right
Pulmonary Vein and Left Pulmonary Vein, these vessels pour the blood into the Left Atrium
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Blood flow through the Heart
• From the Left Atrium blood passes through the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve and into the Left Ventricle
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Blood flow away from the Heart
• From the Left Ventricle blood enters into the Aorta through the Aortic Valve and out into the body
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Aortic Arch
• 3 main branches: Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery
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Important Structures of the Heart
• Interventricular Septum divides the ventricles
• Apex lowest superficial part of the heart
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New Medical Terms
• Lumen• Aort/o• Arteri/o• Atri/o• Cardi/o• My/o
• Ven/o• Sept/o• Ventricul/o• Arteriol/o• Peri-
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Circulation of the Heart
• Left Main Coronary Artery
• Circumflex Coronary Artery
• Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
• Right Coronary Artery
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How our Heart Beats
• Cunduction tissue: found in the heart, spreads contraction impulses– Sinoatrial (SA) node– Atrioventricular (AV) node– Bundle of His (AV bundle)– Purkinje fibers
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How the Heart Beats
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: the pacemaker of the heart, without being stimulated by external nerves has the ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat.
• Heart Rate: Can be altered by the Autonomic Nervous System
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How the Heart Beats
• Each impulse discharged by the SA node is transmitted to the Atrioventricular (AV) node this causes the atria to contract
• From the AV node, impulses are send to the Bundle of His (AV bundle) which relays the impulse to the Purkinje fibers this causes the ventricles to contract
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How we measure it
• Electrocardiograph: an instrument that records electrical impulses– P,Q,R,S, and T waves– P: Contraction of the atria– QRS: Contraction of the ventricles– T: recovery of the ventricles
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P, QRS, T
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Blood Pressure
• Measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls during two phases– Systole: When the blood is forced out of the heart– Diastole: relaxation phase when the ventricles are
filling with blood– 120/80 mmHg
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Blood Pressure
• Hypertension: consistently elevated blood pressure
• Hypotension: decreased blood pressure
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Vascular System
• Vasoconstriction: Lumen of the vessel contracts, resulting in decreased blood flow
• Vasodilation: Lumen of the vessel relaxes, resulting in increased blood flow
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Cardiac Disorders
• Common Sx• Angina: Chest pain• Dys/pnea: Difficulties breathing• Arrhythmias: Cardiac irregularities• Syncope: Loss of consciousness
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Cardiac Specialties
• Cardi/o/logy: The medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
• Cardi/o/logist: A physician who treats these disorders
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Arteriosclerosis
• Arteri• Scler• -Osis• Rule?
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Arteriosclerosis• Hardening of the arterial walls that causes
them to become thickened and brittle• Atheroma: Cholesterol, lipids, cellular debris making up
a plaquelike substance• Tunica Intima: artheroma builds up on the inside lining
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Treatment for Arteriosclerosis
• Endarterectomy: Surgeon opens the site and removes the plaque– Carotid, peripheral, renal, and aortic arterial
disease
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Other Risks of Arteriosclerosis
• Thrombus: formation of a blood clot– Embolus: when the clot has dislodged and is
traveling through the vascular system
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Other Risks of Arteriosclerosis
• Emboli in the arterial circulation can lead to infarct: tissue death or may cause aneurysm: weakened vessel wall that begins to bulge
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3 Types of Aneurysm
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Coronary Artery Disease• When the coronary arteries do not deliver an
adequate supply of blood to the myocardium– Caused by arteriosclerosis– Leads to ischemia– Can lead to cell death infarction (MI, Myocardial
Infarction)
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Sx of MI
• Angina• Diaphoresis: • Pallor:• Dyspnea: • Tachycardia: • Bradycardia
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Treatments for Coronary Artery DiseasePercutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
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Endocarditis
• Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves– Thrombi formation or infective
• May cause:– Regurgitation: Backflow of the blood– Embolus– Stenosis: narrowing of the valves– Insufficiency: valves don’t close properly
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Varicose Veins
• Enlarged, twisted, superficial veins, resulting from incompetent valves that fail to prevent backflow of blood
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Vericose Veins
• Varices: occurring in the esophagus• Hemorrhoids: Occurring in the rectum• Teleangiectases: “spider” veins and fine blue
starburst, occurring in the reticular veins
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Medical Word Elements
• LumenVen/o
• Aort/oSept/o
• Arteri/o Ventricul/o
• Atri/o Arteriol/o• Cardi/o Peri-• My/o
• Angi/o Endo- • Aneurysm Brady-• Ather/o Tachy-• Electr/o Trans-• Embol/o• Scler/o• Thrombo/o• -stenosis
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Cardiac Arrest
• The heart has stopped, there is no observable myocardial activity
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Arrhythmia
• Inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm also called dysrhythmia
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Arrhythmia
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
• Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, primary the legs
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Heart Failure (HF)
• Failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs
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Hypertension (HTN)
• Common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140mmHg Systolic or 90 mmHg Diastolic
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Ischemia
• Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
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Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
• The leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing a murmur on auscultation
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Heart Auscultation
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Palpitation
• Sensation that the heart is not beating normally, “thumping,” “fluttering,” “skipped beats,” pounding in the chest
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Perfusion
• Circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ
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Cardiac Catheterization (CC)
• Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
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Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
• Graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation of different parts of the heart
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Cardiac Blood Work
Cardiac Enzyme Studies• Blood test that measures
troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase
Lipid Panel• Series of tests used to
assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
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Echocardiography (ECHO)
• Noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart
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Cardioversion
• Procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest
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Ligation & Stripping
• Tying a varicose Vein (ligation) followed by removal (stripping) of the affected segment
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Fetal Blood Circulation
• Placenta: An organ developed specifically for each Fetus– bringing nutrients and oxygen to the baby and
removing waste.
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Fetal Circulation
• Umbilical Cord: contains 2 arteries & 1 vein– Umbilical Arteries: carry deoxygenated blood to
the placenta– Umbilical Veins: carry oxygenated blood to the
fetus
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Fetal Circulation• Oxygenated blood moves from the Umbilical
cord, into the inferior Vena Cava through the ductus venosus and then into the Right Atrium
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Fetal Circulation
• From the Right Atrium some blood will move into the Right Ventricle but most of it will move there the Foramen Ovale the small opening between the atrium
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Fetal Circulation
• From the Left Atrium blood moves through the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle, then through the aortic valve into the aorta
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Fetal Circulation• Blood that does make it into the Pulmonary
arteries gets pushed through the Ductus Arteriosus and into the Aorta
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Fetal Circulation
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Newborn Heart Conditions
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Failure of the DA to close allowing blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Cardiac Blood Flow