Cardiovascular response to exercise
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Transcript of Cardiovascular response to exercise
Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
3-OTB Group 5Puentespina. Pusing. Razalan. Recio.
Treadmill Stethoscope Sphygmomanometer Timer
Materials
There were 8 representatives for the whole class in the experiment to conduct the experiment. From the 8 subjects two group was formed, one for athletic group and the other is for the non-athletic gr. Sixteen students monitored the vital sign of the subjects. Two was assigned to monitor the blood pressure, another two for the pulse rate and last two for recording the vital signs. Four athletic and non-athletic subjects were randomly assigned to the different assigned regimen. In a regimen there was one athletic and non-athletic subject performed the exercise that was assigned. For Regimen A, there was a 5 mins of warm up, 10mins of treadmill at 5-7mph ad 5 mins of cool down. For Regime B, there was no warm up, 10 mins of treadmill ant 5-7mph. For Regimen C, there was a 5 mins of warm up, 10 mins of 5-7mph, and no cool down. For regimen D, there was no warm up, 10mins of treadmill at 5-7mph and no cool down.
Procedure
Human error in monitoring and recording the data/improper technique
Improper pacing during warming-up and cooling down
Inability of the subjects to keep cycling above 100 revolutions per minute (rpm)
Self-proclaimed athletes.
Possible Errors
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of exercise
After 5 min of exercise
After 10 min of exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Athletic AAthletic BAthletic CAthletic D
Athlete’s Heart Rates
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of exercise
After 5 min of exercise
After 10 min of exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Non - Athletic ANon - Athletic BNon - Athletic CNon - Athletic D
Non – Athlete’s Heart Rates
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of Exercise
After 5 min of Exercise
After 10 min of Exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Systole ASystole NADiastole ADiastole NA
Blood Pressure – Regimen A
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of Exercise
After 5 min of Exercise
After 10 min of Exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Systole ASystole NADiastole ADiastole NA
Blood Pressure – Regimen B
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of Exercise
After 5 min of Exercise
After 10 min of Exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Systole ASystole NADiastole ADiastole NA
Blood Pressure – Regimen C
At Rest After 5 min After 1 min of Exercise
After 5 min of Exercise
After 10 min of Exercise
After 5 min At Rest0
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Systole ASystole NADiastole ADiastole NA
Blood Pressure – Regimen D
DISCUSSION
THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Aerobic exercise- OXYGENSYSTEMS: These are the heart, vascular (blood vessels) and respiratory systems.
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
The heart is a double pump – two separate pumps that work side by side
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
The Heart
The heart consists of four chambers –two upper atria and two lower ventricles
The atrio- ventricular valves separate the atria and ventricles
The semi-lunar valves are found in the pulmonary artery and aorta.
THE HEART
STROKE VOLUME- volume of blood ejected from the heart when the ventricles contract (at rest = 70 cm3)
HEART RATE – the number of (ventricle) contractions in one minute (at rest = 72bpm)
STROKE VOLUME – (Q) volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (at rest = 5Litres)
Q = HR X SV
Heart definitions
Resting Heart Rate Anticipatory Rise Rapid Increase of Heart Rate Continued but slower increase of Heart Rate Slight Fall/ Steady Plateau Continued rise in HR Rapid fall in HR Slower Fall in HR toward resting levels
The Heart During Exercise
There are three main groups of blood vessels. Arteries and arterioles- transport oxygenated
blood away from the heart. Capillaries – bring blood to the tissues where
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Veins and venules – transport deoxygenated
blood back towards the heart.
Blood vessels
Blood vessels have three layers except capillaries which are single walled.
Arteries and arterioles have middle layer of smooth muscle which allows them to vasodilate (widen) and vasoconstrict (narrow).
Arterioles have precapillary sphincters at the entry to the capillary. These control blood flow.
Blood vessel structure
Capillaries are one cell thick to allow efficient gaseous exchange.
Venules and veins have thinner muscular walls. The can vasodilate and vasoconstrict. They also have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE
Starlings Law of the Heart states that stroke volume is dependent on venous return.
At rest the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) is enough to supply the demands of the body.
On exercise this is not enough so venous return must be increased. This happens in the following ways.
Venous return
Controlled by Vasomotor Control Center – Medulla Oblongata
Redistribution of Blood Skeletal Muscles, Organs, Skin, Brain Vasodilate – Skeletal Muscles Vasoconstrict - organs
Vascular Shunt
Primary indicator of the functional capacity of the circulation to meet the demands of physical activity
Cardiac Output = Heart rate x Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
At Rest◦ Individual Variation◦ On average, entire blood volume of approx. 5
liters is pumped from the left ventricle each minute
◦ Aforementioned value is similar for both trained and untrained subjects
Cardiac Output
Untrained◦ 5 liter cardiac output◦ 70 beats per minute (average)◦ 71ml per beat◦ Stroke volumes for females usually average 25%
below male values and are 50 to 70 ml per beat at rest
◦ “Gender difference” due to average body size
Cardiac Output
Endurance Athletes◦ Sinus node under greater influence of
acetylcholine◦ Normally about 40-50 beats per minute at rest◦ 5 liters per minute, 100ml per beat
Cardiac Output
Endurance Athletes◦ Endurance Training increases vagal tone that
slows heart◦ Heart muscle strengthened through training is
capable of a more forceful stroke with each contraction
Cardiac Output
During exercise◦ Blood flow increases in proportion to intensity of
the exercise◦ Cardiac output has a rapid increase until a
plateau is reached Sedentary – 20-22L/min, 195bpm Endurance – 35-40L/min, <195bpm
Cardiac Output
Training effects◦ Larger stroke volume during rest and exercise
compared to untrained◦ Greatest increase in stroke volume occurs in
transition from rest to moderate exercise◦ Max. stroke volume is reached at 40-50% of the
max. oxygen consumption, usually represents heart rate of 110-120bpm
◦ For athletes, small inc. in stroke vol. in transition from rest to exercise with major inc. in cardiac output (stroke vol. 50-60% above resting values)
Stroke Volume in Exercise
Blood flow to specific tissue is generally proportional to their metabolic activity
Blood Flow
At Rest◦ 5 L cardiac output is distributed and one-fifth of
cardiac output is distributed to muscle tissue whereas major portion goes to other organs.
◦ 4-7ml/min of blood for every 100g of muscle
Blood Flow
During Exercise◦ Major portion of cardiac output is diverted to
working muscles.◦ 50-75ml per 100g of muscle tissue
Blood Flow
Redistribution of Blood◦ Blood is redistributed and directed through
working muscles from areas that can temporarily tolerate a reduction in normal blood flow. Shunting of blood from specific tissues occurs primarily during maximum exercise.
Blood Flow
“The Athlete’s Heart” Fundamental biologic adaptation of muscle
to an increased workload. Individual myofibrils thicken Number of contractile filaments within the
muscle fiber increases
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Exercise Physiology
Used to measure the work capacity of an individual
Represents the maximum oxygen consumption
The total aerobic capacity provides a measure of increasing metabolic work of peripheral skeletal muscle.
Aerobic Capacity
Relationship between oxygen consumption and intensity of work being done
Oxygen
consumption
workload
Increases with work Increases primarily through an increase in
ventricular rate 2 determinants of cardiac output
-heart rate -stroke volume
Cardiac Output
Relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption
Cardiac output
Oxygen consumption
Limited with persons age Decrease in maximum HR with age. Estimated by: 220-(age in years)
Heart Rate
Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption
Oxygen consumption
Heart rate
Age determined maximum
Represents the quantity of blood with each heartbeat.
Major determinant is diastolic filling volume which is inversely related to the Heartrate.
Stoke volume
Oxygen consumption
Stroke volume
The actual oxygen consumption of the heart Limited in anginal threshold.
-anginal threshold is defined as the point where the myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the ability of the coronary circulation to meet the demand. anginal chest pain
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption
Myocardia; oxygen
demand
Oxygen consumption
Myocardia; oxygen
demand
Oxygen consumption
Myocardia; oxygen
demand UE
LE
Oxygen consumption
supine
Upright
Gender Differences in Sports and Exercise
Women are more likely to report themselves as exercising more than men if asked who exercises more (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005).
Women are traditionally viewed as more concerned about their appearance (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999).
Research says…
Men are less likely than women to exercise for appearance related reasons (Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000).
Women attempt to meet sociocultural expectations of the thin ideal, through exercise (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005).
Research says…
Performance differences between men and women likely result from biological differences as well as social and cultural restrictions placed on females during development
Historically, fewer women have competed in athletic events than men.
Biological vs. Social Differences
Major differences between boys and girls do not occur until puberty.
Puberty in girls—estrogen causes pelvis broadening, breast development, fat deposition in hips and thighs, increased bone growth, and faster closure of growth plates
Puberty in boys—testosterone causes increased bone formation and muscle mass
Body Size and Composition
Testosterone leads to– Bone formation, larger bones– Protein synthesis, larger muscles– EPO secretion, red blood cell production
Estrogen leads to– Fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase)◦ Faster, more brief bone growth◦ Shorter stature, lower total body mass– Fat mass, percent body fat
Body Size and Composition
After puberty, girls’ average relative body fat is about 10% greater than boys.
Men not only have more muscle mass, but also carry a higher percentage of their muscle mass in the upper body compared to women
Body Size and Composition
Innate qualities of muscle and motor control are similar
For the same amount of muscle, strength is similar
Muscle fiber cross-sectional areas are smaller and muscle mass is less in women
Strength Differences
More muscle mass is proportionately distributed below the waist in women
Upper-body strength expressed relative to body weight or fat-free mass is less in women (but differences between genders are less)
Strength Differences
WOMEN have Higher HR response at rest and for same absolute levels of submaximal exercise (about the same Q as men)
Same HRmax but lower Qmax in WOMEN because of lower SVmax
WOMEN have Lower SV at rest and at all exercise intensities due to smaller heart size and smaller BV
WOMEN have Less potential for increasing a-vO2 diff because of lower arterial O2 content
Cardiovascular Responses
WOMEN: Differences in response compared to men are mostly due to smaller body size
WOMEN have Higher respiratory rate at given ventilatory rate
WOMEN have Smaller tidal volume at given ventilatory rate
WOMEN have Smaller ventilatory volume during maximal exercise due to smaller lungs
Resulting in lower maximal pulmonary ventilation
Respiratory Responses
Muscle strength differs between sexes◦ Upper body: women 40 to 60% weaker◦ Lower body: women 25 to 30% weaker◦ Due to total muscle mass difference, not
difference in innate muscle mechanisms
No sex strength disparity when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Causes of upper-body strength disparity◦ Women have more muscle mass in lower body◦ Women utilize lower body strength more
Research indicates women more fatigue resistant
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Cardiovascular function differs greatly
For same absolute submaximal workload◦ Same cardiac output◦ Women: lower stroke volume, higher HR
(compensatory)◦ Smaller hearts, lower blood volume
For same relative submaximal workload◦ Women: HR slightly , SV , cardiac output ◦ Leads to O2 consumption
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Sex differences in respiratory function◦ Due to difference in lung volume, body size◦ Similar breathing frequency at same relative
workload◦ Women frequency at same absolute workload
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Body composition changes◦ Same in men and women– Total body mass, fat mass, percent body fat– FFM (more with strength vs. endurance
training)
Weight-bearing exercise maintains bone mineral density
Connective tissue injury not related to sex
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Strength gains in women versus men◦ Less hypertrophy in women versus men, though
some studies show similar gains with training◦ Neural mechanisms more important for women
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Men outperform women by all objective standards of competition◦ Most noticeable in upper-body events
Women’s performance drastically improved over last 30 to 40 years◦ Leveling off now◦ Due to harder training
Sport Performance
Females Males
Innate qualities of muscle and motor control Same Same
Strength Same, for same amount of muscle Same, for same amount of muscle
Muscle fiber in cross sectional areas Smaller Larger
Muscle mass More muscle mass in lower body More muscle mass in upper body
Fat free mass < >
Heart rate at rest ↑ ↓
Maximum heart rate Same Same
Cardiac output Same Same
Maximum cardiac output ↓ ↑
Maximum stroke volume ↓ ↑
Heart size smaller larger
Body size smaller larger
Respiratory rate ↑ ↓
Tidal volume smaller Larger
Ventilator volume Smaller Larger
Lungs size Smaller Larger
SUMMARY
Special concerns for women
No reliable data indicate altered athletic performance across menstrual phases
No physiological differences in exercise responses across menstrual phases
World records set by women during every menstrual phase
Menstruation
Seen more in lean-physique sportsEumenorrhea: normalOligomenorrhea: irregularAmenorrhea (primary, secondary): absentCan affect 5 to 66% of athletes
***Menstrual dysfunction ≠ infertility
Menstrual Dysfunction
Pregnancy
Warm Up and Cool Down
Allows body to adjust to the cardiovascular demands of exercise.
Increase blood supply in skeletal muscles. Must have 5-10 min. of warm up before
actual exercise.
Warm Up
a.) increasing blood flow to active skeletal muscles
b.) increasing blood flow to the myocardiumc.) increasing the dissociation of
oxyhemoglobind.) it leads to earlier sweating thus regulates
the temperature e.) in reducing the incidence of abnormal
heart rhythms in heart conduction
Benefits of Warm Up
a.) increase in blood flow which brings more oxygen to working muscles
b.) an increase in temperature which produces 1.) an increase in the rate transport of enzymes needed for the energy systems 2.) a decrease in the viscosity of the
blood which improves blood flow3.) an increase in oxygen dissociating
from oxyhaemoglobinc.) delays the onset of blood lactic acid
Cardiovascular Changes
gradual increase in muscle temperature and peripheral blood flow
energy metabolism and increased tissue elasticity
improve neuromuscular function maintain acid-base balance reduce oxygen deficit during vigorous
exercise it reduces risk of neuromuscular injuries
Benefits
Follows after exercise prevents venous pooling thus reducing the
risks of fainting keeps respiratory and muscle pumps
working which prevents blood pooling in the veins and maintains venous return
capillaries remain dilated
COOL DOWN
prevention of post exercise hypotension and dizziness
promotes more rapid removal of lactic acid facilitates heat dissipation reduces the risk for ventricular
dysrhythmias (patients with heart disease) cardiac death are reduced
Benefits
This experiment is focus on the cardiovascular system’s response to exercise. From the experiment, it is evident that the heart of the athletic participant is much stronger than that of the other. Referring to the heart rates of both participants, the non-athletic subject shows a far higher heart rate as compared to the athlete and this on the other hand is due to the lack of training but with respect to both subjects, there have been gradual increases and decreases of the heart rates due to the phases of warming-up and cooling-down, respectively. Gender differences is a factor in sports and exercise though of lower significance. Females have smaller heart, lung and body (in general) compared to men but he maximum heart rate, the innate qualities of muscle and motor control are the same for both genders.
CONCLUSION
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Robergs, Robert. (1997).Exercise Physiology
Exercise Performance and clinical application. United States of America. Von Hoffman Press Inc.
Power, S., & Howley, E.(2009).Exercise Physiology
Theory and Application to fitness and Performance. New York. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
References