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ONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT TEST : ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING

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CARBONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT

TEST

Carbonation of concrete occurs when the carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in

the presence of moisture, reacts with hydrated cement minerals to produce

carbonates, e.g. calcium carbonate. The carbonation process is also called

depassivation. Carbonation penetrates below the exposed surface of concrete

extremely slowly. The time required for carbonation can be estimated knowing the

concrete grade and using the following equation:

t = ( d / k )2

where,

t is the time for carbonation,

d is the concrete cover,k is the permeability

Typical permeability values are shown in Table 1.

The significance of carbonation is that the usual protection of the reinforcing

steel generally present in concrete due to the alkaline conditions caused by

hydrated cement paste is neutralized by carbonation. Thus, if the entire concrete

cover over the reinforcing steel is carbonated, corrosion of the steel would occur if

moisture and oxygen could reach the steel.

EQUIPMENTS

If there is a need to physically measure the extent of carbonation it can be

determined easily by spraying a freshly exposed surface of the concrete with a 1%

phenolphthalein solution. The calcium hydroxide is coloured pink while the

carbonated portion is uncoloured.

PROCEDUREThe 1% phenolthalein solution is made by dissolving 1gm of phenolthalein in

90 cc of ethanol. The solution is then made up to 100 cc by adding distilled water.

On freshly extracted cores the core is sprayed with phenolphthalein solution, the

depth of the uncoloured layer (the carbonated layer) from the external surface is

measured to the nearest mm at 4 or 8 positions, and the average taken. If the

test is to be done in a drilled hole, the dust is first removed from the hole using

an air brush and again the depth of the uncoloured layer measured at 4 or 8

positions and the average taken. If the concrete still retains its alkaline

characteristic the colour of the concrete will change to purple. If carbonation has

taken place the pH will have changed to 7 (i.e. neutral condition) and there will be

no colour change.

Another formula, which can be used to estimate the depth of carbonation,

utilizes the age of the building, the water-to-cement ratio and a constant, which

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concrete (4)

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Slump Test

The slump test is the most well-known and widely usedtest method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete.The inexpensive ...

PERMEABILITY TEST

Permeability of concrete is important when dealing withdurability of concrete particularly in concrete used for waterretaining stru...

COMPACTING FACTOR TEST

Compacting Factor Test is performed to determine theworkability of fresh Concrete. APPARATUS i) Compacting factoapparatus ...

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varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete.

y=7.2XC2/(R2(4.6x-1.76)2)

where,

y is age of building in years,

x is water-to-cement ratio,

C is carbonation depth,

R is a constant (R= ).

R varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete () and whether the

concrete has been in external or internal service (). This formula is contained in

the Japanese Construction Ministry publication Engineering for improving the

durability of reinforced concrete structures. is 1.7 for indoor concrete and 1.0for outdoor concrete. values are shown in Table 2.

RANGE AND LIMI TATI ONS

The phenolphthalein test is a simple and cheap method of determining the

depth of carbonation in concrete and provides information on the risk of

reinforcement corrosion taking place. The only limitation is the minor amount of

damage done to the concrete surface by drilling or coring.

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