Carbon Storage –Enhanced Oil Recovery - · PDF fileCarbon Storage –Enhanced Oil...
Transcript of Carbon Storage –Enhanced Oil Recovery - · PDF fileCarbon Storage –Enhanced Oil...
Carbon Storage – Enhanced Oil RecoveryMike Monea – CEO International CCS Knowledge Centre
Prepared in part by the PTRC and Ken From
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
AGENDA Introduction Primary Production Secondary Production Enhanced Production Thermal CO2
Concluding Remarks
Petra=Rock Oleum=Oil A petroleum reservoir is a rock
formation that holds oil and gas
OIL RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
BOUNDARY DAM
Primary Production ‐ Natural depletion of the reservoir
Secondary recovery – putting energy back into the reservoir
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) –changing the chemical and physical properties of reservoir fluids Reservoir energy continues to decline until
insufficient energy exists to force enough oil into the well to warrant continued production.
OIL FIELD LIFE CYCLE
BOUNDARY DMINCOMPLETE OIL RECOVERYMain reasons for incomplete oil recovery:
Heterogeneity exists at many levels. Unfavourable mobility ratio. Capillary trapping.
(Coderre et al, 2012)Channel features
BOUNDARY DAMHOW TO MAXIMIZE RECOVERY
Need a clear understanding of hydrocarbon system
Well placement – number and location require reservoir knowledge/modelling (scale hundreds to thousands of metres)
Oil recovery process rock/fluid interactions (moscale to tens of metres)
Oil displacement phenomena (scale micrometers to metres)
BOUNDARY DAMSECONDARY RECOVERY
Waterflooding most common:
Simplicity Availability Cost
Efficiency determined by fluid/rock properties, reservoir heterogeneity and placement of wells
Optimized traditionally by updating reservoir models using historical data (pressure, water cut, etc.)
SECONDARY RECOVERY ‐ EOR Polymer is a gel material that is added to the water to increase
viscosity and further improve results of the water flood.
BOUNDARY DAMENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Interact with the rock/fluids to create favourable recovery conditions:
Oil viscosity reduction Extraction of oil with a solvent Alter capillary and viscous forces between
the oil, injected fluid, and the rock surface
Increase sweep efficiency
Micro and macro
BOUNDARY DAMSOLVENT INJECTION METHODS
A solvent can mix with the oil, form a homogeneous mixture, and carry the oil away from the reservoir.
Solvents used in EOR include CO2, propane, methane.
CO2 Injection:
Is miscible with crude oil
When the injected CO2 and residual oil are miscible, the CO2 dissolves in the oil, it swells the oil and reduces its viscosity. This increases the mobility of the fluid through the reservoir.
Diagram courtesy of DOE
BOUNDARY DAMSOLUBILITY ‐MISCIBILITY
Fig.1) Hexane in Heavy Oil - Miscible
Fig. 2) Propane in Heavy Oil- Soluble
Miscibility refers to whether a solvent can mix with oil and have no clear interface between the two fluids. (Fig.1). This is the case with conventional oil.
Although miscible, we are still pushing a liquid with a gas, creating an unstable system.
The WAG process fixes the viscosity ratio, but also introduces an immiscible phase (water) back into the system – increasing the risk of oil trapping.
CO2 in heavy oil acts as a solvent as it dissolves and changes the oil properties. In this case, the CO2 is immiscible, since an interface exists between them. (Fig. 2) When CO2 is immiscible, capillary trapping mechanisms can trap the oil.
(Source: PERM Inc)
BOUNDARY DAMINJECTION AND PRODUCTIONMidaleAnhydrite
Oil & CO2CO2
CO2 & OilOil&Water
Frobisher
Vuggy
MidaleAnhydrite
Frobisher
Hz CO2 Injector
Marly
Vuggy
VerticalProducer Vertical Water
Injector
Water
Marly
CO2
Hz Producer
Reservoir heterogeneity results in complex well geometry and production methods.
BOUNDARY DAMCASE STUDY – WEYBURNENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Largest CO2 EOR project in Canada
OOIP 1.4 Bbbls 160 Mbbls incremental
Outstanding EOR response
World’s largest geological CO2 sequestration project 30 million tonnes stored to date
BOUNDARY DAMCO2 FLOOD AT WEYBURN
Barriers to be solved * Conformance – address the geological
constraint heterogeneity.
Operating Strategies – where is the remaining oil?
Viscosity control – CO2 is less viscous, improved mobility control to avoid bypassing oil.
CO2 control – inject more CO2 without thief zone channeling.
Low pressure reservoirs – near miscible CO2 strategies.
* - Vello Kuuskraa
BOUNDARY DAMCURRENT RESEARCH FOR EOR
IOR and production optimization• Infill drilling• Targets identified with 4D seismic
and reservoir characterization• Waterflood
EOR Measures• Thermal methods• Miscible gas injection• CO2 injection• Surfactant flooding• Microbial EOR
BOUNDARY DAMCONCLUSIONS
Frontier technique, despite many years of pilot wells and project:
EOR operations require much higher precision than primary production: project outcomes have an enormous dispersion with a high number of failures and some very successful cases (in the 30% to 50% range increase).
EOR remains expensive: depending on project complexity and field size, the costs range from $10 to $80 per barrel.
EOR is considered a technological frontier, especially for chemical methods. Indeed, EOR faces technical challenges include the following:
Understanding static and dynamic reservoir characterization for correct assessment of fluid choice and injection well design and configuration
Planning for the production and transport logistics for these fluids Awareness of environmental constraints and reservoir life‐cycle limitations Correct use of reservoir surveillance technologies
Complex technical challenges unique to each reservoirand type of EOR method.
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Thank You – Questions?
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or contact us by email: [email protected] Thank you to PTRC and Ken From for their input and images.