Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

(Hydrocarbons)

Functional Groups

• -CH3

• -OH

• -NH2

• -PO3

Functional Groups

Consequences of Substitution w Functional Groups

     Ethane       CH3-CH3        toxic, flammable gas         Ethanol     CH3-CH2-OH      ethyl alcohol, potable 

       Propanoic acid    CH3-CH2-COOH  toxic liquid - “fixative”  

    mercaptan          CH3-CH2-SH       "rotten eggs" - smell of

natural gas

Isomers

• Structural Isomers

Isomers

• Geometric Isomers

– Around a double-bonded Carbon

Isomers

• Enantiomers (optical isomers)

– Around a single Carbon

Building Larger Molecules

• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)

OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OH

Monomers

OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH

+

H2O

Polymer

Breaking Down Large Molecules

• Hydrolysis

OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OHMonomers

OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH+

H2O

Polymer

(ENZYMES)

Carbon Compounds

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Monomers & Polymers

Carbohydrates• Short-term energy-storage

• Some structural

• Bigger molecules = more energy!– (energy is stored in bonds)

Carbohydrates• Sugars – saccharides.• Monosaccharides (monomers)

– Simple sugars– Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

• Disaccharides (simple polymers)– Two monomers combined– Sucrose, Lactose

• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Lipids

• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).– Bigger molecules = more energy!

• Membrane structure

• Hormones

Lipids

• With Fatty Acids• Glycerides• Phospholipids• Waxes

• Without Fatty Acids• Steroids

Lipids with Fatty Acids

1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils

Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.– Monoglycerides– Diglycerides– Triglycerides

Lipids with Fatty Acids

1. Glycerides– Saturated vs Unsaturated

Geometric Isomers of Fatty Acids

Oleic acid Elaidic acid

Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fat that comprises 55-80% of olive oil.

Elaidic acid is a trans unsaturated fat and a major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils.

                                                           

                               

                                                            

                              

Examples of fatty acids

Oleic - mono-unsaturated - varying quantities in most oils

                                                                                                  

 

Linoleic - poly(2) unsaturated - Sunflower oil, Olive oil, Rice bran oil, Corn oil

                                                                                                    

Lipids with Fatty Acids

2. Phospholipids– Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”

Lipids with Fatty Acids3. Waxes

– VERY hydrophobic molecules– Water repellent

• Protection from water gain and loss

Bees Wax

Ear Wax (Squalene)

Plant wax (Ursolic acid)

Lipids without Fatty Acids

1. Steroids – 4 carbon rings• Hormones, Vitamin D

Proteins• Structural

• Membrane Function

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies/Antigens

• Energy (as a last resort)

Proteins get things done!

Proteins

(Acid group)

• Made up of Amino Acids = monomers

Proteins

• 20 Amino Acids:

• Some simple,

• Some complex

Peptide Bonds

• Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Acid group Amino group

Peptide Bonds

• Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)

“Polypeptide” formation

• Primary (1o) Structure

PolypeptideChain

Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling

• Secondary (2o) Structure

Polypeptide 3-D Shape

• Tertiary (3o) Structure– Covalent Bonds– Ionic Bonds– Disulfide Bonds– Hydrogen Bonds– Van der Waals

Interactions

Polypeptide 3-D Shape

• Conformation

Multiple Polypeptides

• Quaternary (4o) Structure

Proteins = Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

• Carriers– Information Carriers* (DNA, RNA)– Electron Carriers (NAD+, FAD+, NADP+)– Energy Carriers (ATP)

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides = monomers– 5-carbon sugar– N-base– Phosphate

Nucleic Acids• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids call the plays!

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• Double Helix connected by N-bases.

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotide Coenzymes

• NAD+ NADH

• FAD+ FADH2

• NADP+ NADPH

Nucleic Acids

• Adenosine Phosphates

• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate

• Select 3 functional groups…– Name them.– Chemical structures of each.– Examples of actual molecules that include

them.– Properties that make them do what they do.

Homework…

Homework…

• For NEXT WEEK …

• Distinguish between:

simple proteins & conjugated proteins