1 Contents Structure and Nomenclature of Simple Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds ( Alkanes, alkenes...

1

Contents

Structure and Nomenclature of Simple

Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds

( Alkanes , alkenes and their Cyclic

Compounds )

Constitution – Configuration – Conformation

© Prentice Hall 2001 Chapter 2 2

Alkanes: Nomenclature

Organic nomenclature is based on alkanes: Contain only carbon and hydrogen (C, H). All carbon atoms are sp3 hybridized.


Alkanes - Isomerism

Number ofCarbons

MolecularFormula

Number ofIsomers

6 C6H14 5

7 C7H16 9

12 C12H26 75

15 C15H32 4347


Nomenclature

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established the nomenclature system.

Systematic nomenclature (IUPAC nomenclature) (shown in blue).

Additional names such as isopentane and neopentane are common names (dt.: Trivialnamen; shown in red).

A compound may have more than one name but a name must specify only one compound.


Conformations of Alkanes: Rotation about C-C Single Bonds

Different spatial arrangements of atoms that result from rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds are known as conformations.

Different conformations also are called conformational isomers or conformers:


Newman Projections

A convenient way to describe conformation isomers is to look at the molecule along the axis of the bond of interest.

A Newman projection is a graphical representation of such a view:


Conformations of Alkanes:Rotation About C-C Single Bonds

When ethane molecules rotate about the carbon-carbon single bond various isomers result, two of them are:

staggered or anti conformation eclipsed or syn conformation.


Conformations of Alkanes: Rotation About C-C Single Bonds


Conformations of Alkanes: Rotation About C-C Single Bonds

The extra energy of the eclipsed conformation is called torsional strain:


Conformations of Butane: Rotation About the C2-C3 Single Bond


Nomenclature

Typically, any unspecified alkyl group is represented as R-


Nomenclature

1. Rule:

Count the longest continuous straight chain to constitute a compound name:

Note that these compounds all have the same sum formula C7H16;

they are isomers.


Nomenclature of Alkyl Substituents

The name of the alkyl group followed by the name of the class of compound constitutes the common name for alcohols amines, and alkyl halides:


Alkyl Nomenclature

A primary carbon is one that is bonded to only one other carbon, frequently represented by 1

A primary hydrogen is attached to a primary carbon:


Alkyl Nomenclature

A secondary carbon is one that is bonded to two other carbons, represented by 2, also by sec- or s-

A secondary hydrogen is attached to a secondary carbon:


Alkyl Nomenclature

A tertiary carbon is one that is bonded to three other carbons, represented by 3, also by tert- or t-

A tertiary hydrogen is attached to a tertiary carbon:

Reactivity often depends on whether a carbon or hydrogen is 1, 2, or 3!



There are four alkyl groups that contain four carbons:


IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature: Alkanes

1. Determine longest continuous chain (i.e. parent hydrocarbon).

2. Cite the name of substituent before the name of the parent hydrocarbon along with the number of the carbon to which it is attached:



3. Number in the direction that gives the lower number for the lowest-numbered substituent.

4. Substituents are listed in alphabetical order – neglecting prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc.



4. When both directions yield the same lower number for the lowest numbered substituent, select the direction that yields the lower number for the next lowest numbered substituent:

5. If same substituent numbers are obtained in either direction, number in direction giving lowest number to the first named substituent.



6. If compound has two or more chains of the same length, parent hydrocarbon is chain with higher number of substituents:


Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes generally are shown as skeletal structures:



1. Ring is the parent hydrocarbon unless the alkyl substituent has more carbons; in that case the substituent becomes the parent hydrocarbon.If only one substituent, no need to give it a number:



2. If the ring has 2 substituents, list in alphabetical order and give number 1 to first named group:

1 Contents Structure and Nomenclature of Simple Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds ( Alkanes, alkenes...

Documents

Transcript of 1 Contents Structure and Nomenclature of Simple Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds ( Alkanes, alkenes...