Carbon Budget of India
description
Transcript of Carbon Budget of India
TERRESTRIAL CARBON BUDGET OF INDIA
ABHA CHHABRAINDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION
ABHA CHHABRAABHA CHHABRAINDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION
BEIJING, CHINANOVEMBER 17, 2004
GCP WORKSHOPREGIONAL CARBON BUDGETS: FROM METHODOLOGIES TO QUANTIFICATION
OUTLINEOUTLINEIntroductionIntroduction
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle: India–– National CircumstancesNational Circumstances–– Preliminary Assessments Preliminary Assessments –– AgroecosystemAgroecosystem C Cycle C Cycle –– Forest Ecosystem C cycleForest Ecosystem C cycle–– Estimation Estimation of of Net Primary Productivity and Burnt Area detectionNet Primary Productivity and Burnt Area detection–– Anthropogenic C EmissionsAnthropogenic C Emissions
Uncertainties in C stock Estimates vis-à-vis LU/LC related C Emissions
Conclusion
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Carbon (C) Cycle is central to the ‘Earth System’
National-level C budgets are needed under UNFCCC--to assess national contributions to sources and sinks of CO2
--evaluate the processes that control CO2 accumulation in atmosphere
Terrestrial C is the most uncertain but very importantcomponent of ‘C budgets’
Factors affecting terrestrial C storage includes-changes in LU, CO2 fertilization, N deposition, Climate, natural disturbances
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Atmosphere ~ 760Accumulations 3.3 + 0.2
Fossil fuels andcement production
6.3 + 0.6Net Terrestrial Uptake
0.7 + 1.0Net Ocean Uptake
2.3 + 0.8
Air/ Sea Exchange ~ 90
THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
Fossil Fuel Reserves: 4000Carbonate Rocks: 65x106
Ocean ~ 39, 000
Sedimentation ~ 0.2
Runoff ~ 0.8Vegetation ~ 500Soils and Detritus ~ 2, 000
~ 2, 500
(IPCC, 2000)C pools in PgC = 1015 gC, C fluxes: PgC/yr
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
Global Net Primary Productivity,Respiration and Fire ~ 60
India's Parameters India World %
Share Rank
Total Land Area (Mha) 329 14930 2.4 Seventh Human Population (Million) 2001 1035 6300 16.4 Second Cattle Livestock (Million Head) 196 1320 14.8 First Arable Land 166 1362 12.2 Second Irrigated Land 50 255 19.6 First Forest & Woodland (Mha) 67.55 4081.5 2.3 Fifteenth
NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES-- 7th largest country covering ~329 Mha (2.4%) of world’s total land area-- Supports 16.4% of world’s human population-- Largest livestock population with only 0.5% of the world’s grazing area--Agricultural landuse is major land utilization followed by forest area
TERRESTRIAL C CYCLE: INDIATERRESTRIAL C CYCLE: INDIA
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
Land and available Natural Resources are under stress
With diverse physiographical features, India is endowed with varied soils, climate, biodiversity & ecological regions
• Few attempts made at national level, based on different approaches
Preliminary Assessments of major pools & fluxes of C[USING BOOK-KEEPING APPROACH]
--For 1980 Hingane (1991) Total phytomass pool*: 3.02 PgC (*estimate refer to 284.9 Mha of land surface only)
NPP : 1.24 PgC/yr
--For 1985 Dadhwal and Nayak (1993)Using RS-based LU/LC inventories and regional /global C densities & fluxes
Total Biospheric pool# : 32.3-39.0 PgCSoil Organic C : 23.5-27.1 PgCTotal Phytomass : 8.3-10.9 PgCForest Phytomass : 2.9-3.3 PgCNPP : 1.3-1.6 PgC/yrLitterfall : 0.8-0.9 PgC/yr
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004 # including phytomass, litter, SOC
AGROECOSYSTEM C CYCLEAGROECOSYSTEM C CYCLESignificant role as ~half of the total land area is arable
DETAILED ASSESSMENT (1950-1990)[Included crop, human and livestock (including poultry) biomass C-pools]
Used book-keeping approach and secondary data on crop production, human and livestock census and trade (export/import) statistics for India
• ~2.4 times increase in Crop NPP with large Inter-state variations
• Significant linear relationship of crop NPP with irrigated fraction (R2 = 0.92)
• Improved Crop biomass partitioning into EP, AGR and BGR pools
• Human and livestock biomass C pools increased by 83% & 64%, respectively between 1951-1981/82
Dadhwal et al. (1994, 1996)GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
12.4/ 34.4BGR
89.8/243.9AGR
40.3/129ECB
A T M O S P H E R E
MAJOR POOLS & FLUXES OF AGROECOSYSTEM C CYCLE 1950-51/1989-90
A G R O E C O S Y S T E MCROPS
142.5/406.9INSIDE INDIA
4.71/7.05LS
BIOME. CULT.HUMANS
SOIL POOL
A T M O S P H E R E
R
R
D
R
OUTSIDE
INDIA
IMP
EXP
Other Ecosystems
1. FEED & FODDER, GRAZING
2. FUELFUELWOOD
3. STORAGEPOOL WOOD PRODUCTS
4. HUMAN CONSUP.
FISH CATCH
5. SOIL
Burnt FYMMulch
58.1150.9
-EC5
18.1847.40 2.44
5.99
STOR
FUEL
0.652.05
.006
.009
8.3*20.9
10.938.7
2
1
2.7/6.93
26.3/80.1
23.2/76.1 4
TgC^
^TgC = 1012gC
y = 0.1886x - 0.1977R2 = 0.92
2
3
4
5
6
7
15 20 25 30 35 40
IRRIGATED FRACTION (%)
NPP
(t/h
a)RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NPP & IRRIGATED
FRACTION, INDIA (1951-1990)
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
AGRICULTURAL LANDUSE AND C CYCLE IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS (IGP)
AGRICULTURAL LANDUSE AND C CYCLE IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS (IGP)
BACKGROUND• IGP Region: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh• IGP Region: Food-bowl of Indian subcontinent,
important for food security of South Asia
• IGP (India): length 1600 km, width 320 km, Total Geog. area 9.57 Mha, 5 major states:(Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
• Agriculture: Dominant landuse
AGROECOSYSTEM INPUTS
Cropping Intensity (1901-1991)
Irrigation Intensity (1901-1991)
Energy use in intensive agriculture
Chemical Fertilizer consumption (1955-1995)
100
120
140
160
180
1901 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991Year
Cro
ppin
g In
tens
ity %
Bihar Haryana PunjabU.P W.B INDIA
04080
120160200
1901 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991YearIr
riga
tion
Inte
nsity
%
Bihar Haryana PunjabU.P W.B INDIA
04080
120160200
1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 1995Year
NPK
con
s. (K
g/ha
)
Bihar Haryana PunjabU.P W.B INDIA
IGPR (India)
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION ON AGROECOSYSTEM CROP NPP
048
121620
1901 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991Year
Cro
p N
PP (t
/ha)
Bihar HaryanaPunjab Uttar PradeshWest Bengal
048
121620
0 40 80 120 160 200NPK consumption (Kgha-1)
Cro
p N
PP (t
ha-1
)
Bihar HaryanaPunjab Uttar PradeshWest Bengal
048
121620
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Cropping intensity (%)
Cro
p N
PP (t
ha-1
)
Bihar HaryanaPunjab Uttar PradeshWest Bengal
• Crop biomass and NPP estimated using crop area, production, moisture fraction, and harvest index (Dadhwal et al., 1995)
• Increase of 435.6 Mt crop biomass (1901-1991)6 fold increase in crop NPP
• Crop NPP range :~1 t/ha/yr (1901) in Bihar–~17 t/ha/yr in Punjab (1991)
• Intensification of crop NPP due to increased irrigation, cropping intensity &fertilizer application
Dadhwal and Chhabra(2002)
FOREST ECOSYSTEM C CYCLEFOREST ECOSYSTEM C CYCLE–Major Pools: Phytomass C, Soil Organic C–Major Fluxes: NPP, Litterfall
Different estimates based on different approaches:
• Point ecological studies based on destructive sampling
• Growing stock volume ground inventory over large sample areas (based on stratified sampling)Approach more realistic although estimates are lower than ecological studies based
• Remote Sensing based approachRS help to quantify and monitor vegetation dynamics over large spatial scales, at high spatial resolutions, and with well-defined temporal sampling
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
EARTH STATION
SUN
ATMOSPHERE
SATELLITE
•• SpaceSpace--borne Remote Sensingborne Remote Sensing
Economically feasible solution to collect relevant information aEconomically feasible solution to collect relevant information at t Regional to Global scales with relatively high spatial resolutioRegional to Global scales with relatively high spatial resolution n
Sensors (Optical, Sensors (Optical, Radars) on board Radars) on board satellite platformssatellite platforms
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
Extent of Indian forest cover studied by:--Historical data: long-term changes in forest area (Richards and Flint, 1994)
--RS-based biennial Forest cover assessment (since 1987)
RS-based FSI inventory provides information–Area by forest types (FSI, 1987)–Crown density based area (Dense, Open, forest)–Forest area (deforested/afforested) Change matrices–Small scale afforestation studies
Indian forests range from ETRF in A&N islands, Western Ghats & NE states to dry alpine scrub in Himalayas in North
Average GS 74 cum/ha, compared to global average of 110 cum/ha
Estimated forest phytomass C densities & stocks for recent period are in range of 50–68 tha-1 and 2.0–4.4 PgC, respectively (Chhabra and Dadhwal, 2004)
FOREST COVER
SFR, 2001
67.55 Mha or 67.55 Mha or 20.5% of GA20.5% of GA
Forest Cover Assessment by Forest Survey of India
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004ERTF: Evergreen Tropical Rain Forest
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOMASS C (DISTRICT-LEVEL)
Data Used • RS-based district level forest area (FSI, 1991, 1997)• Ground inventory-based GS volume (FSI, 1993, 1995, 1997)• Crown density-based biomass expansion factors
MethodologyPD = GS × DEN × CC × RC × EF
PD : Forest phytomass C density (t/ha)GS : Growing Stock (m3/ha)DEN : Density of Wood (g/cc) = 0.62CC : Carbon Content of wood = 0.5RC : Root Correction factor (TDM/ AGDM)= 1.16 (Hall and Uhlig, 1991)EF: Expansion Factor= (1.9 × D + 2.5 × (O + M)) / (D + O + M)
• District phytomass C pool = PD × total forest area of the district
• Estimated district-wise forest area (as % G.A.), PD, Phytomass C poollinked to digitized district coverage of India using GIS ARC/INFO
G.A.: Geographic AreaGCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
Data Used--RS-based forest area by major forest types (FSI, 1987)--Indian forest studies
location, forest type, soil type, depth of profile, Organic C %,soil texture (sand & clay %), soil bulk density (if reported)
MethodologySoil Bulk Density = 100 [Adams, 1973]
(Χ/ ρ0) + (100-Χ/ρm)Χ: % by weight of organic matterρ0: average bulk density of organic matter (0.224 g/ cm3) ρm : mineral bulk density (g/ cm3) [Rawls, 1983]
Soil OC density = OC% x soil BD x thickness of horizon[Batjes, 1996]
• Estimated Soil OC densities added for top 50 cm, and top 1m soil• Database classified into 16 major forest types [Champion & Seth, 1968]
grouped into 7 major forest types.
FOREST SOIL ORGANIC C POOL
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
0.6(+0.1)0.4(+0.0)5.8ST-Mont.
6.81 (+0.7)4.13 (+0.4)13617564.20Total
0.01(+0.0)0.01(+0.01)0.14T-D. Ever.
-0.04(+0.0)92.1(+9.4)150.40Lit & Swamp
1.4(0.2)0.7(0.1)69.9 (±10) 1737.5(+ 3.4)3520.0T.D. Dec.
2.6(0.2)1.7(+0.1)112 (±8) 5873.2(+ 5)3423.7T-M. Dec.
1.0(+0.1)0.5(+0.1)162 (±19) 3273.4(+10.4)256.43Mon.Temp.
1.0(+ 0.1)0.7(+0.1)139 (±15) 2990.7(+7.7)367.77T-Ever.
Top 1 mTop 50 cmTop 1 mNTop 50 cmN
Mean (+ S.E)Mean (+ S.E)Mean (+ S.E)
Soil OC pool (PgC)*
Soil C density(tC/ha)
Area (Mha)
Forest Type*
N= number of observations
SOIL ORGANIC C POOL BY MAJOR FOREST TYPES
(in top 50 cm & 1m soil depths)
Soil organic C pool = Estimated Soil OC densities x Forest area
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
*Tropical Evergreen, Montane Temperate, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dr Deciduous, Littoral and Swamp, Tropical Dry Evergreen, Subtropical Montane
FOREST LITTERFALL C FLUXData Used
--RS-based forest area by major forest types [FSI, 1987]--Indian forest studies (location, forest type, total and leaf litterfall)
Methodology--Database classified into 16 forest types [Champion and Seth, 1968]--Grouped into 7 major forest types --Litterfall C flux = Mean litterfall x forest area x 0.45
Results
Mean Litterfall : 5.7 (T), 3.9 (L) t/ha/yr (MTF)–8.9 (T),6.4 (L) t/ha/yr (TMDF)
Estimated Total Litterfall C flux (TgC/yr): 208.8 (± 18.5) N= 122
Estimated Leaf Litterfall C flux (TgC/yr): 153.1 (± 13.2) N= 114
N: number of observations, T: Total, L: LeafGCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
MTF: Montane Temperate Forest, TMDF: Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
Phytomass C density (1988)
Phytomass Density range:4.3 (Birbhum, West Bengal)-
207 (Lahul & Spiti, Himachal Pradesh)
t/ha NF (35)25 (74)50 (147)75 (44)100 (53)>100 (33)
NF: non-forested district
Spatial Distribution of Forest Phytomass C Density
02
46
810
Tr. E
verg
Tr. M
. Dec
id
Litt.
&Sw
amp
Tr. D
. Dec
id
Mon
t. Te
mp.
Tr. D
. Eve
rg
ST M
ont.
FOREST TYPE
LITT
ERFA
LL (T
) t/h
a/yr
0
40
80
120
160
200
Soil
OC
(100
cm) t
/ha
Litterfall (t/ha/yr)
Soil OC (t/ha)
RS-based forest area by types + point field measurements (n = 122)
INDIAN FOREST CARBON CYCLE ESTIMATESINDIAN FOREST CARBON CYCLE ESTIMATES
Chhabra et al., 2002Chhabra et al., 2003
FOREST PHYTOMASS C POOL (INDIA): 3.8 PgC TOTAL LITTERFALL C FLUX: 209 + 18.5 TgC/yr
TOTAL SOIL ORGANIC C: 6816 + 680 TgC
RS-based forest area by types+ estimated soil organic C densities (n = 136)
estimates for 1982 (n: no. of observations)
^PgC = 1015gC, TgC: 1012gC
Chhabra and Dadhwal, 2004
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
C-CYCLE MODEL : FOR -> AG TRANSFORMATION
(Moore et al., 1981 & Houghton et al., 1983)
BIOMASSLEFT/HA DEAD
DECAYPOOLS
VEG. RESPONSE
SOIL RESPONSE
A
T
M
O
S
P
H
E
R
E
TOTALBIOMASSPER HA
BIOMASSREMOVED
PER HA
LANDAREA
CLEARED
LIVE
Spatial modeling of annual net C flux from Indian forests (1880-1995)
Cumulative C emission due to Deforestation & Phytomass degradation: 5.5 PgC
-100
102030405060
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Year
Net
ann
ual C
flux
(MtC
)
Central Northwest EastNortheast South India
Regional net C flux (MtC) due to deforestationCentral: 1145, East: 417, NE: 556, NW: 380, South: 761, India: 3259
-10
20
50
80
110
140
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980Year
Net
C fl
ux (M
tC)
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4
1: Deforestation (low phytomass C density)2: Deforestation (high phytomass C density)3: Deforestation (regional-level)4: Deforestation & phytomass
degradation (regional-level)
-10
10
30
50
70
90
110
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Net
ann
ual C
flux
(MtC
)
Central North west EastNorth east South India
Regional net C flux (MtC) due to deforestation & phytomass degradationCentral: 1754, East: 755,NE: 1250, NW: 526, South: 1172, India: 5456
NET C EMISSIONS UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS
Cumulative C emissions (LU change & phytomass degradation) from Indian forests dominated over cumulative fossil fuel use & industrial activity C emissions of 3.45 Pg C over the 20th century
Chhabra & Dadhwal (2004)GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF REMOTE SENSING DERIVED TERRESTRIAL NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF REMOTE SENSING
DERIVED TERRESTRIAL NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
• SPOT–VEGETATION 1-km derived and C-Fix (a PEM) based 10-day NPP composites used for computing terrestrial NPP over India (1998-99)
• Characterize spatial, seasonal, land cover related variations and inter-annual variability in terrestrial NPP over different geographical regions of India
• Attempt at validation of RS-based NPP using ground-based crop NPP estimates at district level
SPOT VGT NPP SAC 2004
Net Primary Productivity Image over Indian sub-continent (June 1998–May 1999)
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION: 2.18 PgC0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
June
, 98
July
, 98
Aug
, 98
Sept
, 98
Oct
, 98
Nov
, 98
Dec
, 98
Jan,
99
Feb,
99
Mar
ch, 9
9
Apr
il, 9
9
May
, 99
Month
Net
Prim
ary
Prod
uctio
n (T
gC/ m
onth
)
East Central Islands NorthWestNorthEast Peninsula WestRegion1 WestRegion2
Regional contributions: Central: 543.8 (24.9%), East: 314.6 (14.4%), Islands: 5.62 (0.3%), Northwest: 131.2 (6.0%), Northeast: 276.7 (12.7%), Peninsular: 483.9 (22.2%), Western Region-1: 109.4 (5.0%), and Western Region-2: 317.9 (14.6%) TgCSeasonal Variations in Regional NPP
Chhabra & Dadhwal (2004)GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
June
, 98
July
, 98
Aug
, 98
Sep
t, 98
Oct
, 98
Nov
, 98
Dec
, 98
Jan,
99
Feb,
99
Mar
ch, 9
9
Apr
il, 9
9
May
, 99
Month
NPP
(tC
/ha)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
ND
VI
NE NPP NW NPP INDIA NPP Punjab NPPNE NDVI NW NDVI INDIA NDVI Punjab NDVI
Four-fold difference at low NPP level of ground-based method.
H.I . method underestimate crop NPP in low productivity districts. Both methods provide nearly similar estimates in districts with moderate to high NPP (R= 0.6).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
June
, 00
July
, 00
Aug
, 00
Sep
t, 01
Oct
, 01
Nov
, 01
Dec
, 01
Jan,
01
Feb,
01
Mar
ch, 0
1
Apr
il, 0
1
May
, 01
Month
Net
Prim
ary
Pro
duct
ion
(TgC
)
East Central Islands NorthWestNorthEast Peninsula WestRegion1 WestRegion2
LAND COVER RELATED VARIATIONSLAND COVER RELATED VARIATIONS
~14% decrease in NPP (drought year 2000-01)Max. decrease 84.3 TgC Central India
INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITYINTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY VALIDATION AT DISTRICT-LEVELVALIDATION AT DISTRICT-LEVEL
0
20
40
60
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec Ja
nFe
bM
arch
April
May
Month
Net
Prim
ary
prod
uctio
n (T
gC)
Forest (1998-99) Forest (2000-01)Crop (1998-99) Crop (2000-01)
With rainfall decrease by 11 cm in Kharif season (July-Oct 2000), Crop NPP dropped ~41 TgC. No significant change in Forest NPP
Central India
Monthly patterns of SPOT- VGT NPP and NDVI for NW (Agroecosystem), NE(Forest)Punjab(Agriculture state), Total India
Punjab : NPP vs NDVI (9: 3.5 fold variations)
Total NPP : 1.88 PgCYear 2000-01
0.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00Ground-based crop NPP (tC/ha/yr)
RS-
base
d cr
op N
PP (t
C/h
a/yr
)
NPP 1:1 line
R= 0.58
Western Region
0
200
400
600
Jan
Feb
Mar
ch
Apr
il
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
t
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Bur
nt A
rea
(000
ha)
North East Region
0
20
40
60
80
100
Jan
Feb
Mar
ch
Apr
il
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
t
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Bur
nt A
rea
(000
ha)
January-March
INDIABurnt Area
April-JuneJuly-SeptemberOctober-December
Fire in more than 1 seasonSPOT-4 VGTSAC 2004
NORTH EAST REGION
WESTERN REGION
RS-DERIVED BURNT AREA AND ACTIVE FIRE DETECTION OVER INDIA USING SPOT4-VGT AND ATSR-2 DATA
RS-DERIVED BURNT AREA AND ACTIVE FIRE DETECTION OVER INDIA USING SPOT4-VGT AND ATSR-2 DATA
0
200
400
600
800
Jan
Feb
Mar
ch
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Bur
nt A
rea
(000
ha)
ForestCropland
(Data Source: European Commission JRC, Global Burnt Area – 2000)
INDIA
Data Used: Coarse resolution 1-Km SPOT 4-VGT monthly data for year 2000
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
ANTHROPOGENIC C EMISSIONSANTHROPOGENIC C EMISSIONSIndia is a party to UNFCCC as a non-annex I country
Recent estimate
Using Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines, national GHG inventory was estimated for year 1994 [NATCOM, 2004]
Aggregate emissions793 Tg CO2, 18.1 Tg CH4, 0.17 Tg N2O or total 1228 Tg (CO2 equivalent)
Per-capita CO2 emissions 0.87 tCO2 (23% of global average)
Sectoral ContributionsEnergy sector (61%), Agriculture sector (28%), Industrial sector (8%),
Waste disposal (2%), LU/LUCF (1%)
Coal combustion dominant source (~64%) among energy emissions
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004 ALGAS: Asia Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1860188019001920194019601980
YEAR
TgC
COAL
LIGNITE
NATURAL GAS
CEMENT
PETROLEUM
LONG-TERM C-RELEASE DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL BURNING & CEMENT PRODUCTION IN INDIA (1860-1990)
(Dadhwal et al., 1996)
COAL: Predominant source of C, accounts for 75% of cumulative release from total fossil fuel burning and industrial activity emissions
Only 8.7% release before 1930
Annual C emissions increasing rapidly:
23.2 TgC (1951)60.5 (1971)172.7 TgC (1990)
Long-term C release (1901-1990):
India: 3.45 PgCGlobal: 201.5 PgC
Annual C emissions (TgCyr-1)
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
LU/LC changes are important controls of C storage, responsible for large C fluxes ~20% of anthropogenic C emissions (Schimel et al., 2001)
Uncertainties due to variations: --Rates of deforestation--fate of deforested land--phytomass and Soil OC stocks
Land utilization statistics (govt. records) in India reflect only legal status, no categories having bearing on C stocks
LU changes dominated by losses of fertile land, forest conversion to croplands towards increasing demand of agricultural products for growing population, forest degradation
• Forestry & LU change emissions: 0.40 TgC for 1990 (ALGAS, 1999)
• Cumulative emissions: 5.4 PgC (1880-1996) (Chhabra et al., 2004)
Uncertainties in C stock Estimates vis-à-vis LU/LC related C Emissions: INDIA
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
• Reforestation of wastelands and Agroforestry practices may be considered as strong options for terrestrial C sequestration
• RS technique helpful in uncertainty reduction:• Identifying potential lands• Potential C sequestration at different land types• Monitoring current C sequestration in forest biomass• NPP estimation of different forest types
• Improved forest biomass assessments by developing models between canopy cover and RS observations
• New and emerging RS tools widely explored for vegetation studies:
• Hyper spectral RS (MODIS, AVIRIS, etc.)• LIDAR• Multiband/ Polarimetric & Interferometric MW Radar systems
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
WASTELAND MAPPING IN INDIA
• 1:50000 scale entire country
• Digital database• Input to MRD for
development
MRD:Ministry of Rural Development
CURRENT & FUTURE ......
IRS-P5(Cartosat-1)PAN-2.5M, 30 km, F/A
IRS-P6(Resourcesat-1)LISS III - 23M ; 140 Km; 4XsLISS IV - 5.8M ; 3XsMultiMulti--Spectral high resolution data Spectral high resolution data useful for resource monitoringuseful for resource monitoringAWiFS - 60M; 740 Km
Regional Regional landcoverlandcover mapping and mapping and monitoring, Vegetation Indexmonitoring, Vegetation Index
OCEANSAT-IISCAT, OCM
MEGHA-TROPIQUESSAPHIR, SCARAB &
MADRAS
RISAT C-band SAR; 3-50 mMulti-Pol; Multi mode
CARTOSAT-2PAN – 1.0 m, 11km
METSAT-1VHRR – 2 Km(vis); 8 Km(IR & WV)
INSAT-3D19 Ch. Sounder6 Ch. Imager
INSAT-3AVHRR – 2 Km(vis);
8 Km(IR & WV)CCD – 1 Km
153+13 Tg C/yr
Net C flux (deforestation
& degradation) 0.05 Pg C/yr
Energy & industry
flux 173
Tg C/yr
ENERGY USE & INDUSTRY
209 + 18 TgC/yr
3871-4342 TgC
A T M O S P H E R E
Forest soil organic C : 6816 TgC(top 1m soil)
Total Litterfall flux
NPP: 465-543 Tg C/yr
Current Understanding of Terrestrial C Cycle In India (1990s) Current Understanding of Terrestrial C Cycle In India (1990s)
142.5/407 Tg C
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Litter pool390-410 TgC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Cro
p bi
omas
s pr
oduc
tion
(MtC
)
0
1
2
3
4
Cro
p N
PP (t
C/h
a/yr
)
BiomassNPP
(1950-51/1989-90)
Soil
Cumulative C emission (1901-1990) :3.5 PgC
Cumulative C emission (1880-1996) : 5.5 PgC
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Leaf Litterfall flux
NPP
Phytomass
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Major estimates for India:Total phytomass (3.8-4.3 PgC), Soil Organic Carbon (6.8 PgC)litterfall C flux (209 + 18 TgC/yr)
Cumulative C emissions 5.5 PgC(LU change & phytomass degradation) from Indian forests dominated over cumulative fossil fuel use & industrial activity C emissions of 3.45 Pg C over the 20th century
RS combined with appropriate field studies and Ecological Modeling improves understanding of terrestrial vegetation C stocks and their related stock changes
To Predict Future C Stocks
Need to clearly define different LU categories/forest types
Update country’s forest resources inventory to include specific forest plantations
Use of combined ground-based data and satellite data
DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDSDATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS
A FULL C ACCOUNTING FOR INDIA IS THE FUTURE RESEARCH NEED
RECENT PUBLICATIONSRECENT PUBLICATIONS
• Chhabra, A., Dadhwal, V.K. (2004). Assessment of major pools and fluxes of carbon in Indian forests. Climatic Change, 64: 341-360.
• Chhabra, A, Dadhwal, V.K. (2004). Estimating terrestrial net primary productivity of India using satellite data. Current Science, 86(2): 269-271.
• Chhabra, A., Palria, S., Dadhwal, V.K. (2003). Soil organic carbon pool in Indian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 173(1-3): 187-199.
• Chhabra, A., Palria, S. and Dadhwal, V.K. (2002). Spatial distribution of phytomasscarbon pool in Indian forests. Global Change Biology, 8(12): 1230-1239
• Chhabra, A., Palria, S. and Dadhwal, V.K. (2002). Growing stock based forest biomass estimate for Indian forests. Biomass and Bioenergy, 22(3): 187-194.
• Dadhwal, V.K. and Chhabra, A. (2002). Landuse/ landcover change in Indo-Gangetic plains: cropping pattern and agroecosystem carbon cycle. In: Abrol, Y.P., Sangwan, S., and Tiwari, M.K. (eds.), Landuse Change Historical Perspectives: Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plains, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., pp. 249-276.
“Coming Together is a Beginning
Keeping Together is Progress
Working Together is Success”
- Anonymous
““Coming Together is a BeginningComing Together is a Beginning
Keeping Together is ProgressKeeping Together is Progress
Working Together is SuccessWorking Together is Success””
-- AnonymousAnonymous