Cape Town Water Outlook 2018 Updated August 2018

City of Cape Town

1st reservoirsDemand

> supply

Demand

> supplyDemand

> supply

Demand

> supply

Demand

> supply

Steenbras

Steenbras

Wemmershoek

Steenbras

Voelvlei

TWK

Berg River

Upper

Steenbras

1834

1834: 36 free flowing fountains

1840: municipal responsibility for water supply

1881: first restrictions 4 to 3hrs/day

1889: District waterworks co. formed

1892: Table mountain dams construction started

1912: Water rationing to 12hrs/day

1913: Greater CT municipality

1916: Water rationing to 4hrs/day

1956: Promulgation of Water Act

1997: Local government restructuring

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Strand

Mitchells Plain

Atlantis

Khayelitsha

CBD

Century City

Belville

Athlone

ACCESS TO SERVICES

Piped water 99.8%

Electricity 97.3%

Telephone 93.5%

Adequate sanitation 94.3%

GDP/capita

Population ~4 million

Area ~2,500 km2

SA GDP/capita ~$6,000

Gini coefficient 0.61

Unemployment 22.7%

HOUSEHOLDS

Total ~1.1m

Informal ~250,000

Indigent ~270,000

< poverty line ~300,000

Cape Town’s water is part of an integrated surface water system

Cape Town gets its water from a system of dams that supply

agriculture and other urban areas. The current system is heavily

dependent on rainfall.

This complex system is managed by the national Department of

Water and Sanitation together with the City of Cape Town.

64% of water is allocated to Cape Town, about a third is used by

agriculture and 7% by other urban areas (smaller towns).

Theewaterskloof 53%

Voëlvlei 18%

Berg River 14%

Wemmershoek 7%

Steenbras Lower 4%

Steenbras Upper 4%

• Accountability tricky between 3

spheres of government;

• Procurement reform towards

empowerment;

• Legislation aimed to prevent

corruption rather than enable

development.

Water Supply

• Surface water - Dams currently over-allocated

– capacity ~900MCM, yield ~500MCM

• Current restrictions – allocations reduced

– current restricted allocation ~250MCM

• Alternative sources:

– Groundwater

• Table Mountain Group

• Cape Flats

– Re-use – triggered one temporary scheme

– Desalination – triggered three temporary schemes

• Not possible or affordable to build way out of a drought

Scenario 1: 100% success of WDM

Scenario 2: 50% success of WDM

Water Demand management

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

Jan

201

0

Jul

201

0

Jan

201

1

Jul

201

1

Jan

201

2

Jul

201

2

Jan

201

3

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201

3

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6

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7

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8

Total Daily Production Total Average Daily Production

• Communication

• Restrictions & Tariffs

• Water flow restriction

• Pressure management

Gross per capita use

• Summer 2014 - 300 lcd

• Summer 2015 - 250 lcd

• Summer 2016 - 225 lcd

• Summer 2018 - 150 lcd

• Now - 125 lcd

Water Demand management - Communication

• 4 million people

• Political environment

• Complexity

• Avenues

– Printed press

– Radio

– Media engagement

– Social media

– Citizen engagement

– Awareness & education

Water Demand management - Restrictions

• Progressively punitive tariffs – Ministerial

approval required

• Moving from 3 to 7 levels of restriction

• Steep increases in price

– 6kl free up to June 2017

– Introduced at R4/kl in July 2017

– Increased to R26/kl in Feb 2018

– Increased to R29/kl in July 2018

• Enforcement rules

R0

R2 000

R4 000

R6 000

R8 000

R10 000

R12 000

R14 000

R16 000

R18 000

R20 000

6,0 10,5 20,0 35,0 50,0

Mo

nth

ly h

ou

seh

old

wa

ter

bill

Monthly consumption in kilolitres

Level 6

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Water Demand management – Flow restrictors

• Leak repair programme ~190,000 of 268,000 households done

• All meter replacements use these restrictors, but not set

• In September 2017 took decision to install at households using >20kl/month

• ~60,000 installed to date

-

500,00

1 000,00

1 500,00

2 000,00

2 500,00

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

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22-o

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05-n

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19-n

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03-d

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17-d

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31-d

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28-ja

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11-f

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25-f

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11-m

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25-m

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08-a

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22-a

pr

06-m

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20-m

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03-ju

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17-ju

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01-ju

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15-ju

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29-ju

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WM

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Nu

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aven

tio

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ctio

ns No Water WMD notifications Cumulative Contravention actions

Water Demand management – Pressure reduction

• ~160 pressure management zones

• Currently managing 99 (15m/25m – mainly residential

• Savings ~70MLD

• Leak repair at household level

• Leak detection & repairs

• Pressure managed reticulation 4,800/10,600km

• High user meter issues

Water Demand Management

- Impact

IWA recognition for a 55% reduction in

water demand between 2015 – 2017

without resorting to intermittent supply

Towards Resilience

• Don’t lose lessons from the drought! Value water. Build better social cohesion & equity in access;

• Consider, plan and mitigate shocks (drought, tariff increase, localized flooding, storm surge, protest)and stresses (inward migration, informal settlements, poor hygiene and sanitation, sub-optimal institutions, aging infrastructure);

• Diversify supply – reduce reliance on rainfall, introduce redundancy;

• Maintain water conservation & demand management, support household resilience;

• Resolve better management of catchments requiring cooperation between all spheres of government;

• Price water appropriately;

• Water sensitive design – manage urban water cycle;

Inte

gra

ted

City W

ate

r Str

ate

gy

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2017

2016

2015

46.5%

31.0%

55.4%

84.1%

2018

2014

38.4%

60.3%

71%

97%

Hy

dro

log

ica

l y

ea

r

Sta

rt 1

No

v

1 Level 2 1 Jan ‘16

2 DWS 20% 16 Sep ‘16

3 Level 3 1 Nov ‘16

4 Level 3B 1 Feb ‘17

5 Level 4 1 Jun ‘17

6 Level 4B 1 Jul ‘17

7 Level 5 3 Sep ‘17

8 DWS 40/50% 28 Sep ‘17

9 DWS 45/60% 12 Dec ‘17

10 Level 6 1 Jan ‘18

11 Level 6B 1 Feb ‘18

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

64.4

%

DAM LEVEL 64.4% AS AT 29 AUGUST 2018