Cap40: overcoming barriers to trade in southern africa
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Transcript of Cap40: overcoming barriers to trade in southern africa
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Talitha Bertelsmann-Scott
Research Associate – South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
20 February 2013
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• Combined population of 273 million consumers • 9.8 million km2 surface area – roughly the same
as China or US • Dynamic growth area in time were West is
stagnating • From 2000-2010 GDP in the region grew by 45% • Mineral resource deposit significant with new
finds in Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi • Water rich countries like Lesotho, Zambia • South Africa dominates
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� In comparison to N and W-Africa, quite small � DRC and Madgascar has French connection
(Seychelles and Mauritius) � Physical Embassies throughout Southern Africa
with dedicated economic relations departments in South Africa, Mozambique and Angola
� Mozambique – • investment of around €1 million per annum with a total
stock of €9 million • 21 Companies with 10,000 employees in primary sectors,
services (Bureau Veritas, Sofreco), energy (Total), construction (Razel, Soletanche Bachy) and engineering (Alstom)
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� Angola – • Trade balance in favour of Angola: France
imports large amounts of oil and little else • Exports from France also largely for oil industry
and some household products • France third largest investor in Angola in
agriculture, services, pharmaceuticals and oil • French companies employ around 20,000
workers
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� South Africa • Largest and most diversified presence • France is ranked as the 9th largest investor in
South Africa, with • 203 French companies with 29 000 employees • investment value of €1,3bn
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� Low levels of trade • Africa accounts for <2.5% of world trade • Intra-Africa trade is low: only around 10-12% -
compared to EU of around 60% � Africa relies heavily on exports of
commodities • This reliance has led to debt crisis and poor income
distribution • Need diversified opportunities to trade, profit from
larger markets � 7 African countries in bottom ten most
restrictive trade regimes
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� Economic scene dominated by • Large companies – sustained and inclusive
growth, employment should come from SMME’s � Trading environment difficult for small operators
• South Africa – � Retail, another important growth and employment
sector is dominated by SA companies: Shoprite, Game, Woolworths change in operations
� Services: Banking – Standard Bank, Communications � Construction contracts predominantly
won by Chinese firms in recent years
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� Other success areas include SAB Miller, British American Tobacco, Distell, SAA
� South African dominance is such that even successful regional companies relocate to make use of value-chains, markets, distribution networks • Windhoek Lager
� Yet increasingly facing competition from Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC) nations
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� Since end of apartheid countries unified in Southern African Development Community (SADC)
� 15 Member States, but Madagascar suspended
� Why Regional Integration? • Overcome problem of small markets, political
fragmentation, huge cost of infrastructure development, policy lock-in effect
� Model integration on European Union example of linear integration • From free trade area to political union (?)
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� Free Trade Area – remove tariffs on significant amount of products between parties, maintain external tariffs (2012)
� Customs Union – remove internal border controls and only have one set of tariff codes for all countries (2015)
� Common Market – unified standards and practices, labour mobility(2016)
� Monetary Union – Common currency (2018) � Sovereignty ceded to regional authority at
each step
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� Currently excludes DRC, Angola, Seychelles and Madagascar
� 85% of tariffs were liberalised in 2008, moving closer to 95% coverage by end last year
� Number of exclusions remain � Advantages in import to South Africa –
markets where overlap like Tanzania and Kenya
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� Advantages in export where market share competes with East African produce
� In theory this should apply to Asian competitors but in general terms Asian countries hold price advantage despite tariff advantage
� SADC FTA progress in increasing trade but not enough to ensure movement of goods
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� Five countries in SADC belong to a customs union • South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and
Swaziland • Overhang from colonial times • South Africa collects customs revenue and
shares all between BLNS � Effectively development assistance � If expanded the BLNS are sure to lose out � Lesotho, Swaziland resource 50% of fiscal income
� Real agenda of SADC?
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� Realisitic within Southern and Eastern African context
� South Africa increasingly leaning towards postponing further integration in favour of another bigger FTA with East Africa • Tripartite FTA – as it will include all states in
COMESA and East African Community • 26 States = free trade from Cape Town to Cairo
� BUT it is not enough to bring tariffs down • Enforcement not effective without regional court
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� Poor infrastructure � Lengthy waiting times at borders � Corruption � Non Tariff Barriers – very difficult to
monitor and control � Insurance � Financing � Poor consumers � Dominance of South African retail stores
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� Many focus on trade facilitation in order to increase SADC trade
� Focus on reducing complexity and cost of trade transaction in order to increase efficiency, transparency and predictability of trade but to maintain government control where necessary
� It costs $5000-$8000 to ship a 20ft container from Durban to Lusaka but only $1,500 to ship from Japan to Durban
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� Only so much that can be achieved on policy level
� Trade facilitation next step towards increasing intra-regional trade
� Donors and governments have adopted a corridor approach towards trade facilitation
� North-South corridor – connecting Eastern states to Durban and Dar es Salaam Ports and develop Maputo
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North-‐South
Northern
Central
Nacala
Maputo
Beira Trans-‐Cunene
Namibe
Malanje
Trans-‐Caprivi
Lobito-‐Benguela
Dar es Salaam
Trans-‐Kalahari
Ethiopia -‐ Djibou?
Western Cluster
N-S Cluster
Eastern Cluster
EAC Cluster
Corridor Management Committees: Transport Corridors have their own management structures that are usually established through a MoU between the countries the corridor transits through. Efforts are being made to “cluster corridors and to manage the corridors in clusters.
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Corridors along the top Focus Areas and Corridor Layers
Click on a road section
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Click on a document
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OSBP – On-going work at Chirundu Border Post
Journey times on NSC typically 1/3 driving and 2/3 waiting. Most effective way to reduce costs is to reduce waiting times at borders. This can be done by converting to OSBP but need to address: physical facilities (common control zone with a fenced perimeter, common facilities – scanning, weighbridges and inspection bays); operations and training; and legal framework (extraterritorial jurisdiction).
Chirundu can be said to be now truly operating as a OSBP. Have been challenges (such as how to address transit fraud) but procedures now signed off so out-standing issues (signage, additional training, fibre across bridge, preparation of a performance charter and final modifications to buildings) can now be completed.
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Border Crossing Monitoring:
Have relat ively sophist icated border monitoring processes based on a GPS truck tracking system. The system tracks “queuing” times as well as border clearing times.
28 28
32 32 32
25
30
21 23
24
21 23
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
juil.-‐07 août-‐07 sept.-‐07 oct.-‐07 nov.-‐07 déc.-‐07
Avg hours to cross from Zimbabwe to Zambia
Avg hours to cross from Zambia to Zimbabwe
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36%
65%
Border Crossing Time reduced by >1/3
Nr of Vehicles increased by 2/3
Note: Before December 2009, average border crossing time was between 72 and 120 hours
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Note: Chirundu average border crossing time down to 25 hours in June 2012
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� Exisiting surveys from many organisations, including World Bank, but no accessible case studies
� Developed a list of barriers from exisiting work and validated against firm level interviews
� 50 Case studies in 10 countries (+Moz) � Initial findings show correlation but with
striking differences
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Customs RegulaGons
29%
CorrupGon 11%
Skilled Labour 13% Inefficient
Bureaucracy 11%
Infrastructure 27%
Access to Finance 9%
All
SAIIA
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Customs RegulaGons
CorrupGon
Skilled Labour
Inefficient Bureaucracy
Infrastructure
Access to Finance
SAIIA
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Customs Regulations
Corruption Skilled Labour Inefficient Bureaucracy
Infrastructure
South Africa
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
Swaziland
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Customs Regulations
Corruption Skilled Labour Inefficient Bureaucracy
Infrastructure Access to Finance
SACU
Non-SACU
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Customs Regulations
Corruption
Skilled Labour
Inefficient Bureaucracy
Infrastructure
Tax rates
Exchange rates/FOREX/Banking
Malawi
DRC
South Africa
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
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� Of the opinion that if corruption could be done away with, the other barriers would automatically resolve themselves
� Customs clearance – three advantages in DFZ • Special lane at border • Customs officials visit on site • Limited paper work due to duty exemption
� Infrastructure • Government has invested in ports in order to satisfy
demands/needs of oil and aluminum companies
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� Infrastructure • Don’t make much use of the roads • Ample electricity, water • Additional oil, gas and coal finds might
overburden existing ports � Banking
• Despite or perhaps due to large figures involved they’ve not had any difficulty in moving funds in or out of Mozambique
� Message – it pays to be big • Also evident from other case studies
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� Weighbridges most often mentioned as significant NTB • Readings differ, payment options limited, no security
for trucks • Roadblocks – unpredictable, have to plan ahead to
be corrupt � Labour market – permit system
• Mozambique very clear and efficient system • Other end of the scale – large sums but no pos result • Large companies rotate staff globally for skills
training, but very difficult in Southern Africa
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� E-platform – recent introduction in SA • Welcomed by Road Freight Association • E-platforms frequently mentioned as solution to
delays and corruption • BUT e-platform seems to have added to delays � Border officials still want to the paperwork � Infrastructure at borders problematic
� Paperwork for mixed consignment of fresh produce easily a foot deep
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� Size matter as larger companies can outsource logistics, customs clearance or appoint in-house expertise
� Hierarchy of stumbling blocs associated with development • Banking, access to forex important barriers in
DRC, Malawi not so in South Africa rest of SACU • Corruption headache for South Africans wanting
to do business in DRC, for DRC locals accepted as normal costs associated with doing business
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� For SACU companies, greater focus on efficiencies and predictability
� Infrastructure in Southern-SADC has improved dramatically, • only mentioned in context of physical border
infrastructure � North still lagging far behind and
weather dependent • Time to get goods across borders and to point of
sale varies from shipment to shipment
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� PS interesting position: beneficiary, implementor, driver, stumbling block
� Very limited engagement at the regional level
� National engagement as well as bilateral • Mixed results
� Exception is telecommunications that has effective tool in CRASA • Again, it pays to be big, telecom huge tax revenue
and profits, mutual benefit in engagement
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� SADC-wide business visa � More effective SADC e-platform that
gives regular updates on tariffs, excise and other developments
� SADC Rules of Origin certificates to become more easily obtainable
� Uniform regional weighbridge system and clearance
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� Where does it leave companies in SA wanting to trade with neighbouring states? • Western Cape well placed ito access to
Mozambique • Retail sourcing practices in local agriculture
beneficial • Growing middle-class in SADC means increased
wine sales • Cape Town Port industry missing out vis Maputo,
Dar es Salaam, Walvis Bay, Luanda
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� Small companies • Know the risks – waiting times, corruption, NTB’s • High risk, high reward? • Feed into value-chain of larger operators • Participate in regional forums for private sector • Read www.thetradebeat.com - research findings • Report NTB’s – www.tradebarriers.org • Subscribe to TMSA newsletter
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