Canada and World War 1Canada and World War 1

OutcomeOutcome

• GL4GL4 analyse the role played by WWI in shaping analyse the role played by WWI in shaping Canada’s identityCanada’s identity

• identify and describe Canada’s various military roles identify and describe Canada’s various military roles and contributions in WWIand contributions in WWI

• analyse the impact of the war on Canada’s evolution analyse the impact of the war on Canada’s evolution from colony to nationfrom colony to nation

• explain how the war was a catalyst for societal explain how the war was a catalyst for societal change (e.g., changing roles for women, minorities, change (e.g., changing roles for women, minorities, children, governments, and home front)children, governments, and home front)

• analyse some of the controversial decisions involving analyse some of the controversial decisions involving Canadians (e.g., internments, 1917 election, racist Canadians (e.g., internments, 1917 election, racist policies, and conscription)policies, and conscription)

Your mission: Complete the Your mission: Complete the organizer while we review organizer while we review

and discussand discuss

Why did Canada enter the Why did Canada enter the “War to End All Wars”?“War to End All Wars”?

• When England declared war in August 1914 When England declared war in August 1914 Canada was forced to enterCanada was forced to enter

• Regular force of 3110 men – unprepared for warRegular force of 3110 men – unprepared for war• Not questioned that Canada would help EnglandNot questioned that Canada would help England• December 1914 the first Canadian division of the December 1914 the first Canadian division of the

Canadian Expeditionary Force landed in France Canadian Expeditionary Force landed in France (PPCLI)(PPCLI)

• Newfoundland soldiers remained British Newfoundland soldiers remained British Expeditionary ForceExpeditionary Force

• French Canadians felt the war was not theirs but French Canadians felt the war was not theirs but was a British and European affairwas a British and European affair

Are you going? Are you going? What you know in 1914…What you know in 1914…

• Summer of tension building – knew Europe was Summer of tension building – knew Europe was beginning to feel tensions over land and economic beginning to feel tensions over land and economic conditionsconditions

• Germany painted as the aggressorGermany painted as the aggressor• Germany, Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire) Turkey Germany, Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire) Turkey

(Ottoman Empire) & Bulgaria v. England, France & (Ottoman Empire) & Bulgaria v. England, France & RussiaRussia

• Know of Schliffen Plan (German plan to win a Know of Schliffen Plan (German plan to win a European war introduced after the Franco Prussian European war introduced after the Franco Prussian incident)incident)

• Know of Belgium being worried they are between Know of Belgium being worried they are between France and Germany and are important in the planFrance and Germany and are important in the plan

• Know that unemployment is high and getting higher Know that unemployment is high and getting higher in Canadain Canada

Are you going? What you Are you going? What you see…see…

FYI…FYI…CentralCentral Involved Allied Involved Allied

PowersPowersMarginal Marginal InvolvementInvolvement

German Empire, German Empire, August 1914 - August 1914 - November 1918 November 1918 Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian Empire, August Empire, August 1914 - November 1914 - November 1918 1918 Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (Turkey) October (Turkey) October 1914 - October 1914 - October 1918 1918 Bulgaria, October Bulgaria, October 1915 - September 1915 - September 1918 1918

Serbia, 28 July 1914 - October 1915 (in Serbia, 28 July 1914 - October 1915 (in exile - November 1918) exile - November 1918) Russian Empire, 1 August 1914 - Russian Empire, 1 August 1914 - November 1917 November 1917 France, 3 August 1914 - November France, 3 August 1914 - November 1918 1918 Belgium, 4 August 1914 - November Belgium, 4 August 1914 - November 1918 1918 British Empire, 4 August 1914 - British Empire, 4 August 1914 - November 1918 November 1918 Includes Canada, Australia, New Includes Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and India Zealand, South Africa, and India Montenegro, 8 August 1914 - January Montenegro, 8 August 1914 - January 1916 (in exile - November 1918) 1916 (in exile - November 1918) Japan, 23 August 1914 - November Japan, 23 August 1914 - November 1917 1917 Italy, 23 May 1915 - November 1917 Italy, 23 May 1915 - November 1917 Portugal, 9 March 1916 - November Portugal, 9 March 1916 - November 1917 1917 Romania, 27 August 1916 - December Romania, 27 August 1916 - December 1917, November 1918) 1917, November 1918) United States: 6 April 1917 - November United States: 6 April 1917 - November 1917 1917 Brazil: 27 October 1917 - November Brazil: 27 October 1917 - November 1917 1917 Greece (National Defence faction only), Greece (National Defence faction only), November 1916 - July 1917 November 1916 - July 1917

Cuba, 8 April 1917 - Cuba, 8 April 1917 - November 1917 November 1917 Panama, 9 April 1917 - Panama, 9 April 1917 - November 1917 November 1917 Siam, 22 July 1917 - Siam, 22 July 1917 - November 1917 November 1917 Liberia, 4 August 1917 - Liberia, 4 August 1917 - November 1917 November 1917 China, 14 August 1914 - China, 14 August 1914 - November 1917 November 1917 Guatemala: 25 April 1918 - Guatemala: 25 April 1918 - November 1917 November 1917 Nicaragua: 7 May 1918 - Nicaragua: 7 May 1918 - November 1917 November 1917 Costa Rica: 25 May 1918 - Costa Rica: 25 May 1918 - November 1917 November 1917 Honduras: 19 July 1918 - Honduras: 19 July 1918 - November 1917 November 1917 Haiti: 25 July 1918 - Haiti: 25 July 1918 - November 1917 November 1917

Important BattlesImportant Battles

• Remember your Remember your Organizer…Organizer…

• VimyVimy

• SommeSomme

• PasschendaelePasschendaele

• YpresYpres

Vimy Ridge April 1917Vimy Ridge April 1917

• Considered the defining battle for Canadians Considered the defining battle for Canadians in the war – Made Canada known and feared in the war – Made Canada known and feared (“The machine guns didn’t bother the (“The machine guns didn’t bother the canucks. They just leaned into them like an canucks. They just leaned into them like an ol’ gale and went for the hun.”)ol’ gale and went for the hun.”)

• Canadian force told to capture the ridgeCanadian force told to capture the ridge• Previous French efforts had failed – 100,000 Previous French efforts had failed – 100,000

French dead or lostFrench dead or lost• Barrage enemy for over a week before the Barrage enemy for over a week before the

attack – this was supposed to destroy enemy attack – this was supposed to destroy enemy fortifications like wire and artillery piecesfortifications like wire and artillery pieces

Vimy Ridge April 1917Vimy Ridge April 1917

• 5:30 am 9 April 19175:30 am 9 April 1917• 15,000 Canadian infantry overrun German 15,000 Canadian infantry overrun German

machine guns and trenchesmachine guns and trenches• 3,598 Canadians were killed and another 7,000 3,598 Canadians were killed and another 7,000

woundedwounded• Many stories of bravery come from the battle Many stories of bravery come from the battle

and made the battle one of the more important and made the battle one of the more important defining elements of Canadian characterdefining elements of Canadian character

• After this battle the Germans were famous for After this battle the Germans were famous for saying - Anyone but the Canadians…saying - Anyone but the Canadians…

• Hill 152 was the highest point of the ridge and Hill 152 was the highest point of the ridge and had the most Canadian causalitieshad the most Canadian causalities

• Memorial opened in 1922 by surviving veterans Memorial opened in 1922 by surviving veterans and officially donated by the French to Canadaand officially donated by the French to Canada

The Somme 1916The Somme 1916

• Locked into Trench WarfareLocked into Trench Warfare• Joint attacks planned for 1916 on the Eastern, Joint attacks planned for 1916 on the Eastern,

Western and Italian fronts to break the stalemateWestern and Italian fronts to break the stalemate• The Somme chosen for joint French/British attack The Somme chosen for joint French/British attack

(British = Canada)(British = Canada)• German general jumped the gun and decided to German general jumped the gun and decided to

attack – whole point was to kill soldiers – their attack – whole point was to kill soldiers – their side had moreside had more

• February 21 1915 Germans began a 10 month February 21 1915 Germans began a 10 month barrage of British and French positions at Verdunbarrage of British and French positions at Verdun

The Somme 1916The Somme 1916

• When the battle was over Verdun was When the battle was over Verdun was German and 680,000 were dead or German and 680,000 were dead or missingmissing

• British were begged by French to do British were begged by French to do something and a new attack plan had the something and a new attack plan had the British and her empire/commonwealth British and her empire/commonwealth taking more heattaking more heat

• July 1, 1916 – November 18, 1916July 1, 1916 – November 18, 1916

The Somme 1916The Somme 1916

• The French and British agree to take different parts The French and British agree to take different parts of the German line at Beaumont Hamel to take back of the German line at Beaumont Hamel to take back the townthe town

• Allied barrage failed – the Germans hid undergroundAllied barrage failed – the Germans hid underground• Newfoundland Regiment - 233 killed and 477 Newfoundland Regiment - 233 killed and 477

wounded/missing in the first ½ hourwounded/missing in the first ½ hour• 37,000 British killed or missing in the first day37,000 British killed or missing in the first day• Canadians entered the battle in SeptemberCanadians entered the battle in September• Canadians captured village of CourcelletteCanadians captured village of Courcellette• Total gains – 13km, Total loss – 1.5 million combined Total gains – 13km, Total loss – 1.5 million combined

dead and missingdead and missing

The Somme 1916The Somme 1916

• First World War: Battle of the Somme - First World War: Battle of the Somme - Digital Archives - CBC PlayerDigital Archives - CBC Player

• Today in HistoryToday in History

• July 1 Newfoundland – Memorial DayJuly 1 Newfoundland – Memorial Day

Passchendaele 1917Passchendaele 1917

9 Victoria Crosses for Canada9 Victoria Crosses for Canada

• Instrumental in the battleInstrumental in the battle

• Capture German occupied Belgium ports by Capture German occupied Belgium ports by capturing heavily fortified ridges surrounding capturing heavily fortified ridges surrounding the port accessthe port access

• Launched from the only allied controlled piece Launched from the only allied controlled piece of Belgium – Ypres Salientof Belgium – Ypres Salient

• Canadian Plan – Step by Step – attack smaller Canadian Plan – Step by Step – attack smaller pieces of territory and slowly crush German pieces of territory and slowly crush German lineslines

Passchendaele 1917Passchendaele 1917

• Nothing remained of the salient – it was attacked and Nothing remained of the salient – it was attacked and pillaged concurrently through the warpillaged concurrently through the war

• October 17 1917 Canadians begin expanding October 17 1917 Canadians begin expanding transportation networks for the battle and realize the transportation networks for the battle and realize the horrid conditions of Ypres after 3 years of warhorrid conditions of Ypres after 3 years of war

• November 10 1917 battle is over with no real ground November 10 1917 battle is over with no real ground gained by either side.gained by either side.

• Canadian victory with the least amount of casualities Canadian victory with the least amount of casualities and more “useable” land including the highest points and more “useable” land including the highest points of hills and ridges, Germans still dug in the western of hills and ridges, Germans still dug in the western salient and hillsides.salient and hillsides.

• 4028 Canadian causalities 15,654 combined causalities4028 Canadian causalities 15,654 combined causalities

Passchendaele1917Passchendaele1917

• Original WW1 Battle Footage Original WW1 Battle Footage Passchendaele 1917 Pont des Arts – Passchendaele 1917 Pont des Arts – YouTubeYouTube

Ypres 1915 - 1917Ypres 1915 - 1917

• Canadians moved from quiet part of the line to Canadians moved from quiet part of the line to battle in 1915battle in 1915

• Lee Enfield Rifles – Canadian standard issues – Lee Enfield Rifles – Canadian standard issues – breaking, misfire when wet or dirty, not accuratebreaking, misfire when wet or dirty, not accurate

• Ypres Salient – became the name given to the Ypres Salient – became the name given to the piece of land outside the city surrounded by hillspiece of land outside the city surrounded by hills

• April 22, 1915 Germans attempted to remove April 22, 1915 Germans attempted to remove allied presence through the use of chlorine gasallied presence through the use of chlorine gas

• Left a 4 mile gap in the lineLeft a 4 mile gap in the line• Germans unprepared with men and equipment so Germans unprepared with men and equipment so

they could not take advantage of the breakthey could not take advantage of the break

Ypres 1915 - 1917Ypres 1915 - 1917

•Canadians filled in the gap overnightCanadians filled in the gap overnight•Germans attack again in May 1915 – Germans attack again in May 1915 –

this time ready to take advantage of this time ready to take advantage of breaks, the Canadians hold the linebreaks, the Canadians hold the line

• In less than 48 hours – 6035 In less than 48 hours – 6035 causalities with 2000 dead or missingcausalities with 2000 dead or missing

Ypres 1915-1917Ypres 1915-1917

• Canadian divisions moved in rotation Canadian divisions moved in rotation to the rear for rest after 2to the rear for rest after 2ndnd battle of battle of YpresYpres

• Went on to the Somme and VimyWent on to the Somme and Vimy

• Returned to Ypres in the battle of Returned to Ypres in the battle of PasschendaelePasschendaele

Ypres 1915-1917Ypres 1915-1917

• CBC Digital Archives - The First World War: CBC Digital Archives - The First World War: Canada Remembers - First World War: Gas! Canada Remembers - First World War: Gas! Gas! (Radio)Gas! (Radio)

• World War One - After the Battles of Ypres World War One - After the Battles of Ypres in France - YouTubein France - YouTube

Now do you go?Now do you go?

Next Class…Next Class…

• Keep the Home Fires Keep the Home Fires Burning - YouTubeBurning - YouTube

• Pack All Your Troubles Pack All Your Troubles (in your old kit bag) - (in your old kit bag) - YouTubeYouTube

• Nothing happens in a bubble…Nothing happens in a bubble…

• People at home needed to Keep the Fires People at home needed to Keep the Fires Burning and the soldiers needed to Pack Burning and the soldiers needed to Pack All your Troubles- Why is that?All your Troubles- Why is that?