Caesar Applied Grammar

Practice with subjunctives, sequence of tenses, purpose clauses, cum clauses, gerunds, gerundives, and passive periphrastics

Introduction to the Gallic Wars

Section One: The Divisions of Gaul

Exercise 1: Subjunctive Forms

Using the five verbs listed below from the Caesar Introduction to the Gallic War, circle the subjunctives in each list.o Pertineo, pertinēre, pertinui, pertentuso Incolo, incolere, incoluio Gero, gerere, gessi, gestumo Contendo, contendere, contendi, contentuso Specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus

1. pertineam pertinere pertinuit pertinuisse 2. incolere incolunt incoluit incolerent 3. gerit gerebat gererem gestum est 4. contendit contendisset contentus erat

contendent 5. spectarem spectas spectes spectatus esset

Exercise 2 For each subjunctive from Exercise 1, identify the

tense and tell what indicative verbs tenses it would accompany when used in a purpose clauseo Example

• Incoleret imperfect subjunctive used with perfect,• pluperfect, imperfect

Subjunctive verb tense used with 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Exercise 3: Gerunds Pick one of the five verbs and make the gerund. Write one simple sentence using that gerund in

each of the following cases: genitive, dative, accusative, ablative (it’s ok if the sentences are a bit awkward as long as they make sense)

Add an object for each and change the gerund to the gerundive form.

Example Caesar ascendit collem ad spectandum. (gerund

in the accusative) o Caesar climbed the hill to watch.

Caesar ascendit collen ad spectandos milites.(gerundive with object milites in accusative)

Caesar climbed the hill to watch the soldiers.

Exercise 4: Subjunctive Clauses

In English, write a purpose clause, a temporal cum clause, a causal cum clause, a concessive cum clause, and a circumstantial cum clause about this passage. Label each and tell what tense of subjunctive you think would be appropriate.

Exercise 5 Translate the subjunctive sentences below based

on the sentence you wrote as a class. Identify the type of clause, the tense of the subjunctive and the indicative, and the time sequence shown.

Book One Passage Two

Orgetorix persuades the Helvetians to expand

Exercise 1: Recognition of Subjunctives

For the verbs below, choose the subjunctive forms from each list.o Possum, posse, potui be able, cano Praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum surpass, excelo Divido, dividere, divisi, divisum divideo Arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum thinko Exeo, exire, exii, exitum go fortho Vagor, vagari, vagatus sum wander

1. possim possent potuit potest 2. praestarent praestitit praestisissent

praestat 3. dividat divideret divisa esset divisi simus 4. arbitrantur arbitrentur arbitrabantur

arbitrabuntur 5. exit exirent exissent exeunt 6. vagarentur vagatur vagabatur vagabitur

Exercise 2: Subjunctives in

Context Using the words from exercise 1, find each word in the passage and do the following.

1. write the word as it appears in the passage each time it appears

2. Tell whether it is subjunctive or indicative 3. give the tense and voice ( Watch out for

deponents) 4. If subjunctive, give the main verb and tell the

tense relationship.

Exercise 3: Gerunds Make the gerund for bellor, bellari, bellatus sum. Find the gerund in the passage. Identify its case and number Identify its usage

Exercise 4: application of clauses

Write in English about this passage:o 3 purpose clauseo 3 cum clauseso 1 gerund/gerundive in the accusativeo 1 gerund/gerundive in the genitiveo 2 passive periphrastics

Exercise 5 Based on the sentences written by the class,

translate the sentences below. Identify the types of subjunctives and uses of gerunds and gerundives.

Exercise 6: Gerunds, Gerundives, Passive Periphrastics

Translate each sentence and identify the case of the gerund or gerundive. Tell whether it is a gerund, gerundive, or passive periphrastic.

1. Orgetorix Caesari oppugnandus est. 2. Orgetorix cupivit exire suas terras ad bellandum. 3. Causā extendarum finium Orgetorix coniurationem

fecit. 4. Galli Caesari dividendi sunt. 5. Scribendo Caesar bellum in Galliā explicavit. 6. Helvetii praestiterunt Gallis demonstrandā virtute 7. Orgetorix coniurationem fecit ad exiendas angustas

terras suas. 8. Helvetii consilia ceperunt causā bellandi.

Presentational Writing Required structures: predicate nominative, direct

object, adjective modifying a noun, prepositional phrase, infinitive, and relative clause.

Write a LATIN paragraph including the required structures in which you give the following true information:o Who was Orgetorix?o Where did he live?o What did he want to do?o Why did he want to do these things?

Passage Three: A Tale of Two Rivals

Pullo and Vorenus

Recognition of Subjunctives

For each verb listed below from the passage, tell whether it is indicative or subjunctive. If it is subjunctive, tell the tense. Give the implied subject for each and state whether the subject would perform or receive the verb.

1. erant 2. appropinquarent 3. habebant 4. anteferretur 5. contendebant 6. pugnaretur 7. dubitas 8. iudicabit 9. dixisset 10. dant 11. defigitur 12 essent 13. posset 14. videretur

Practice with Gerunds and Gerundives

Locate all gerunds and gerundives in the passage, tell the case and function and whether it is a gerund or a gerundive.

1. Cum Pullo et Vorenus plurimos hostes interfecissent, ad munitiones revenerunt.

2. Vorenus cum inimicus esset Pulloi, vitam Pullonis servavit.

3. Cum Pullo eum incitavisset, Vorenus ad pugnam maturavit.

5. Pullo persuasit Voreno ut excederet e munitionibus.

6. Romani mandati erant ut hostes oppugnarent.

Application: Translate, identify the subjunctive, and type of clause

Writing Relative Clauses

1. Pullo and Vorenus who were very brave men competed in rank.

2. Pullo whose scabbard was turned could not draw his sword.

3. Vorenus whom Pullo mocked saved him. 4. When Vorenus who was trying to save Pullo attacked

the enemy, he was in great danger. 5. Pullo for whom there was a great desire to surpass

Vorenus jumped into the enemy. 6. The javelin which has pierced the shield impeded

Pullo. 7. Pullo and Vorenus who were enemies proved their

loyalty to Rome by saving each other.

8. Pullo and Vorenus for whom there was great competition united to defeat the enemy.

9. Caesar praised Pullo and Vorenus who had shown great bravery and loyalty against the enemy.

10. Pullo and Vorenus who were enemies were also comrades.

Presentational Writing Required structures: predicate nominative, direct

object, adjective modifying a noun, prepositional phrase, infinitive, and relative clause.

Write a LATIN paragraph including the required structures in which you give the following true information:o Who were Pullo and Vorenus?o What was it necessary for them to do?o How did they help each other?o What was the outcome of their competition?

Passage Four: The Battle with the

Nervi

…His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt.

Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant

Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset

Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur.

Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus

copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant

Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant.

Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt.

Cum se illi identidem in silvis ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones VI quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra munire coeperunt.

Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt.

His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibus nostris] hostes viderentur.

Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi; acies instruenda; milites cohortandi; signum dandum.

Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat.

His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat

. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit.

Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit.

Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit.

Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit.

Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret.

Identifying Structures Identify the grammatical structure of each

word/phrase below. If it is subjunctive, tell the type of clause. If it is used in a cum clause, tell how to translate cum. If it is a gerund/gerundive, first identify which it is, then the case, reason, object for gerundives, dative of agent for passive periphrastics. Use the charts provided

1. impediretur 2. omittendum (esse)

Subjunctives Word type of clause translation of cum 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Subjunctives Word type of clause translation of

cum 7. 8. 9. 10. 11

Gerunds/gerundives Word gerund/gerundive case reason object

agent 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Word gerund/gerundive case reason object agent

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Gerunds/gerundives in writing

Write the correct form of the gerund or gerundive for each sentence below. Then translate the sentence. I have given you the infinitive for the gerund/gerundive.

1. Nervi consilium ceperunt ad ______________ Caesarem. (oppugnare)

2. Caesar petivit optimum locum _________________.

(pugnare) 3. Nervi in silvas intrant ___________ causā.

(latēre) 4. Caesar duas legiones qui conscripta erant

proxime designat ad _______________________ impedimenta ( protegere)

5. Equites proelium commiserunt ________________flumine. ( transire)

6. Legiones VI lecti erant causā _________ castra (munire)

7. Hostes proelium coeperunt _____________ impedimentis. ( oppugnare)

8. Caesari exercitus ____________ sunt. (servare) 9. Milites _____________ sunt Caesari. ( cohortari) 10. Caesar multum tempus dederat exercitui

(parare).

Presentational Writing Required structures: predicate nominative, direct

object, adjective modifying a noun, prepositional phrase, infinitive, and relative clause.

Write a LATIN paragraph including the required structures in which you give the following true information:

o Who was Caesar fighing?o What must Caesar do?o What helped Caesar against the enemy?o What did Caesar do during the battle?

Vocabulary for Batttle against the Nervii

…His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt.

Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant

Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset

Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur.

Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus

copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant

Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant.

Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt.

Cum se illi identidem in silvis ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones VI quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra munire coeperunt.

Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt.

His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibus nostris] hostes viderentur.

Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi; acies instruenda; milites cohortandi; signum dandum.

Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat.

His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat

. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit.

Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit.

Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit.

Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit.

Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret.