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Six Months Industrial Training

At

CAD VISION CENTRESAKCHI, JAMSHEDPUR

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the 8th semester curriculum degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

of

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

Under the Guidance of :- Submitted By :-Mr. Majid Khan Subham Kumar

Uni. Regd. No. 100301129824Inst. Roll No. 5077/10

Submitted To :-Mr. Sumit SachdevaSr. Lecturer (M.E.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GURU TEG BAHADUR KHALSA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CHHAPIANWALI (MALOUT)

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Acknowledgement

With deep sense of gratitude, I Would like to take this opportunity to thank my Training

Co-ordinator Mr. Majid Khan (Trainer), Cad Vision Centre, Sakchi,

Jamshedpur who gave his best support & co-ordination during my summer training.

His involvement & unstinted support always gives his the confidence to do my work.

Without His guidance this project report would not have seen the light of the day.

I am also very thankful to Mr. Navdeep Kumar (H.O.D.) Mechanical

Engineering, G.T.B.K.I.E.T., Chhapianwali (Malout) for their kind co-

opration to complete this report. I would like to thank the people who took their time to

help me to complete this project. I would like thanking my friends who were of immense

help to me.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents who were a source of support

throughout the making of the report.

Thanks

Subham Kumar

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TRAINING SCHEDULE

Company Name :- Cad Vision Centre, Sakchi, Jamshedpur

Timing : 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

First Month - Institute & Courses Information

Second Month - Autocad Information

Third Month - Coordinate System

Fourth Month - Objects of Autocad

Fifth Month - Blocks, Window, Layers

Sixth Month - Arrays

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No.

1.1 Logo of Cad Vision Centre 1

1.2 Cad Vision Centre 1

1.3 Classes 2

2.1 Cad / Cam Technology 8

2.2 General Procedure 10

2.3 3-D Model 16

3.1 Autocad 17

3.2 Polar Coordinate System 18

3.3 Object Snaps 21

4.1 Autocad 22

4.2 Autocad Symbols 23

4.3 Lines 25

5.1 Blocks Working 34

6.1 Autodesk 35

8.1 Object Layers 38

8.2 Objects Copying 39

9.1 Array Command 41

9.2 Array 42

10.1 Move Command 43

10.2 Rotating Command 43

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement iii

Training Schedule iv

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

Chapter No. Nomenclature Page No.

CHAPTER-1

1.1 CAD VISION CENTRE 1-6

1.2 PROFILE

1.3 Placement Cell:

1.4 Alumini Cell:

1.5 Facilities

1.6 Computer Lab:

1.7 Library:

1.8 Student Activities:

1.9 Institute-Industries Tie-Up:

1.10 ENGINEERING SERVICES

1.11 CLIENTS of CAD VISION CENTER

CHAPTER-2 7-16

2.1 SCOPE OF CAD/CAM/CAE

2.2 WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE

2.3 Geometric modeling

2.4 Engineering Analysis

2.5 Simulation

2.6 Drafting

2.7 Need analysis

2.8 Specification and requirement

2.9 Feasibility study

2.10 Creative design syntesis

2.11 Preliminary design & devolopement

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2.12 Detalied design

2.13 Prototype building &testing

2.14 Design for production

2.15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM

2.15.1 CAD tools required to support

2.16 THE CAD/CAM MARKET TRENDS

CHAPTER-3 17-213.1 WORKING WITH COORDINATE SYSTEMS3.2 ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE COORDINATE

3.3 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

3.4 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS

3.6 SNAPING TO POINTS ON OBJECTS

CHAPTER-4 22-334.1 CREATING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD4.2 LINE

4.3 POLYLINE

4.4 MULTILINE

4.5 Creating Multiline Styles

4.6 POLYGON

4.7 SKETCH

4.8 RECTANGLE

4.9 CIRCLE

4.10 ARC

4.11 SPLINE

4.12 ELLIPSE

4.13 DONUT

4.14 POINT

4.15 HATCHING AREAS

4.16 TEXT

4.17 MULTILINE TEXT

CHAPTER-5 34

5.1 WORKING WITH BLOCKS

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CHAPTER-6 35-366.1 EDITING METHODS6.1.2 EDITING WITH GRIPS

CHAPTER-7 37

7.1 USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW

CHAPTER-8 38-40

8.1 EDITING LAYERS

8.2 MATCHING PROPERTIES

8.3 COPYING THE OBJECTS

8.4 OFFSETTING THE OBJECTS

8.5 MIRRORING THE OBJECTS

CHAPTER-9 41-42

9.1 ARRYING OBJECTS

CHAPTER-10 43-45

10.1 MOVING THE OBJECTS

10.2 ROTATING OBJECTS

10.3 ALIGNING THE OBJECTS

10.4 ERASING THE OBJECTS

10.5 STRETCHING THE OBJECTS

10.5 Moving by Stretching:

CHAPTER-11 46

11.1 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-12 47

12.1 REFERENCES

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CHAPTER-1

1.1 CAD VISION CENTRE

Fig. 1.1 : Logo of Cad Vision Centre

We are Jamshedpur based young and professionally managed organization equipped with

state-of-art infrastructure to serve the best in the field of CAD. We always try to share the

problem and come up with the solution which add few values in young growth process.

We are sincerely involved in computer aided Digitizing, Designing & Development

works and 100% focused on Mechanical, Structural, Civil, Electrical & Training

activities.

Fig. 1.2 : Cad Vision Centre

CAD VISION CENTER, is situated in the heart of Jamshedpur Ambagan, Sakchi. The

office has a space of 900sq.ft. It has 18 Nos. Computer since its inception with a plotter

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for printing A1 size. This institute has got its own legal software 2009. We have been

imparting training to students in a batch. In the field of auto cad training which is an

unique feature and we stand as a leading training institute in the state of Jharkhand.

In present era of modernization and volatile market situation, one must need a helping

hand to support & to become a market leader. In today’s competitive market, only new

ideas, innovation, quality works, time frame and cost effectiveness in every possible way

can make all the difference.

We strongly believe that only a well-focused & qualified team can fulfill the need of

training. We are running Computer-Aided-Design training program for students and

working people on full time or part time basis by sound, qualified and experienced

engineers. We also offer corporate level training program to upgrade their skills. We are

the only company in Jamshedpur who are 100% dedicated to CAD related activities.

Fig. 1.3 : Classes

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1.2 PROFILE

Our Commitment to Excellence in providing our customers with extremely accurate,

reliable and high performance products.

(Design & Drawing) and services is the key to our success and will be underlying tenet in

all our endeavors. Innovative systems, experience and highly motivated Specialists

designers & draughtsmen ensure cost-effective, on-time solutions that maximize

customer satisfaction and the value provided.

The Institute in its academic curriculum imparts certificate courses in following fields.

S.No. Courses Offered Duration

1 Mech. Drafting With Cad 6 Months

2 Civil Drafting With Cad 6 Months

3 Auto cad only 6 Months

4 3ds max 3 Months

5 Mech. + Civil 9 Months

6 Mech.Drafting only 6 Months

7 Civil Drafting only 6 Months

8 Mech. + Civil Drafting 6 Months

To provide the students with a still sharper edge in the employement segment, the

institute provide students with extensive instructions and practice facility on computer

with the aid of Models like piping circuit, steel building, frame structure building,

assembly of machine equipments, measuring instruments etc.

1.3 Placement Cell:

The Institute has a solemn Placement Cell which maintains close liaison with a large

number of Industries with a view to provide placement services to the students. A number

of students have been absorbed in reputed companies like TATA MOTORS,

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MULTICOLOR Ltd., VASTU VIHAR, SANDHU TECHNOCRATS Pvt. Ltd.,

TAURAS FLEXIBLES Pvt. Ltd. etc in INDIA. Many of our students are employed in

abroad also.

1.4 Alumini Cell:

An Alumini cell has been formed by the EX-Students of CVC with the prudent help and

support from the current students and faculties. The main aim is to stay together in a

amalgamated fashion and mutually help each other under all tryingcircumtance likewise

finding and improving courses jobs.

1.5 Facilities

We provide the following facilities to the students.

1.6 Computer Lab:

The Institiute has a well equipped Advanced Computer Lab with all Modern

Infrastructures consisting eighteen(18) computers with latest configurations.

1.7 Library:

The Institute has a well furnished library having sufficient number of titles on all relevant

courses. The students also have access to important news papers in English, Hindi and

Urdu and national and international level periodicals in the field of Design, Drawing and

Drafting.

1.8 Student Activities:

Apart from the academic curriculum the students are also encouraged to participate in the

field of extracurricular activities. The students actively participate in cultural programme

and shows like speech, debate, elocution, extempore, essay writing, singing(Solo and

Duet), one act play etc.

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1.9 Institute-Industries Tie-Up:

The unique feature of the institute is tie-up with Industries to impart technical training to

their employees at CVC as per their. It has already signed a MOU with Jamipol, Sandhu

Technocrates, Tauras Flexibles etc for this purpose.

The Institute is also registered with many reputed industries like TATA MOTORS,

TATA RYERSON, BOC, TINPALTE, VOLTAS LTD, etc. for their Design and

Drawing.

These design and drawings are completed by our students with the careful guidence of

the experts in relative fields. Thus the students are exposed to live project from the

Industries.

1.10 ENGINEERING SERVICES

Engineering design and drawing (Mech., Piping, Civil, Electrical)

Structural detailing and drawing for both steel and RCC

Co-ordination drawings.

Solid modeling and design customization.

Reverse Engineering.

2D and 3D Plant Modeling.

Bill of Materials Generation.

1.11 CLIENTS of CAD VISION CENTER

>>> Tinplate Co. of India Ltd.

>>> Tata Motors (HV Axles Ltd.)

>>> Tata Ryerson Ltd.

>>> Voltas Limited

>>> Indian Steel & Wire Products

>>> B.O.C. India Ltd.

>>> Taurus Flexibles Pvt. Ltd.

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>>> Master Engineering

>>> Tube Computec Pvt. Ltd.

>>> Cordoba Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

>>> Sumit Enterprises

>>> Ama Seats

>>> Sandhu Technocrats

>>> General Enterprises

>>> Reliant Enterprises

>>> Apex Sales

>>> MR Alloys

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CHAPTER-2

2.1 SCOPE OF CAD/CAM/CAE

Integrated CAD/CAM/CAE Softwares like Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS & CATIA help

manufacturers optimize product concept early in Design process, enabling them to

significantly improve product quality, while reducing product development time and cost

Moreover people having 3D CAD/CAM/CAE knowledge have better chances of growth,

immediate employability after completion of course, graduation and chances of jobs

abroad.

As the market economy opens more and more it has become extremely competitive and

with this state of economy, skilled people play the most important role in organization.

Hence it becomes imperative on the part of top Tool Room Training centers and Engg.

Colleges to especially look for new initiatives towards improving the skills and

knowledge of students.

An emerging trend of Engg. Education in Tool Room and the world is the rapid

incrementation of CAD/CAM/CAE software as an essential part of curriculum.

The primary reasons for this trend are enumerated as follows:

Rapid shift from manual Design and Production system of Engg. Industry to highly

productive quality and cost effective CAD/CAM/CAE system. In fact most of Tool

and Die, Automotive, Heavy Engg., Industrial Equipment industry etc. in India and

the World are totally working on CAD/CAM/CAE equipment. In continuation in

above points many of companies as recruiters are looking at CAD/CAM/CAE

knowledge as part of essential profile of recruiting students.

Knowledge of CAD/CAM/CAE system shall be an added weapon for students

seeking admission to post graduate M.S. courses and jobs abroad.

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These CAD/CAM/CAE systems shall prove to be an excellent tool for Industry,

Research setup for Professors and Academically Bent Students. The question, Which

are the industries that need more skilled man power and what for these segments skill

sets are available, such of these segments are:

Tool Room Process M/C Heavy Engg. Industries

M/C Tool Defence

Automobile Auto Ancillaries

2.2 WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE TECHNOLOGY

Essentially design is a decision making process where the discretion and knowledge of

the designer play a great role. While man still finally controls decision-making, the

computer has served to ease the designer’s task.

Fig. 2.1 : CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY

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MASTER MODELER

CAD CAM CAE

TOOL PATH GENERATION

SIMULATION

SHEET METAL DESIGN

MOLD DESIGN

PIPE DESIGN

STATIC ANALYSIS(WHEN BODY IS IN STATE OF REST)

KINEMATICS ANALYSIS(WHEN BODY IS IN STATE OF MOTION)

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2.3 Geometric modeling

Design involves the development of the shape and dimensions of a component. During

designing several factors are to be considered simultaneously. Some of them are stress

requirements, method of manufacture. Geometric modeling is the first step in CAD. A

geometric model is created on the screen using different techniques. Once creating this

model can be easily altered in geometry and configuration to yield a satisfactory shape.

The next step is deciding on the exact dimensions. The results of geometric modeling will

further be use by CAM in the preparation of NC tapes for the component.

2.4 Engineering Analysis

The most important function of CAD is engineering analysis. Engineering analysis

basically involves deciding the exact dimensions of the component. These values have to

be arrived at by analyzing the component in terms of the loads it has to withstand in

function. CAD provides sophisticated method like the finite element technique.

Unsatisfactory design may require several iteration of the whole process. The computer

scores over the human in its capabilities of rapid information retrieval, numerical

processing and repeating a process without fatigue.

2.5 Simulation

Simulation, in the CAD/CAM context, means duplicating on the video screen a replica of

the actual physical situation the designed component is likely to be in. for instance, an

aeroplane will be subjected to wind loads. In the conventional method, the aeroplane will

be tested in a wind tunnel using a prototype. This is an expensive and inflexible process,

expensive because of the physical construction of the wind tunnel and the prototype,

inflexible because it may not be possible to test various sizes and shape under a set of test

condition. Computer simulation gets rid of both these limitations. It involves the testing

of a graphic model whose size and shape can be varied at will. Computer simulation does

not completely do away with prototype testing. A near perfect shape can be determined

using simulation, which can later be tested with a prototype under test conditions.

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2.6 Drafting

The logical step would be to produce a drawing of the component. A drawing is

dispensable for the production of the component. Not only the components designed by

engineering analysis, but also complex layouts, assemblies can be created interactively

and plotted in about one tenth of the normal time. Automated drafting has resulted in

enormous productivity gains in terms of time, labour and expenses.

System Design Cycle (Conventional Design cycle)

For solving any design problem or engineering problem, the general procedure may be

followed.

Fig. 2.2 : General Procedure

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RECOGNITION OF A NEED

SPECIFICATION ANDREQUIREMENTS

FEASIBILITY STUDY

CREATIVE DESIGN SYNTHESIS

PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DEVELOPEMENT

DETAILED DESIGN

PROTOTYPE BUILDING AND TESTING

DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION

PRODUCT RELEASE

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2.7 Need analysis

This aspect of design can have its origin in many numbers of sources. Customer reports

on the product function and quality may force a redesign. The starting point of a design

project is a hypothetical need which may have been observed in socio-economic scene.

The need may be existing or may not yet exist, but the evidence may be existing that the

need is latent. The following points will help at this stage:

1. Study the nature of the need.

2. Establish the need reasonably well to the extent possible.

3. Make primitive statement of need.

4. Do reconnaissance study with respect to qualitative and quantitative

aspects.

2.8 Specification and requirement

Once a need has been established, its requirements must be carefully spelled out. Very

often the specifications are stated in such general terms as to indicate that the consumer

has only a vague idea of what he wants. In these requirements design and performance

requirements are carefully stated. Also, the specifications are prepared keeping in mind

the production competence and capability of the company.

2.9 Feasibility study

Once the problem’s need has been established and the specifications have been prepared,

accepted and submitted, the feasibility study is done. The purpose of this study is to

check the possibility of success or failure of the purposed project both from technical and

economic standpoint. In this study, various questions are to be answered.

1. Is any natural law being defied?

2. Are some of the specifications beyond what is technically available at

present?

3. Is there any dependence on source materials?

4. Will the cost of the end product be too high?

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The persons doing the feasibility study will be the engineers with strong design

background, knowledge of engineering science, a good knowledge of material usage,

knowledge of production methods and requirements of the sales department.

2.10 Creative design syntesis

Once the feasibility of the design is established, the creative design synthesis has to be

done. Here, the designer can act as engineer, inventor, artist all in one, because now he is

called upon to create.

The quantities of the new design will be:

1. The quality of newness or uniqueness.

2. Things, which are either useful or appreciated, are called creative. Creative

things are sometimes either purposeful or beautiful or both.

3. The third quality in the design solution will be that it will have simplicity. A

solution having the qualities of newness and useful or appreciated but complex

would not be known as a creative solution.

2.11 Preliminary design & devolopement

After the process of creativity design is complete, there will be one or more possible

designs that satisfy the given set of specifications and requirements. It then becomes

necessary to decide which of the solutions to choose for the preliminary design and

development stage. Note, this stage is primarily concerned with checking the validity of

the functional and overall size requirements of the specifications.

The stages of the preliminary design can be summarized as below:

1. Selection of the most useful solution from the several suggested solutions.

2. Formulation of useful model preferably mathematical for this selected

solution.

3. Analysis of this model.

4. Prediction of performance.

5. Preparing layout of the selected solution, making a check for its function.

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2.12 Detalied design

Many designers often miss many of the activities of the detailed design phase of the

design process, particularly for smaller jobs, because so much of the detailing in the sense

of component design is already done in the preliminary design phase. This phase of the

design work consists of two major activities:

(1) Detailing the parts, component and their assembly.

(2) Going into sufficient details of manufacture in implementing the design.

The second phase as indicated earlier requires a good knowledge of manufacturing

process. The method of manufacturing should be such that the following are avoided.

(1) Heavy weight of material

(2) Reclamping of work

(3) Special purpose tools

(4) Finishing operations

2.13 Prototype building &testing

After completing all the details, the sub-assemblies and assembly drawings including the

materials and parts list, the completed design is sent to the prototype or model shop for

fabrication. At this juncture the parts are fabricated, commercial components are

purchased, and the machine or system, after having been assembled, is ready for

evolution and testing. This testing can help in:

1. Producing acceptable performance

2. To generate new design information

3. To develop improved design concepts

4. To increase validity of the results.

2.14 Design for production

In addition to being functionally sound, a product must have sales appeal and must be

competitive in price. In order for a product to be made economically, it must be designed

so that the most appropriate material and processes will be utilized. This is called “

design for production”. For large scale manufacturing, any of these processes may be

more economical than individual part machining.

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2.15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM SOFTWARE

01. INTEGRATED CAD/CAM SYSTEM - Pro/engineer, I-DEAS CATIA,

UNIGRAPHICS are integrated CAD/CAM system. We can do design/ analysis/

generation of tool path in same environment.

02. Point/Standalone solution- Softwares, which give only one solution out of

DESIGN, MANUFACTURING & ANALYSIS are called point solution

software. Like AUTO-CAD gives only drafting solution, master cam gives

manufacturing solution& ANSYS, NASTRAN, ADAMS, ABAQUS gives only

analysis solution.

2.15.1 CAD tools required to support the design process

Design phase Required CAD tools

Design Conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques; graphic

aids, manipulations, and visualization

Design modeling and simulation same as above;animation; assemblies

Special modeling packages

Design analysis analysis packages; customized programs

And packages

Design optimization Customized application; structural

Optimizations

Dsign evaluation Dimensioning erances; bill of materials;

NC

Design communication and documantation drafting and detailing; shaded images

Table 1.1 : CAD TOOLS

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2.16 THE CAD/CAM MARKET TRENDS

The Cad/Cam market has always been in a state of flux since it began. The emergence of

microcomputer and engineering workstation have contributed to the decline in price

which make CAD/CAM systems more affordable by small businesses. In current dollars

the average yearly growth is 21 percent per year. Growth is expected to decline over the

seven-year in 1985 to 17 percent per year in1992.

Traditional turnkey systems will continue to be soled but not at the rate seen in the past .

these will be aimed at the project group which works together’at the drafting and drawing

archival environment, and the other where shering a system does not sereuesly impeded

the productivity of coworkers.Turnkey system will continue to offer high level of

software and peripheral capability and can be equipped with the same types of software

tools and graphics terminals as their stand alone workstation counter parts.

The relative ranking of top three industries are expected to be system vary.the fastest

growth is seen in construction,electronics , and chemicals market sagment . the rapid

growth in construction is due to the combination of a relatively small installed base and

the development of CAD/CAM technology to a point where construction can

productively use it on a large scale.

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Why industries switch towards 3-d technology

Fig. 2.3 : Because 3-d model is centreled to all the activities pertaining to analysis,manufacturing,product concept& customer requirements.

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CHAPTER-33.1 WORKING WITH COORDINATE SYSTEMS

3.2 ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEMS

To enter an absolute X, Y coordinate, specify a point by entering its X and Y values in

the format X,Y. Use absolute X,Y coordinates when you know the precise X and Y

values of the location of the point.

For example, to draw a line beginning at an X value of –2 and a Y value of 1, make the

following entries on the command line:

Command: line

From point: –2,1

To point: 3,4

AutoCAD locates the line as follows:

Fig. 3.1 : Autocad

Use relative X, Y coordinates when you know the position of a point in relation to the

previous point. For example, to locate a point relative to –2,1, precede the next coordinate

with the @ symbol:

Command: line

From point: –2,1

To point: @5,3

This is the equivalent of entering the absolute coordinate 3,4.

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3.3 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes: X, Y, and Z. When you enter coordinate

values, you indicate a point's distance (in units) and its direction (+ or –) along the X, Y,

and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0) or relative to the previous

point. Usually, when you begin a new drawing in AutoCAD®, you are automatically in

the world coordinate system (WCS); the X-axis is horizontal, the Y-axis is vertical, and

the Z-axis is perpendicular to the XY plane.

3.4 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Polar coordinate systems use a distance and an angle to locate a point. When you enter

polar coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance from the origin or from the

previous point and its angle along the XY plane of the current coordinate system.

Fig. 3.2 : Polar Coordinate SystemsTo enter a polar coordinate, enter a distance and an angle, separated by an angle bracket

(<). For example, to specify a point at a distance of 1 unit from the previous point and at

an angle of 45 degrees, enter @1<45.

By default, angles increase in the counterclockwise and decrease in the clockwise

direction. To move clockwise, enter a negative value for the angle. For example, entering

1<–45 is the same as entering 1<315. You can change the angle direction and set the base

angle on the Units Control dialog box. See "Setting Drawing Units."

The following example shows a line drawn with polar coordinates.

Command: line

From point: 0,0

To point: 4<120

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To point: 5<30

To point: @3<45

To point: @5<285

To point: Press ENTER to exit the command

3.6 SNAPING TO POINTS ON OBJECTS

During drawing commands, you can snap the cursor to points on objects such as

endpoints, midpoints, centers, and intersections. For example, you can turn on object

snaps and quickly draw a line to the center of a circle, the midpoint of a polyline

segment, or the apparent intersection of two lines.

You turn on object snaps in one of two ways:

Single point (or override) object snaps: Sets an object snap for one use.

Running object snaps: Sets object snaps until you turn them off.

To snap to a point on an object

1 Start a command requiring you to specify a point (for example, ARC, CIRCLE,

COPY, LINE or MOVE).

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2 When the command prompts you to specify a point, choose an object snap using

one of the following methods:

Click a toolbar button on the Standard toolbar Object Snap flyout or on the Object

Snap toolbar.

Press SHIFT and right-click in the drawing area, and choose an object snap from

the shortcut menu.

Enter an object snap abbreviation on the command line.

3 Move your cursor over the snap location and click.

After you click to the snap point, the object snap clears. If you select any point other than

the object snap point, AutoCAD displays an invalid point message.

In addition to single-point object snaps, you can turn on running object snaps. Running

object snaps stay on until you turn them off. You can also turn on more than one running

object snap at a time.

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Fig. 3.3 : Object Snaps

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CHAPTER-44.1 CREATING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD

4.2 LINE

A line can be one segment or a series of connected segments, but each segment is a

separate line object. Use lines if you want to edit individual segments. If you need to

draw a series of line segments as a single object, use a polyline. You can close a sequence

of lines so that the first and last segments join to form a closed loop.

To draw a line

1 From the Draw menu, choose Line.

2 Specify the start point (1).

3 Specify the endpoint (2).

4 Specify the endpoints of the next segments (3, 4, 5, 6).

5 Press ENTER to complete the line.

Fig. 4.1 : Autocad

4.3 POLYLINE

A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segments created as a single object. Use

polylines if you want to edit all segments at once, although you can also edit them singly.

You can set the width of individual segments, make segments taper, and close the

polyline. When you draw arc segments, the first point of the arc is the endpoint of the

previous segment. You can specify the angle, center point, direction, or radius of the arc.

You can also complete the arc by specifying a second point and an endpoint.

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Fig. 4.2 : Autocad SymbolsPolylines with arc segments

In the next example, you draw a polyline line segment, continue with an arc segment, and

then draw another line segment in a tangential direction.

To draw a line and arc combination polyline

First draw the line segment.

1 From the Draw menu, choose Polyline.

2 Specify the start point of the line segment (1).

3 Specify the endpoint of the line segment (2).

4 Enter a to switch to Arc mode.

5 Specify the endpoint of the arc (3).

6 Enter l to return to Line mode.

7 Enter the distance and angle of the line in relation to the endpoint of the arc. You

can enter these relative values in the form @distance<angle.

8 Press ENTER to end the polyline.

After you've created a polyline, you can edit it with PEDIT or use EXPLODE to convert

it to individual line and arc segments. When you explode a wide polyline, the line width

reverts to 0 and the resulting line segments are positioned along the center of what was

the wide polyline.

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4.4 MULTILINE

Multilines consist of between 1 and 16 parallel lines, called elements. You position the

elements by specifying the desired offset of each element from the origin of the multiline.

You can create and save multiline styles or use the default style, which has two elements.

You can set the color and linetype of each element and display or hide the joints of the

multiline. Joints are lines that appear at each vertex. There are several types of end caps

you can give the multiline, for example, lines or arcs.

Fig. 4.2 : MultilineExamples of multilines

4.5 Creating Multiline Styles

To create a multiline style

1 From the Format menu, choose Multiline Style.

2 In the Multiline Styles dialog box, enter a name and description for the style.

Descriptions are optional and can be up to 255 characters, including spaces.

3 To create a multiline style, choose Add.

4 To add elements to the style or to modify existing elements, choose Element

Properties.

5 In the Element Properties dialog box, highlight the element in the list, and then

make changes to Offset, Color, and Linetype.

6 To add an element, choose Add, and then make changes to Offset, Color, and

Linetype. Choose OK.

The offset defines the 0,0 origin of the multiline relative to which other elements

are drawn. An element does not have to be drawn at the origin.

7 To set multiline properties, choose Multiline Properties in the Multiline Styles

dialog box.

8 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, make any changes and choose OK.

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Properties include the display of segment joints and the type of start and end caps

with their angles and fill color.

9 Choose Save to save the style to an external multiline style file (the default is

acad.mln). You can save multiline styles to the same file.

If you create more than one multiline style, save the current style before creating a new

one or you lose the changes to the first style.

You can add up to 16 elements to a multiline style. If you create or modify an element so

that it has a negative offset, it appears below the origin in the image tile of the Multiline

Styles dialog box.

To specify the properties of the entire multiline

1 From the Format menu, choose Multiline Style.

2 In the Multiline Styles dialog box, choose Multiline Properties.

3 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, select Display Joints to display a line at the

vertices of the multiline.

4 Under Caps, select a line or an arc for each end of the multiline, and enter an

angle.

Lines cross the end of the whole multiline, and outer arcs join the ends of the outermost

elements. Inner arcs connect pairs of elements, leaving the centerline unconnected if there

is an odd number of elements. For example, if there are six elements, inner arcs connect

elements 2 and 5 and elements 3 and 4. If there are seven elements, inner arcs connect

elements 2 and 6 and elements 3 and 5; element 4 is left unconnected.

Fig. 4.3 : Lines5 Under Fill, select On to display a background color.

This color is not displayed in the image tile of the Multiline Styles dialog box.

6 Choose Color.

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7 In the Select Color dialog box, select the background fill color and choose OK.

8 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, choose OK to return to the Multiline Styles

dialog box.

Next, save the multiline style.

4.6 POLYGON

Polygons are closed polylines with between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. You draw a

polygon by inscribing it in, or circumscribing it about, an imaginary circle or by

specifying the endpoints of one of the edges of the polygon. Because polygons always

have equal-length sides, they provide a simple way to draw squares and equilateral

triangles.

Fig. 4.4 : PolygonUse inscribed polygons when you want to specify the distance between the center of the

polygon and each vertex. This distance is the radius of the circle within which the

polygon is inscribed. In this example, you draw an inscribed square, the default polygon.

Use circumscribed polygons when you want to specify the distance between the center of

the polygon and the midpoint of each side. This distance is the radius of the circle the

polygon circumscribes.

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4.7 SKETCH

You can use the SKETCH command to draw freehand sketches. Freehand sketches

comprise many line segments. Each line segment can be a separate object or a polyline.

You set the minimum length or increment of the segments. Sketching is useful for

creating irregular boundaries or for tracing with a digitizer. Small line segments allow for

greater accuracy, but they can greatly increase the drawing file size. For this reason, use

this tool sparingly.

4.8 RECTANGLE

Draws a rectangular polyline.

Command line: rectang or rectangle

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Enter an

option or specify a point (1)

First Corner

Specify other corner point: Specify a point (2)

The two specified points determine the diagonal corners of a rectangle with sides parallel

to the X and Y-axis of the current UCS.

4.9 CIRCLE

You can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and

radius. You can also specify the center and diameter or define the diameter alone with

two points. You can define the circle's circumference with three points. You can also

create the circle tangent to three existing objects or create it tangent to two objects and

specify a radius. In the following illustrations, the darker circles are the ones being

drawn.

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Fig. 4.5 : Circles

Four methods of drawing circles

4.10 ARC

You can create arcs in many ways. The default method is to specify three points—a start

point, a second point on the arc, and an endpoint. You can also specify the included

angle, radius, direction, and chord length of arcs. The chord of an arc is a straight line

between the endpoints. By default, AutoCAD draws arcs counterclockwise.

In the following example, the start point of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The

second point of the arc snaps to the middle circle.

Fig. 4.6 : ARC

4.11 SPLINE

A spline is a smooth curve passing through a given set of points. AutoCAD uses a

particular type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve. A

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NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points. Splines are useful for

creating irregular-shaped curves, for example, drawing contour lines for geographic

information system (GIS) applications or automobile design.

Fig. 4.7 : Spline by Specifying Points4.12 ELLIPSE

You can create full ellipses and elliptical arcs, both of which are exact mathematical

representations of ellipses. The default method of drawing an ellipse is to specify the

endpoints of the first axis and the distance, which is half the length of the second axis.

The longer axis of an ellipse is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor

axis. The order in which you define the axes does not matter.

Fig. 4.8 : ELLIPSEIn the following procedure, you draw an ellipse using the default method and the pointing

device. Here, the first axis is the major axis, and the second is the minor. The distance

increases as you drag the pointing device away from the midpoint.

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You can provide a rotation angle instead of a distance or draw the ellipse based on a

center point, an endpoint of one axis, and half the length of the other axis.

Ellipses created by specifying axis endpoints and distance

In the illustrations above, points 1 and 2 are the endpoints of the first axis, and point 3

defines the distance (half the length) of the second axis. The ellipse at the left is drawn by

specifying the center (1) and two axes. The endpoint of the first axis is at point 2, and

point 3 defines half the length of the second axis.

4.13 DONUT

Drawing donuts is a quick way to create filled rings or solid-filled circles. Donuts are

actually closed polylines that have width. To create a donut, specify its inside and outside

diameters and its center. You can continue creating multiple copies with the same

diameter by specifying different centers until you press ENTER to end the command. To

create solid-filled circles, specify an inside diameter of 0.

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Fig. 4.8 : DOUNT

4.14 POINT

Point objects can be useful, for example, as node or reference points that you can snap to

and offset objects from. You can set the style of the point and its size relative to the

screen or in absolute units.

4.15 HATCHING AREAS

Hatching fills a specified area in a drawing with a pattern. You can hatch an enclosed

area or a specified boundary using the BHATCH and HATCH commands.

BHATCH creates associative or nonassociative hatches. Associative hatches are linked to

their boundaries and are updated when the boundaries are modified. Nonassociative

hatches are independent of their boundaries. BHATCH defines boundaries automatically

when you specify a point within the area to be hatched. Any whole or partial objects that

are not part of the boundary are ignored and do not affect the hatch. The boundary can

have overhanging edges and islands (enclosed areas within the hatch area) that you

choose to hatch or leave unhatched. You can also define a boundary by selecting objects.

HATCH creates nonassociative hatches only. It is useful for hatching areas that do not

have closed boundaries.

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After you've created a hatch, you can edit it with HATCHEDIT or explode it into

composite lines using the EXPLODE command.

You can define a hatch boundary by specifying points directly. For example, you may

want to illustrate a pattern fill in a small section of a drawing, as shown in the following

illustration.

Island detection methods specify whether to include objects within the outermost

boundary as boundary objects when you are using Pick Points. These internal objects are

known as islands. By default, AutoCAD uses the Flood island detection method. The

Flood method includes islands as boundary objects, as shown in the following

illustration. How AutoCAD hatches the detected islands depends on the island detection

style. The following illustration uses the Normal island detection style, meaning that

islands remain unhatched and islands within islands are hatched.

When you use Pick Points to define your boundaries, you can remove any detected

islands from your boundary definition.

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You can control how AutoCAD hatches islands detected as boundaries using the three

island detection styles: Normal, Outer, and Ignore.

4.16 TEXT

Using TEXT you can create one or more lines of text and end each line when you press

ENTER. Each text line is a separate object that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise

modify.

4.17 MULTILINE TEXT

For long, complex entries, create multiline text using MTEXT. Multiline text fits a

specified width but can extend vertically to an indefinite length. You can format

individual words or characters within a multiline text object.

Multiline text consists of any number of text lines or paragraphs that fit within a width

you specify. Unlike single-line text, multiline text includes as part of the same mtext

object all text lines or paragraphs created in a multiline text editing session. You can

move, rotate, erase, copy, mirror, stretch, or scale mtext objects. Multiline text has more

editing options than single-line text. Using the Multiline Text Editor, you can apply

underlining, fonts, color, and text height changes to individual characters, words, or

phrases within a paragraph. You can also use the Properties window to change all

properties of multiline text objects.

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CHAPTER-5

5.1 WORKING WITH BLOCKS

A block is a collection of objects you can associate together to form a single object, or

block definition. You can insert, scale, and rotate a block in a drawing. You can explode

a block into its component objects, modify them, and redefine the block. AutoCAD

updates all current and future instances of that block based on the block definition.

Blocks streamline the drawing process. For example, you can use blocks to

o Build a standard library of frequently used symbols, components, or standard

parts. You can insert the same block numerous times instead of re-creating the

drawing elements each time.

o Revise drawings efficiently by inserting, relocating, and copying blocks as

components rather than individual geometric objects.

o Save disk space by storing all references to the same block as one block definition

in the drawing database.

When you insert a block in your drawing, you are creating a block instance. Each time

you insert a block instance; you assign a scale factor and rotation angle to the inserted

block. You can also scale a block instance using different values in any coordinate (X, Y,

Z) direction.

Fig. 5.1 : Blocks Working

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CHAPTER-66.1 EDITING METHODS

6.1.2 EDITING WITH GRIPS

If grips are turned on, when you select objects with the pointing device before starting a

command, AutoCAD marks the selected objects with grips. (Noun/Verb Selection must

be turned on in order to select objects first.

Fig. 6.1 : AUTODESK

With grips you can use the pointing device to combine several of the most common

editing commands with object selection to edit more quickly. When grips are turned on,

you select the objects you want before editing. You can then manipulate the objects.

USING THE OBJECT PROPERTIES TOOLBAR

AutoCAD provides two main tools that you can use to easily edit object properties such

as layers, colors, linetypes, and line weights.

Object Properties toolbar: Provides options for viewing or changing the object

properties that are common to all objects, including layers and layer properties, colors,

linetypes, line weights, and plot style.

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6.2 Properties window: Provides a complete list of properties for any object. You can

view an object's properties and modify the ones that can be changed.

You can use the controls on the Object Properties toolbar to quickly view or change an

object's layer, layer properties, color, linetype, line weight, and plot style. The Object

Properties toolbar consolidates the commands needed to view and edit these object

properties. Selecting an object when no command is active dynamically displays these

properties in the controls on the toolbar. You cannot change the properties of objects on

locked layers.

All controls on the Object Properties toolbar support character matching: instead of

scrolling through the lists to make a selection, you can enter the first character of the

property name to select it. If the name is too long to be displayed within the control, it is

shortened with an ellipsis the control and displaying the text tip.

Because blocks are distinct objects, it is important to understand that, although each

object that composes the block maintains its own object properties, the Object Properties

toolbar reflects only the object properties for the block, not its individual parts. This is

likewise true for xrefs, because xrefs are simply external blocks.

The layer, color, linetype, and line weight values for a block are the layer, color, linetype,

and line weight values that were current at the time you inserted the block, unless you

manually assigned other values to the block after insertion. For an individual object

contained within a block, the layer on which AutoCAD draws the object is always the

layer on which the object existed at the time you created the block. The color, linetype,

and lineweight in which AutoCAD draws the individual objects are described in the

following table.

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CHAPTER-7

7.1 USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW

When you enter PROPERTIES, AutoCAD displays the Properties window. While the

Object Properties toolbar provides convenient access to the properties that are common to

all objects, the Properties window is the main method you use to modify the complete set

of object-specific properties, including properties that you have defined.

The Properties window lists the current settings for all object properties when a single

object or multiple sets of objects are selected. From the Properties window, you can

modify any property that can be changed. To modify properties using the Properties

window select the object whose properties you want to change and use one of the

following methods:

Enter a new value.

Select a value from a list.

Change the property value in a dialog box.

Use the Pick Point button to change a coordinate value.

You can leave the Properties window open while you work. When you select an object,

the Properties window displays the properties of that object. When multiple objects are

selected, the Properties window displays the general properties and any other properties

that are common among objects in the selection set. The general properties are as

follows:

Color: Displays or sets the color.

Layer: Displays or sets the layer.

Linetype: Displays or sets the linetype.

Linetype scale: Displays or sets the linetype scale.

Plot style: Displays or sets the plot style.

Lineweight: Displays or sets the lineweight.

Hyperlink: Displays or sets the hyperlink.

Thickness: Displays or sets the thickness.

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CHAPTER-8

8.1 EDITING LAYERS

With the layer buttons and the layer control, you can view a selected object's layer,

change an object's layer, make a layer current, change a layer's properties, and access the

Layer Properties Manager. The layer name and properties displayed in the Layer control

depend on the current selection set:

You can use the Layer control to transfer objects to locked, frozen, or turned- off layers,

but you cannot transfer an object to an xref-dependent layer (any layer that is defined

within an inserted xref). Xref-dependent layers are displayed as unavailable in the list

because you cannot make them current and you cannot edit objects on those layers. You

can, however, still modify the properties of xref-dependent layers by clicking icons in the

Layer control. In the Layer Properties Manager, if you turn on a filter and apply it to the

Object Properties toolbar, the Layer control does not list layers that match the filter. In

this case, when you position your pointer over the Layer control, the tool tip indicates

either "Filter applied" or "Inverted filter applied," rather than the full layer name.

To change an object's layer

1 Select the objects whose layers you want to change.

2 On the Object Properties toolbar, choose the Layer control.

Fig. 8.1 : Object LayersBecause you cannot transfer objects to xref-dependent layers, their names are

displayed as unavailable in the Layer control.

3 Choose a layer.

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AutoCAD applies the chosen layer to all selected objects.

8.2 MATCHING PROPERTIES OF OTHER OBJECTS

You can copy some or all properties of one object to one or more objects using

MATCHPROP. Properties that can be copied include color, layer, linetype, linetype

scale, lineweight, thickness, plot style, and in some cases, dimension, text, and hatch.

8.3 COPYING THE OBJECTS

To copy objects within a drawing, create a selection set and specify a start point and an

endpoint for the copy. These points are called the base point and the second point of

displacement, respectively, and can be anywhere within the drawing.

Command: Copy

Fig. 8.2 : Object Copying

8.4 OFFSETTING THE OBJECTS

Offsetting creates a new object that is similar to a selected object but at a specified

distance. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, 2D polylines, ellipses, elliptical arcs, xlines,

rays, and planar splines. Offsetting circles creates larger or smaller circles depending on

the offset side. Offsetting outside the perimeter creates a larger circle. Offsetting inside

creates a smaller one.

Command: Offset

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Fig. 8.3 : Command Offset

8.5 MIRRORING THE OBJECTS

You mirror objects around a mirror line, which you define with two points, as shown in

the following illustration. You can delete or retain the original objects. Mirroring works

in any plane parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS. Although you can mirror a

viewport object in paper space, doing so has no effect on its model space view or model

space objects.

Command: Mirror

Fig. 8.3 : Mirror Command

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CHAPTER-9

9.1 ARRYING OBJECTS

You can copy an object or selection set in polar or rectangular arrays (patterns). For polar

arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and whether the copies are rotated.

For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance

between them.

Command: Array

Fig. 9.1 : Array Command

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Fig. 9.2 : Array

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CHAPTER-10

10.1 MOVING THE OBJECTS

When you move objects, you can rotate or align them or move them without changing

Orientation or size. Use snap mode, coordinates, grips, and object snap modes to move

objects with precision.

In the following example, you move the window.

Command: Move

Fig. 10.1 : Move Command

10.2 ROTATING OBJECTS

You rotate objects by choosing a base point and a relative or absolute rotation angle.

Specify a relative angle to rotate the object from its current orientation around the base

point by that angle. Whether the objects are rotated counterclockwise or clockwise

depends on the Direction Control setting in the Units Control dialog box. Specify

absolute angles to rotate objects from the current angle to a new absolute angle.

In the following example, you rotate the plan view of a house, using the default relative

angle method.

Fig. 10.2 : Rotating ObjectSometimes it's easier to rotate with absolute angles. For example, to align two objects

when you know the absolute angles of both, use the current angle of the object to be

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rotated as the reference angle, and use the angle of the other object as the new angle. An

easier way is to use the pointing device to select the object that you want to rotate and the

object you want to align it with.

10.3 ALIGNING THE OBJECTS

You can move, rotate, or tilt an object so it aligns with another object. In the following

example, align the pieces of piping using a window selection box to select the object to

be aligned. Use the Endpoint object snap to align the pieces precisely.

Command: Align

Fig. 10.3 : Aligning the Objects

10.4 ERASING THE OBJECTS

You can erase objects using all the available selection methods. In the following

example, you use window selection to erase a section of piping. Only objects enclosed by

the window are erased.

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Command: Erase

10.5 STRETCHING THE OBJECTS

To stretch an object, you specify a base point for the stretch and then two points of

displacement. You can also select the object with a crossing selection and combine grip

editing with object snaps, grip snaps, grid snaps, and relative coordinate entry to stretch

with greater accuracy.

Command: Stretch

10.5 Moving by Stretching:

In the following example, you move a door from one part of a wall to another by

stretching. Turning on Ortho mode helps you move the object in a straight line.

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CHAPTER-11

11.1 CONCLUSION

CAD Vision Centre is the leading institute of India for providing the AUTOCAD Training.

The institute is located at Jamshedpur. The Institute is very fast growing today. While

conducting my training I have learnt a lot regarding AUTOCAD & many more detail of

which has already been given in this report which may be read as part of this report. I have

done my duty during training with my heart & soul and can never forget these golden days

of my study. I assure that the things which I learnt in the company will help me in future

career. Hence best of luck to CAD Vision Centre.

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CHAPTER-12

12.1 REFERENCES

http://cadvisioncenter.org/aboutus.aspx

http://www.google.co.in/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http

%3A%2F%2Fwww.autodesk.in%2Fproducts%2Fautodesk-autocad

%2Foverview&ei=0lOAU6rIJo2l8AWouoDoCQ&usg=AFQjCNFmaopUA580

dK7WSnkIL_f65SOuEg&bvm=bv.67720277,d.dGc

http://www.google.co.in/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDgQFjAC&url=http

%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki

%2FAutoCAD&ei=0lOAU6rIJo2l8AWouoDoCQ&usg=AFQjCNHAwN2bFH

w9pCkN6khfDpCFr0z84w&bvm=bv.67720277,d.dGc

Reference Book Provided by Cad Vision Centre.

Profile Book of Cad Vision Centre.

Autocad Books Provided by Cad Vision Centre.

Catalogues of Cad Vision Centre.

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