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Mai quèc th¾ng

Çch dïng

Çc th×Trong tiÕng

anh(How to use tenses in English)

Cã phÇn bµi tËp ¸p dôngkÌm theo lêi gi¶i ®¸p

Phè ch©u 10/2003

English Tenses( Çc th× trong tiÕng Anh )



Tense indicates the time and the state of the action or event expressedby the verb.(Th× biÓu thÞ thêi gian vµ tr¹ng th¸i cña hµnh ®énghoÆc cña sù viÖc ®îc diÔn ®¹t b»ng ®éng tõ).

There are twelve tenses in the active voice of English verbs. (Cã 12 th×ë d¹ng chñ ®éng cña ®éng tõ tiÕng Anh).

1. The simple present tense A. Form: Subject + Verb(s; es) + ...

B: Usage: The Simple Present tense is used:

1. To express repeated actions, customs and ability (DiÔn t¶ hµnh®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen, phong tôc vµ kh¶ n¨ng).

e.g. He goes to town every Saturday. (eg =e.g. for example, for instance(Latin: exempli gratia)

I often come to see my grandmother on Sundays.

Men precede women when going downstairs.He speaks English very well.

Çch dïng nµy thêng kÕt hîp víi çc phã tõ nh: Always, often, usually,sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly ever (ch a tõng thÊy ), never, every day/week etc.

2. To express a general truth or a natural phenomenon (DiÔn t¶mét sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn hoÆc mét hiÖn tîng thiªn nhiªn)

e.g. Two plus (and) two makes four.(Plus (+)/and); (minus (-) / take away) trõ, lÊy ®i; (is) multiplied witth (times) nh©n víi,

lÇn;( is) divided by

The earth goes (revolves) round the sun.Most rivers flow into the sea.

3. To express a permanent situation in the present (DiÔn t¶ mét t×nh huèng cã tÝnh chÊt l©u dµi ë hiÖn t¹i)

e.g.: James lives in Bangkok.

To express a future action related to the timetable orprogramme. (Mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai liªn quan ®Õn thêigian biÓu hoÆc ch¬ng tr×nh.

e.g. The train leaves at six o'clock.

4. For headlines, sports commentaries, directions andinstructions (Çc ®Çu ®Ò, môc b¸o, b×nh luËn thÓ thao, híngdÉn vµ chØ dÉn)

e.g. Three women rob bank.Martin takes the ball and scores.You turn left at this junction and you'll find it.

5. In vivid narrative as a substitute for the Simple Past (Trong thÓv¨n têng thuËt sinh ®éng ®Ó thay thÕ cho th× qu¸ khø ®¬n).

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e.g. Jack rushes forward and deals Tom a hard blow on the chin.( Jack x«ng lªn vµ gi¸ng mét có ®Êm m¹nh vµo c»m).In this episode Bob marries Julia.

6. In exclamatory sentences beginning with Here.... ! andThere ....!(Trong c©u c¶m th¸n ®îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng Here vµ There )

e.g. Here comes the bride! (C« d©u tíi råi!)There they go! (K×a hä ®i).There goes the last bus. (ChuyÕn xe buýt cuèi ®i k×a)Here comes the bus. ( Xe buýt ®Õn k×a)

Note: There (here) ®îc dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh tríc mét vµi ®éng tõ nh: go,come, stand, lie ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ cña ngêi hay vËt ®îc nãi tíi.

7. In subordinate clauses of time or condition expressing a futureaction(Trong mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ thêi gian hay ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng t¬ng lai)

e.g. When you see Jack tomorrow, remember me to him. Khi b¹n gÆp Jack, nhí cho t«i göi lêi hái th¨m anh Êy.

If he works hard he will succeed.

Time expressionsoften, usually, always, never, sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly, every

day/week etc.

2. The present continuous tense

A. Form: Subject + be +Verb+ing + ...

B: Usage: The Present continuous tense is used:

1. To Express an action happening at or around the time of speaking (DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i hoÆc xungquanh thêi ®iÓm nãi)

e.g. We are doing an English exercise now. (B©y giê chóng t«i ®ang mét bµi tËp tiÕng Anh)

It is raining at this moment. (Lóc nµy trêi ®ang ma)They are working in the garden at present. (HiÖn giê hä ®ang lµm

viÖc trong vên)The birds are singing (twitter: hãt lÝu lo)

I am studying French this term. (Häc kú nµy t«i ®ang häc tiÕngPh¸p)

2. To express a temporary action (DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng cã tÝnhchÊt t¹m thêi)

e.g. David is doing his military service.

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We usually start work at 7 o'clock, but for this week we are startingat 8:30.

3.With adverbs of frequency (always, constantly etc.) foremphasis or to express annoying habits. ( Víi çc tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇnsuÊt (Always, constantly) nh»m nhÊn m¹nh hoÆc diÔn t¶ çc thãi quen g©y khã chÞu ).

e.g. Susan is very kind. She is always helping the poor.He is always leaving his clothes on the floor!4. For a planed future action related to personal arrangement.

(Mét hµnh ®éng ®îc dù ®Þnh sÏ x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai liªn quan ®Õn sù s¾p®Æt cã tÝnh chÊt ç nh©n)

e.g. I’m travelling to Moscow tomorrow.He is leaving London for Paris tomorrow.What are you doing next week? - I'm going to Hanoi.

5. For a situation which is changing or developing around thepresent. (Mét t×nh huèng ®ang thay ®æi hoÆc ®ang ph¸t triÓn xungquanh thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i)

e.g. The problem of pollution is getting more and more serious.

Time expressionsnow, right now, at present, at the moment etc.

* Common nonprogressive verbs: (çc ®éng tõ thêng kh«ng dïng ëth× tiÕp diÔn)

1. Mental state: Tr¹ng th¸i ý nghÜknow believe imagine wantrealise feel* doubt need

understand suppose remember preferrecognise think* forget mean

2. Emotional state: Tr¹ng th¸i xóc c¶mlove hate fear mindlike dislike envy careappreciate

3. Possession: Së h÷upossess have* own belong

4. Sense perception: Gi¸c quan

taste* hear see*smell* feel*

5. Other existing states: Çc tr¹ng th¸i hiÖn t¹i kh¸c:seem cost be* consist of look* owe exist containappear* weigh* include

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Note: Some stative verbs can be used in the progressive form as well,but they then indicate an action rather than a state: ( Lu ý : Mét sè ®éngtõ chØ tr¹ng th¸i còng cã thÓ ®îc sö dông ë th× tiÕp diÔn nhng lóc ®ãchóng biÓu thÞ hµnh ®éng h¬n lµ tr¹ng th¸i).

♦ Feel: When followed by an adjective indicating the subject's emotionsor physical or mental condition (t×nh tr¹ng vÒ c¬ thÓ hoÆc tinh thÇn)e.g. angry/pleased, happy/sad, cold/hot, tense/relaxed,nervous/confident is normally used in the simple tenses but can also beused in the continuous:

e.g. How do you feel? - I feel better.How are you feeling? - I'm feeling better.

- Feel meaning ''touch'' (usually in order to learn something) can be usedin the continuous:

e.g. The doctor was feeling her pulse. (B¸c sÜ ®ang b¾t m¹ch cho c« Êy)

- But Feel is not used in the continuous when it means ''sense''.

e.g. Don't you feel the house shaking? (B¹n kh«ng c¶m thÊy ng«i nhµ®ang rung hay sao?)

, it means ''think'':

e.g. I feel you are wrong.

and when it is used as a link verb (vµ khi nã ®îc sö dông nh mét ®éng tõliªn hÖ):

e.g. The water feels cold. (níc sê thÊy l¹nh; níc cã vÎ l¹nh)

Look: The continuous is not used with look used as a link verb (verb +adjective)

e.g. That cake looks good. (delicious, tasty ) appetite (n)

Or with look on: consider cho r»ng, coi lµ (look on sb/smth with smth)

e.g. How do people in general look on her? (Nãi chung mäi ngêi xem c« tanh thÕ nµo?)

But look (at), look for/in/into/out and look on (watch) are deliberate(voluntary) actions and can be used in the continuous tenses.

e.g. He is looking at the mirror.

Smell: ngöi (cã mïi) The continuous is not used with smell meaning

''perceive a scent/an odour (“c¶m nhËn mïi/mïi th¬m).e.g. I smell gas.

or with smell used as a link verb

e.g. This cake smells good.Your breath smells of brandy. (miÖng anh cã mïi rîu) breathe (v):

thë

But it can be used with smell meaning ''sniff at'': ngöie.g. Why are you smelling the food? - Do you think it has gone off?

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Why are you smelling the milk? - Does it smell sour?T¹i sao b¹n l¹i ngöi s÷a? - Nã cã mïi chua ph¶i kh«ng?

Taste: nÕm (cã vÞ)

Taste as a link verb is not used in the continuous:

e.g. This coffee tastes bitter. (Cµ phª nµy cã vÞ ®¾ng h¬n)

But taste meaning 'to test the flavour of ' can be used in the continuous.

e.g. She was tasting the pudding to see if it was sweet enough. (C« Êy ®ang nÕm b¸nh ...)

♦ See:See can be used in the continuous when it means 'meet by appointment'(usually for business), 'interview' and 'visit' (usually as a tourist ). See cãthÓ ®îc sö dông ë th× tiÕp diÔn nã cã nghÜa 'gÆp gì do cã hÑn' (th-êng cho môc ®Ých c«ng viÖc), ' pháng vÊn' vµ 'th¨m' (thêng nh lµ mét kh¸ch du lÞch).

e.g. The director is seeing the applicants this morning.

I am seeing my solicitor/ lawyer tomorrow. (judge)Tom is seeing the town/the sights. (th¾ng c¶nh)

It can also be used in the continuous in the following combinations:see somebody out = escort him/her to the door.see somebody home = escort him/her homesee somebody to + place = escort him/her to + place.see somebody off = say good by to a departing traveller at the starting point of

his journey

e.g. We are leaving tomorrow. Bill is seeing us off at the airport.

But see: (nh×n thÊy, tr«ng thÊy, b¾t gÆp)

e.g. I see a fly (butterfly/dragonfly ). Do you see it?♦ Think : Can be used in the continuous when no opinion is given or

asked for : (Kh«ng ®a ra ý kiÕnhoÆc yªu cÇu)

e.g. What are you thinking about?I'm thinking about the play that we saw last night.

But: What do you think about John? (opinion asked for- Hái ý kiÕn)I think he is very brave. (opinion given- §a ra ý kiÕn)

think about sth/doing sth: xem xÐt, c©n nh¾cthink about sb/sth: suy nghÜ, nhí vÒ, nhí tíi ngêi nµothink of sth/doing sth: xem xÐt, suy tÝnh

Appear (=seem) cannot be used in the continuous (dêng nh)

e.g. It appears/seems that he's resigned.She appeared/seemed very confident.Are they reliable? - It appears/seems not.

Appear ( XuÊt hiÖn) can be used in the continuous.

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e.g. The actor is appearing on the stage.

Weigh: (C©n nÆng) cannot be used in the continuous.

e.g. She weighs 60 kilos.How much do you weigh?

Weigh: (c©n) can be used in the continuous.

e.g. The grocer is weighing the bananas.Be (+ an adjective) is used in the continuous to describe a temporarycharacteristic. Very few adjectives are used with the continuous; some of most common are: foolish, nice, kind, lazy, careful, patient, silly, rude, polite, impolite.

e.g. (a) Bob is foolish. = Foolishness is one of Bob's usualcharacteristics.

(b) Bob is being foolish. = Right now, at the moment of speaking,Bob is doing something that the speaker considers foolish.

Have ( possession) cannot be used in the continuous:

e.g. I have (got) a car.She has (got) a parrot.

But Have (action) can be used in the continuous:

e.g. What is Kate doing? - She is having coffee.

3. The simple past tense A. Form: Subject + Verb (past) + ...

B: Usage: The simple past tense is used to express:

1. A completed action that took place at a definite time in thepast. The time is either mentioned or implied. (mét hµnh ®éng®· x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm ®îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rµng trong qu¸ khø.Thêi gian cña hµnh ®éng cã thÓ ®îc ®Ò cËp ®Õn hoÆc cã ngô ý ).

e.g. I met her yesterday.They built this house in 1990.Peter won first prize in the competition.

A permanent situation in the past (mét t×nh huèng cã tÝnh chÊt l©u dµi ë trong qu¸ khø)

e.g. John lived in England for 15 years.

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2. A completed action that took place one after the other in thepast (mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra sau mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c ë trongqu¸ khø).

e.g. She woke up, washed her face and had breakfast.

3. A past habit or repeated action in the past; frequency adverb:always, often seldom, never, etc. (refer used to)

e.g. When Peter was younger, he often went fishing with his father.4. The simple past is used in the conditional sentences, type 2.

e.g. If he worked hard he would pass the examination.

Time expressions yesterday, then, ago, last month/week etc.

4. The past continuous tense

A. Form: Subject + be ( past ) +Verb ing + ...

B: Usage: The past continuous tense is used to express:

1. An action that was in progress at a definite time in the past(we emphasise its duration)

e.g. This time last Friday, I was flying to London.My father was working all day yesterday.We were watching a football match on television at nine o'clock last

night.

2. A lengthy action that was in progress when a shorter orsudden one interrupted it. The longer action is in the pastcontinuous and the shorter is in the simple past. ( mét hµnh ®éngcã tÝnh chÊt kÐo dµi ®ang x¶y ra th× cã mét hµnh ®éng ng¾n h¬nhoÆc ®ét nhiªn c¾t ngang nã. Hµnh ®éng dµi h¬n sÏ ë th× qu¸ khø tiÕpdiÔn cßn hµnh ®éng ng¾n h¬n ë th× qu¸ khø ®¬n.)

e.g. When Mark came home, Martha was watching television.Martha was watching television when Mark came home.

3. Two (or more) actions occurring at the same time in the past :hai (hoÆc ba) hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng mét lóc ë trong qu¸ khø.

e.g. Kate was watching television while John was sleeping.While John was sleeping, Kate was watching television.

4. A temporary action in the past ( mét hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh chÊt t¹mthêi ë trong qu¸ khø).

e.g. He was writing a play in those days.

5. An annoying habit (with always, continually etc.). (mét thãi queng©y khã chÞu ë trong qu¸ khø).

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e.g. My brother was always getting into trouble in the past. (cã chuyÖnkh«ng hay, bÞ ch/ h)

(get someone into trouble: g©y chuyÖn kh«ng hay cho ai, lµm choai ...)

Note: Continual & Continuous

Continual (liªn tôc, liªn miªn) thêng m« t¶ tÝnh chÊt cña mét hµnh ®énglÆp ®i lÆp l¹i

Please stop your continual question (xin chÊm døt c¸c c©u hái liªntôc cña anh).He was continually late for work. (Anh ta thêng xuyªn ®i lµm muén).

Continuous (liªn tôc) chØ sù diÔn tiÕn kh«ng ngõng, kh«ng gi¸n ®o¹nThey chattered continuously for an hour. (chóng nãi huyªn thuyªn

liªn tôc trong 1 h)

Time expressions

While, when, as etc.

5. The present perfect (simple) tense

A. Form: Subject + have/has +past participle + ...

B: Usage: The present perfect is used to express:

1. An action that began in the past and is still occurring in thepresent.

(Mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu trong qu¸ khø vµ hiÖn t¹i vÉn cßn x¶y ra)

e.g. I have taught history for three years. (I am still teaching history ).

2. A past action whose result is connected to the present. (Mét hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø mµ kÕt qu¶ cña nã cßn liªn quan ®Õn hiÖnt¹i)

e.g. The dog has spilt the milk. (The floor is dirty).

3. An action that happened and finished at some time in thepast with no interest in the time when it was finished. (Mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ kÕt thóc t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm nµo ®ã ë trongqu¸ khø mµ kh«ng quan t©m tíi thêi ®iÓm hoµn thµnh).

e.g. He has travelled to India. (We don't know when).

4. An action that has just been completed. (Mét hµnh ®éng võa míihoµn thµnh)

e.g. He has just finished his homework.

5. With today, this morning/week etc., if these periods of timeare not finished at the time of speaking. ( Víi h«m nay/ buæi s¸ng / tuÇn nµy ) nÕu nh t¹i thêi ®iÓm nãi nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian nµy chakÕt thóc).

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e.g. He has written two letters this afternoon. (It is still afternoon)

6. An action to be completed in the future; before that clause isusually: if, when, as soon as, until, before, after etc .( Mét hµnh®éng sÏ ®îc hoµn tÊt trong t¬ng lai; tríc mÖnh ®Ò ®ã thêng lµ if, assoon as, until, before, after ...).

e.g. I will repair your bicycle when I have finished this exercise.

She will return you the magazine as soon as she has read it.7. With adjectives in the superlative degree or expression like:

the only/first/ second... etc. . ( Víi c¸c tÝnh tõ ë cÊp so s¸nh bËcnhÊt hoÆc c¸c thµnh ng÷ nh: the only, first/second ... vv)

e.g. This is the most interesting book I've ever read.This is the third time Tim has visited Vietnam.

Time expressionsSince, for, just, yet (not yet), already, recently, up

to now, how long, how many, ever, never etc.

6. The present perfect continuous tense

A. Form: Subject + have/has +been + Verb+ing ...

B: Usage: The Present perfect continuous tense is used:

1. To emphasise the duration of an action which started in thepast and is still happening. The action may or may not be

completed. (§Ó nhÊn m¹nh kho¶ng thêi gian cña mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu trong qu¸ khø vµ vÉn cßn x¶y ra. Hµnh ®éng ®ã còng cã thÓ kÕt thóc hoÆc cha kÕt thóc).

e.g. They have been studying English for five years.

2. Sometimes it is used to emphasise the fact that an action hasbeen uninterrupted, even though it is not continuing now. (§«ikhi nã cßn ®îc sö dông ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh mét hµnh ®éng kh«ng bÞng¾t qu·ng, mÆc dï hµnh ®éng ®ã kh«ng cßn tiÕp tôc n÷a.).

e.g. I'm cold because I've been swimming for an hour.I'm very tired. I've been running round the town all day.

3. For a temporary action. (§èi víi mét hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh chÊt t¹mthêi.).

e.g. He has been working overtime this week as there is a lot of work inthe office.

Time expressionsHow long, for, since, all day/morning etc.

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Differences:

The present perfect simple isused:• For a permanent action

She has lived in London all her life.

• To emphasise the result of anactionHow many glasses of beer have you drunk ?

I've drunk three glasses of beer.

• For an action that are alreadyfinished.Look at the car, Sam haswashed it.

The present perfect simple isused:•

For past events which have aconnection to the present. Thetime is indefinite.I have found a new job.

• For events that began in thepast but are still happening inthe present.I have lived in Athens for ten

years.(I still live in Athens)

• With today, this morning/weeketc., if these periods of time

are not finished at the time of speakingHelen has called me twice this

morning.

(The morning is not over yet)

The present perfect continuous isused:• For a temporary actionHe has been staying with friends for

two months, but now he wants to get

his own place.• To emphasise the duration of an

actionHow long have you been staying here?I have been staying here for 8 years.• For an action that may or may not be

finished.Sam has been washing the car for anhour.

The past simple is used:• For completed past events which are

not connected to the present. Thetime is definiteI found a new job three months ago.

• For events that took place for acertain period of time in the pastbut are over at the time of speaking.Susan lived in Manchester for three

years but now she lives in Liverpool.• With today, this morning/week etc., if

these periods of time are finished.

Helen called me twice this morning(The morning is over)

Note: ∗ They've been to Italy. (They are back now)They've gone to Italy. (They are still there)

∗ Feel, learn, live, sleep, study, teach, wait, work etc. can be usedin the Present Perfect simple or the Present Perfect Continuous with nodifference in meaning.

e.g. He has worked in that factory for three years.He has been working in that factory for three years.

Time expressionsA. For - sinceFor is used when we want to indicate the length of a period of time.Sine is used when we want to indicate the starting point of a period of time.

two hours 2 o'clock a week July

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for six months since 1973twelve years I was a child

e.g. She's been talking on the phone for two hours.

She's been talking on the phone since seven o'clock.B. Yet - already - still

Yet is used only in interrogative and negative sentences and is placed at

the end of the sentence.e.g. Have you finished yet ?

He hasn't arrived yet.

Already is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences; it is usuallyplaced between the auxiliary and the main verb, but can also appear atthe end of the sentence for emphasis.

e.g. I have already been to the Science Museum.Have you already seen this film?You've finished your homework already!

Still: • suggests that the action continues up to now.• is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb in theaffirmative and interrogative sentences, but before theauxiliary in negations.

e.g. He is still reading.Do you still love me?She still doesn't know what happened.

• is not used with perfect sentences.

7. The past perfect (simple) tense A. Form: Subject + had +past participle + ...

B: Usage: The Past Perfect (simple) Tense is used:

1. To express a past event that was completed before anotherpast event. (§Ó diÔn t¶ mét sù viÖc ®· ®îc hoµn tÊt tríc mét sù viÖckh¸c ë trong qu¸ khø) .

e.g. By the time we arrived, the film had started.John had gone to the store before he went home.

2. To express a past event that was completed before a definitetime in the past. (§Ó diÔn t¶ mét sù viÖc trong qu¸ khø ®· ®îc hoµntÊt tríc mét thêi ®iÓm râ rµng ë trong qu¸ khø. ).

e.g. Angela had finished cooking by 11:30 a.m..

3. With adjectives in the superlative degree and expressionssuch as: the first/second... the only ... etc. (víi c¸c tÝnh tõ ë cÊpso s¸nh bËc nhÊt vµ c¸c thµnh ng÷ nh: lÇn ®Çu tiªn/thø hai... duy nhÊt ... vv).

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e.g. That was the first time I had been in Paris.It was the worst time I had ever had.

4. For unfulfilled hopes and wishes: We can use the past perfect (orthe past simple or progressive) with verbs like expect , hope, mean, suppose, mean to describe things we hoped or wished but didn't. (§èi víi nh÷ng niÒm hy väng vµ íc ao nhng ®· kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn®îc: Chóng ta sö dông th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (hoÆc qu¸ khø ®¬n

hoÆc qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn) víi c¸c ®éng tõ nh: expect , hope, mean, suppose, mean ®Ó diÔn t¶ nh÷ng nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ chóng ta ®· hy väng hoÆc ao íc nhng ®· kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc).

e.g. I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on hismarriage, but I didn't manage it. (T«i ®· hy väng göi mét bøc ®iÖn®Ó chóc mõng ®¸m cíi cña anh Êy nhng t«i ®· kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn®îc.)

Note: Past and past perfect tenses in time clauses

• Time clauses with When

When one past action follows another, we can combine them by usingwhen and two simple past tenses (there is usually the idea that the first action led to the second action and the second followed the first very closely ).Khi mét hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø theo sau mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c , ta cã thÓ kÕthîp chóng b»ng c¸ch sö dông when vµ hai th× qu¸ khø ®¬n (thêng cã ý kiÕnr»ng hµnh ®éng thø hai lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt vµ nã theo rÊt s¸t hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt).

e.g.: He called her a liar. She slapped his face. When he called her a liar she slapped his face.

When he opened the window the bird flew out.

When he died he was given a state funeral. The past perfect is used after 'when' when we wish to emphasise that thefirst action was completed before the second one started.Th× QKHT còng ®îc sö dông sau 'When' khi chóng ta muèn nhÊn m¹nh r»nghµnh ®éng thø nhÊt ®· ®îc hoµn tÊt tríc khi hµnh ®éng thø hai b¾t ®Çu.

e.g.: When I had read the newspaper I threw it away.When he had written the letter he went to the post-office.

• Time clause with till, until, as soon as, before, after:Similar to 'When' two simple past tenses can be used Còng t¬ng tù nh'when' hai th× qu¸ khø ®¬n cã thÓ ®îc sö dông

Còng t¬ng tù nh 'when' hai th× qu¸ khø ®¬n cã thÓ ®îc sö dông

e.g. I sat outside until the sun went down.As soon as she saw the mouse, she jumped on a chair.

Unless it is necessary in order to point out that the first action wascompleted before the second one started Trõ khi thÊy cÇn thiÕt ®Ó chothÊy r»nghµnh ®éng thø nhÊt ®îc hoµn tÊt tríc khi hµnh ®éng thø haib¾t ®Çu.

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e.g. He didn't leave the house until he had checked that all the windowswere close.

We left as soon as we had finished dinner.

8. The past perfect continuous tense

A. Form: Subject + had +been + present participle ...

B: Usage: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used:

1. To emphasise the duration of an action that had been inprogress up to a moment in the past or before another pastevent. (§Ó nhÊn m¹nh kho¶ng thêi gian cña mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra vµ tiÕp tôc cho ®Õn mét thêi ®iÓm ë trong qu¸ khø hoÆc trícmét sù viÖc kh¸c trong qu¸ khø) .

e.g. By 1987, he had been working in New York for 5 years. (Cho ®Õn 1987, anh Êy ®· lµm viÖc ë New york ®îc 5 n¨m.)

He had been teaching for 35 years when he retired.

(Khi «ng ta vÒ hu «ng ta ®· gi¶ng d¹y trong 30 n¨m.)2. To express an action whose duration caused visible results

later on in the past. (§Ó diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng mµ kÕt qu¶ cña nã®· t¹o ra çc kÕt qu¶ râ rµng ë trong qu¸ khø).

e.g. When they came back from the beach, their skin was red. They hadbeen lying in the sun for five hours.

9. The simple future tense

A. Form: Subject + will/( shall ) + bare infinitive +...

B: Usage: The simple future tense is used to express:

1. A decision which is made at the time of speaking (mét quyÕt ®Þnh ®îc h×nh thµnh t¹i thêi ®iÓm nãi)

e.g. It's getting cold; I'll close the windows.

2. Predictions or personal opinions about the future ( we can useverbs, expressions and adverbs of probability such as: expect, think,be sure, be afraid, perhaps, probably) (nh÷ng lêi dù ®o¸n hoÆc ý kiÕn ç nh©n vÒ t¬ng lai.) Chóng ta cã thÓ sö dông çc ®éng tõ,thµnh ng÷ vµ çc tr¹ng tõ chØ sù cã thÓ ch¼ng h¹n nh : expect,think, be sure, be afraid, perhaps, probably ).

e.g. According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.I think Arsenal will lose this match.I'm sure John will be very happy to meet you.

3. Requests and offers (nh÷ng lêi yªu cÇu vµ ®Ò nghÞ)

e.g. Will you do the ironing for me, please?I'll take you to the airport tomorrow.

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4. Promises, threats, warnings, hopes, fears, invitation, refusal,willingness, determination. ( nh÷ng lêi høa, ®e do¹, c¶nh b¸o, hy väng, lo sî, lêi mêi, tõ chèi, b»ng lßng, quyÕt t©m)

e.g. I will try to do better the next time. (promise)I will punish you if you don't behave yourself. (behave one's self: c xö cho

ph¶i ®¹o; ngoan )Stop making so noise or the neighbours will get angry. (warning)

I hope that our home team will win.I'm afraid the doctor will not be able to see you this afternoon.Will you have some more wine? (invitation)This window won't open. (refusal)

I will lend you my motorcycle. (willingness)We will go, although there is danger (chóng t«i quyÕt t©m sÏ ®i mÆc

dï nguy hiÓm)

Note: Today ''will'' is used for every person. When ''shall'' and ''will'' arecontracted into ''ll'' there will be no deference between them.

♦

Shall is only used with ''I'' and ''we'' in formal English or forsuggestions and offers ( Shall chØ ®îc sö dông víi ''I' vµ ''We'' trong lèihµnh v¨n trang träng hoÆc lêi ®Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu.)

e.g. We shall answer all your questions.Shall we eat out? (Chóng m×nh ®i ¨n nhµ hµng nhÐ?)Shall I open it now? (T«i më ngay b©y giê nhÐ?)

♦ However, sometimes ''Shall'' can be also used in the third person toexpress a command (in written English): Nhng thØnh tho¶ng ''Shall''còng cã thÓ ®îc sö dông víi ng«i thø ba ®Ó diÔn t¶ mét mÖnh lÖnh(trong v¨n viÕt)

e.g. The Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer shall be elected annually.(elect: bÇu)

This document shall be kept in the office. (Tµi liÖu nµy ph¶i ®îc lu t¹iv¨n phßng)

Going to: is used to express:

♦ predictions based on evidence (nh÷ng dù ®o¸n dùa trªn c¸c b»ngchøng cô thÓ)

e.g. The sun is shining; it is going to be a lovely day.Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.

According to the weather forecast, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.

♦ a plan or a decision has been made before the time of speaking(mét kÕ ho¹ch hay mét quyÕt ®Þnh ®îc h×nh thµnh tríc thêi ®iÓmnãi)

e.g. I'm going to learn French this year.She doesn't like Alan, so she isn't going to invite him to her party.

10. The future continuous tense

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A. Form: Subject + will/( shall ) + be + present participle +...

B: Usage: The future continuous tense is used to express:

1. Future events which are already planed or arranged. (Nh÷ngsù viÖc trong t¬ng lai ®· ®îc lËp kÕ ho¹ch hoÆc ®· ®îc chuÈn bÞ).

e.g. She will be spending her summer at the seaside this year.

The president will be visiting Egypt next month.2 An action that will be in progress at a point of time in the

future.(Mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm trong t¬nglai).

e.g. This time tomorrow I shall/will be flying to India.Thêi gian nµy vµo ngµy mai t«i sÏ (®ang) ®¸p m¸y bay ®i ¢ n §é.The doctor will be seeing Nam at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

Vµo lóc 3 giê chiÒu mai «ng b¸c sÜ sÏ (®ang) kh¸m bÖnh cho Nam.At 10 o’clock tomorrow evening I’ll be watching a film on TV.

Vµo lóc 10 giê ®ªm mai, t«i sÏ xem mét bé phim trªn TV.

3. An action that will be in progress at a point of time in thefuture when another action takes place. (Mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm trong t¬ng lai th× mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y tíi).

e.g. Susan will be getting breakfast ready when you wake up.Susan sÏ chuÈn bÞ xong b÷a s¸ng khi b¹n ngñ dËy (tØnh giÊc).

If you come at eight, she will be practising the piano. NÕu anh ®Õn vµo lóc 8 giê th× c« Êy sÏ ®ang tËp piano.

4. An action that will extend over a given period of time in thefuture. (Hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra kÐo dµi trong mét qu·ng thêi gian qui

®Þnh trong t¬ng lai).e.g. I shall be swimming all day tomorrow. T«i sÏ (®ang) b¬i suèt c¶ ngµy mai. He will be studying for his oral examination next month.

Anh Êy sÏ (®ang) häc tËp cho kú thi nãi suèt c¶ th¸ng tíi.

Note: ∗ Sometime there is little or no difference between the future continuousand the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinitetime in the future.. (ThØnh tho¶ng rÊt Ýt hoÆc kh«ng cã sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a th×t¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn vµ th× t¬ng lai ®¬n, ®Æc biÖt khi mét sù viÖc sÏ x¶y ra t¹imét thêi ®iÓm kh«ng râ rµng trong t¬ng lai.)

e.g. Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon.

Don't get impatient. She will come soon.

Deferent ways of expressing futurity

1. Simple present: I leave next week.2. Present continuous I am leaving next week.3. Simple future I'll leave next week.4. Future Continuous I'll be leaving next week.5. Be going to I'm going to leave next week.6. Be to I'm to leave next week.

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7. Be due to I'm due to leave next week. (due to do sth)

8. Be about to I'm about to leave next week.9. Be on the point of I'm on the point of leaving next week.10. Be on the verge of I'm on the verge of leaving next week.

11. The future perfect tense

A. Form: Subject + will/( shall ) +have + past participle +...B: Usage: The future perfect tense is used to express:

1. An action that will be completed before (by ) a certain point of time in the future. (Mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®îc hoµn thµnh tríc mét thêi®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh ë t¬ng lai).

e.g. By dinner time I will have typed all the letters. ( Tríc giê ¨n tèi t«i sÏ ®¸nh xong nh÷ng bøc th nµy).

We will have arrived in Japan by next Monday. (Chóng t«i sÏ tíi NhËt B¶n vµokho¶ng thø Hai tuÇn tíi).

Tom will have taken his university degree by this time next year.

(Tom sÏ tèt nghiÖp ®¹i häc vµo kho¶ng thêi gian nµy sang n¨m).I shall have spent all my money by the end of this month. (T«i sÏ tiªu hÕt tiÒn tríc cuèi th¸ng nµy).

2. An action that will be completed before another action in thefuture. (Mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®îc hoµn thµnh tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸ctrong t¬ng lai ).

e.g. When you return here, they will have built this hospital. (Khi anh trë l¹i ®©y th× hä sÏ x©y xong bÖnh viÖn nµy råi.)

3. Duration up to a time in the future. (mét sù viÖc kÐo dµi tíi mét thêi ®iÓm trong t¬ng lai ).

e.g. I shall have lived in this house for ten years by the end of this year.(Vµo kho¶ng cuèi n¨m nay t«i sÏ ë trong c¨n nhµ nµy ®îc mêi n¨m. )

12. The future perfect continuous tense

A. Form: Subject + will/( shall ) +have been +present participle +...

B: Usage: The future perfect continuous tense is used:

1. To emphasise the continuation of an action that will be inprogress before a certain point of time or another action inthe future.

(NhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tôc cña mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ®ang x¶y ra tríc mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh hoÆc mét hµnh ®éng trong t¬ng lai). {The same(3) of the future perfect tense}

e.g. On April 12,2001 we shall have been living in this house for tenyears.

Vµo ngµy 12/4/20001 chóng t«i sÏ ë trong ng«i nhµ nµy ®îc mêi n¨m.

We will have been studying for an hour when he comes. Lóc anh Êy ®Õn chóng ta sÏ häc ®îc 1 tiÕng ®ång hå.

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By midnight we will have been flying for seven hours. §Õn nöa ®ªm chóng ta sÏ bay ®îc 7 giê.

Exercises

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Present or the Present Continuous tense

1- He always (sleep) with his windows open.

2- I (read) a play by Shaw.3- Actions (speak) louder than words.4- Listen! Someone (knock) at the door.5- The River Nile (rise) in Central Africa.6- They (dance) now, the master (play) the piano.7- I (go) to bed early and (get up) early.8- John often (stay) in a hotel when he (come) to town, but tonight he

(stay) with us.9- I usually (wear) a coat but I (not wear) one today as it isn’t cold.

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10- My neighbour (practise) the violin; she usually (practise) at aboutthis time.

11- Smith (smoke) a great deal. In fact wherever I (see) him, he(smoke).

12- The teacher (point) at the blackboard when he (want) to explainsomething.

13- Whenever I (call) at the Brown’s home, they (play) cards. I really think

they (play) every night.14- The sun (rise) in the east; now it (set) and night (fall).15- That man in the white hat who (walk) past the window (live) next

the door.16-Architects (make) the plans of buildings.17-I (spend) this weekend in Alexandria, I (go) there nearly every week.18- Where are you? – I (sit) in the kitchen. – What you (do) there? – I

(help) my mother.19- Why you (wash) those clothes this morning? – Because the sun

(shine), I (never wash) clothes when there are clouds in the sky.20- Where you (go) now? – I (go) to the theatre - I (go) tonight also, but I

(not go) very often – I (go) every week, but tonight I (go) for the secondtime in three days.

2. Supply the correct present tense for the verbs in brackets (SimplePresent or Present Continuous)

1- Ships (travel) from Southampton to New York in four or five days2- John (travel) to England tomorrow.3- On my way to work I generally (meet) many children who (go) to

school.4- Look, a man (run) after the train. He (want) to catch it.5- It (be) very cold now? You (think) it (freeze)?

6- The sun (warm) the air and (give) us light.7- What you (read) when you are on holiday? – I (read) detective stories.Now I (read) The Shut Door by Ivor Lock.

8- You (hear) anything? – I (listen) hard but I can’t hear here anything.9- I (see) that you (wear) your best clothes? You (go) to a party? – No, I

(go) to a wedding – And who is the man who (throw) away hisfreedom? You must tell him I (feel) sorry for him – He (speak) to younow.

10- You (speak) French? – I only (use) a foreign language when I (travel)abroad.

11- My children (work) very hard. John (study) for an examination now.

12- Joan (swim) very well, but she (not dive).13- What music you (play) next? – Sheila (sing) a song by Chopin; she(sing) it very well.

14- Wood (float) on water, but iron (not float).15- You (understand) the present tense now? – I (do) an exercise on it at

this moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now.

3. Cross out the wrong answer.

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1. In this story, a girl finds/is finding a time machine and travels/is travellingthrough the time.

2. Don’t brother me now. I write/am writing an important letter.3. I am thinking/think about grandmother. We hardly ever visit/are

visiting her. Let’s visit her tomorrow.4. The minibus, which is taking/takes people to the other side of island,

leaves/is leaving at 11: 00 am.. And is returning/returns at 6: 00 p.m..

5. Arthur is cleaning/cleans our swimming pool twice a month.6. I sleep/am sleeping at my mother’s house this week because I amhaving/have my house painted.

7. “When are you leaving/do you leave for Rome?“Tomorrow at 8: 00 a.m..”

8. I think/am thinking you should buy him a tie. He is liking/likes to dressformally.

9. Flowers bloom/are blooming in spring.10. You are turning/turn left at the traffic lights and go/are going up

Oxford Street.11. Here comes/is coming Kelly. Let’s her news.

12. I listen/am listening to the weather report now. I am wanting/want to knowtomorrow’s weather.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Progressive orPresent simple.

The messenger Your letters

I (write) 1 in response to your article on recycling. Yes, I (agree) 2 that oursociety has become a “through away” society and that we (need) 3 to takerecycling more seriously, but the government (not do) 4 anything about itat the moment. It (seem) 5 that the problem (get)6 worse and worse all thetime. Even though they (continually encourage) 7 us to recycle ourrubbish, government-controlled companies (not recycle) 8 theirs.

For instance, the telephone directory. Every year, we (receive) 9 the newtelephone directory which (consist) 10 of over 1000 pages. The followingyear, when we (receive) 11 the new telephone directory we (throw) 12 theold one away. What a waste!

At the moment, in other countries, governments (constantly introduce) 13

new measures to protect the environment and they (try) 14 to make peoplemore aware of how important recycling (be) 15. What they (do )16 with theirold telephone directories? Well, people (take)17 their old telephonedirectories to a local post office for recycling in order to get a new one.

It (be) 18 a good time the government acted more responsibility.

5. Read the sentences and correct if necessary.1. I’m usually having a cup of coffee at the office.2. Don’t wait for me because I don’t come with you.3. You’re always complaining about my cooking.4. Many drivers are smoking while driving.

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5. The little boy is knowing the alphabet.6. She gives a party next week.7. Gary rarely uses his car at the weekend.8. I’m not eating sweet these days as I’m on a diet.9. I’m sometimes watching TV in the morning.10. I water the plants for my neighbours this week.

11. There is going James in his new car!12. Your French is approving.6. TransformationUsing the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.Do not change the word given. (Use 2 – 5 words in total.)1. John never stops criticising my friend. always John …………………………………………. my friends.2. We’ve arranged to meet at 8:00 p.m. tomorrow.

are We ……………………………………………at 8:00 p.m.tomorrow.

3. Helen rarely goes to the theatre.not Helen …………………………………………the theatre very often.

4. I am considering visiting my cousins in Canada next summer.thinking I ………………………………………… my cousins in Canadanext summer.

5. What time is your plane scheduled to arrive at Heathrow?land What time ………………………………..at Heathrow?

6. I have arranged to have dinner with Jerry tonight.am I …………………………………………. with Jerry tonight.

Key to the exercise (from 1 to 6)1. (1) always sleeps. (2) am reading. (3) speaks. (4) is knocking. (5)

rises. (6) are dancing now. (7) go/get up. (8) stays/comes/is staying.(9) wear/ am not wearing. (10) is practising/practises. (11)smokes/see/is smoking. (12) is pointing/wants. (13) call/areplaying/play. (14) rises/is setting/ is falling. (15) is walking/lives. (16)make. (17) am spending/go. (18) am sitting/are you doing/amhelping. (19) are you washing/is shining/never wash. (20) are yougoing/am going/ am going, don’t go/go/am going.

2.(1) travel. (2) is travelling. (3) meet/are going. (4) is running/wants.(5) is/ Do you think / is freezing. (6) warms/gives. (7) do youread/read/ am reading. (8) Do you hear/am listening. (9) see/arewearing/Are you going/ am going/is throwing /fell/is speaking. 10 Doyou speak (Are you speaking)/use/travel. (11) work (are working)/isstudying. (12) swims/does not dive. (13) are you playing/ issinging/sings. (14) floats/ dose not float. (15) Do you understand/ amdoing/ think/know.

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3. (1) is finding/ is travelling (2) write (3) think/ are visiting; (4) istaking/is leaving/returning; (5) is cleaning; (6) sleep/have; (7) do youleave; (8) am thinking/ is liking. (9) are blooming; (10) arereturning/are going; (11) is coming; (12) listen/wanting.

4. (1) am writing; (2) agree; (3) need; (4) is not doing; (5) seems; (6) isgetting; (7) are continually encouraging/ continually encourage; (8)

are not recycling/do not recycle. (9) receive; (10) consists; (11)receive; (12) throw; (13) are constantly introducing; (14) are trying;(15) is; (16) do they do; (17) take; (18) is.

5. (1) I usually have; (2) … I’m not coming with you. (3) correct ; (4) …drivers smoke … ; (5) … know the alphabet; (6) …is giving a …; (7)correct ; (8) correct ; (9) I sometimes watch TV … ; (10) I am watering…. ; (11) There goes James … ; (12) correct.

6. (1) John is always criticising my friends; (2) We are meeting at 8:00

p.m. tomorrow; (3) Helen does not go to the theatre very often; (4) Iam thinking about/of visiting my cousins in Canada next summer; (5)What time your plane land at Heathrow?; (6) I am having dinner with Jerry tonight.

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