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CA #3 ReviewCA #3 Review
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The RulesThe Rules
• You will be divided into groups of 3 or 4You will be divided into groups of 3 or 4
• Each team will have a turn to answer a Each team will have a turn to answer a trivia questiontrivia question
• If your group answers correctly, you will If your group answers correctly, you will earn points for that questionearn points for that question
• If your group can’t answer the question or If your group can’t answer the question or answers incorrectly, your turn will be answers incorrectly, your turn will be passed to the next grouppassed to the next group
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Every 3 nt in mRNA that Every 3 nt in mRNA that codes for an amino acid or codes for an amino acid or
is a start or stop signalis a start or stop signal
Codon
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Mendel’s law = alleles for Mendel’s law = alleles for different traits are different traits are
inherited independently of inherited independently of one anotherone another
Law of independentassortment
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How do we write How do we write homozygous dominant homozygous dominant
genotypes? Homozygous genotypes? Homozygous recessive? Heterozygous?recessive? Heterozygous?
AAaaAa
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Which of Mendel’s Which of Mendel’s conclusions explains how conclusions explains how traits can disappear and traits can disappear and then reappear between then reappear between
generations?generations?
Law ofsegregation (and rule
of dominance)
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What is a gene?What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that codes for
protein
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What is the shape of What is the shape of DNA?DNA?
Double helix
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DNA is polymer made up DNA is polymer made up of monomers called of monomers called
________?________?
Nucleotides
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What are the base pairing What are the base pairing rules for DNA?rules for DNA?
A = TG = C
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In DNA replication, what In DNA replication, what enzyme is needed to enzyme is needed to
unwind DNA?unwind DNA?
DNA helicase
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DNA polymerase READS in DNA polymerase READS in what direction? what direction?
3’ to 5’
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Which 2 bases are Which 2 bases are purines?purines?
A and G
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If a tRNA anticodon reads If a tRNA anticodon reads GCU, what is the mRNA GCU, what is the mRNA
codon?codon?
CGA
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What do we call changes What do we call changes in the nucleotide in the nucleotide
sequence of DNA?sequence of DNA?
Mutations
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What is the central What is the central concept of genetics?concept of genetics?
DNA to RNA toprotein
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A gene that codes for A gene that codes for resistance to a herbicide resistance to a herbicide has been added to the has been added to the
genome of a plant. What genome of a plant. What will happen?will happen?
Plants won’t diewhen herbicide is
sprayedClick for: Answer and next Question
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Where does transcription Where does transcription occur?occur?
Nucleus
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What enzyme is primarily What enzyme is primarily responsible for responsible for transcription?transcription?
RNA polymerase
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True or False: Transferring True or False: Transferring normal human genes into normal human genes into
human cells that lack human cells that lack them is impossible.them is impossible.
False
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Which type of RNA makes Which type of RNA makes up the ribosome?up the ribosome?
rRNA
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Which type of RNA carries Which type of RNA carries instructions for making a instructions for making a
protein?protein?
mRNA
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How is pre-mRNA How is pre-mRNA processed into mRNA?processed into mRNA?
Capping and splicing
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The codon AUG codes for The codon AUG codes for what amino acid?what amino acid?
Methionine
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B = black fur, b = white B = black fur, b = white fur. Give F1 genotype from fur. Give F1 genotype from crossing two heterozygous crossing two heterozygous
black bears.black bears.
1/4 BB2/4 Bb1/4 bb
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True or False? The next True or False? The next amino acid being added to amino acid being added to
a growing polypeptide a growing polypeptide chain is attached to a chain is attached to a
tRNA in the A site.tRNA in the A site.
True
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Name two traits that Name two traits that Mendel was observing in Mendel was observing in
his pea plants.his pea plants.
Plant heightFlower position
Pod colorPod appearance
Seed textureSeed color
Flower colorClick for: Answer and next Question
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What type of organism What type of organism was Mendel working with?was Mendel working with?
Pea plants
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Predicting genetic Predicting genetic outcomes is based on outcomes is based on
________ (or the likelihood ________ (or the likelihood that an event will occur).that an event will occur).
Probability
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What’s the difference What’s the difference between a genotype and between a genotype and
phenotype?phenotype?
Genotype = geneticmakeup
Phenotype = appearanceor expression of trait
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As a sample size As a sample size increases, what happens increases, what happens to the percent deviation?to the percent deviation?
Decreases
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What are the 3 parts of a What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?nucleotide?
Deoxyribose sugarPhosphate
Nitrogenous baseClick for: Answer and next Question
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True or False? In True or False? In codominance the codominance the
phenotype is a blending in phenotype is a blending in heterozygotesheterozygotes
False
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Two or more alternative Two or more alternative forms of a gene is called forms of a gene is called an ______. (Hint: Mendel an ______. (Hint: Mendel
called them factors)called them factors)
Allele
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What enzyme is primarily What enzyme is primarily responsible for DNA responsible for DNA
replication?replication?
DNA polymerase
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What is a pure (or true-What is a pure (or true-breeding) plant?breeding) plant?
Always produceoffspring with
specific trait whenself-pollinated
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True or False? Punnett True or False? Punnett squares predict exactly squares predict exactly
what we will see.what we will see.
False
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In a testcross, always In a testcross, always cross the unknown cross the unknown organism with an organism with an
organism whose genotype organism whose genotype is _________.is _________.
Homozygousrecessive
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Amino acids are joined Amino acids are joined with what type of bond?with what type of bond?
Peptide
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This type of RNA binds to This type of RNA binds to amino acids and carries amino acids and carries them to the ribosome.them to the ribosome.
tRNA
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What is the difference What is the difference between a monohybrid between a monohybrid
and dihyrid?and dihyrid?
Monohybrid = 1 traitDihybrid = 2 traits
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What are the short What are the short segments of DNA made in segments of DNA made in our lagging strand called?our lagging strand called?
Okazakifragments
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Each new DNA molecule is Each new DNA molecule is half the original molecule half the original molecule
and half a new strand.and half a new strand.
Semi-conservative
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Diagram used to predict Diagram used to predict probable outcomes of probable outcomes of
inherited traits in offspringinherited traits in offspring
Punnett square
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Y shaped region that Y shaped region that results when two strands results when two strands
of DNA separate.of DNA separate.
Replication fork
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Name 2 things that can Name 2 things that can cause errors in DNA cause errors in DNA
replication.replication.
UV radiationRandom
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Where does translation Where does translation occur?occur?
Ribosome
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Give the complementary Give the complementary strand for this portion of strand for this portion of
DNA: CCTAGCTDNA: CCTAGCT
GGATCGA
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What is it called when What is it called when several ribosomes several ribosomes
translate one mRNA at the translate one mRNA at the same time?same time?
Polysome
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What is genetic What is genetic engineering?engineering?
Process of alteringgenetic material
of cells or organisms
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If a DNA template strand If a DNA template strand reads TAG, what is the reads TAG, what is the
mRNA codon? mRNA codon?
AUC
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How did Mendel obtain his How did Mendel obtain his F1 generation?F1 generation?
Crossed 2 of hisP1 plants
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What is the importance of What is the importance of these three codons: UAA, these three codons: UAA,
UAG, UGA?UAG, UGA?
Stop codons
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How many codons are How many codons are there?there?
64
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What is the direct result of What is the direct result of transcription in transcription in
eukaryotes?eukaryotes?
pre-mRNA
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What is a promoter?What is a promoter?
Base sequence thatsignals start oftranscription
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What type of bond holds What type of bond holds DNA bases together?DNA bases together?
Hydrogen
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What makes up the What makes up the backbone of DNA?backbone of DNA?
Alternatingdeoxyribose sugar
and phosphate
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What sugar is found in What sugar is found in DNA?DNA?
Deoxyribose
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Who discovered the shape Who discovered the shape of DNA?of DNA?
Watson and Crickw/ help from Wilkins
and Franklin
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What does anitparallel What does anitparallel mean?mean?
DNA strandsparallel, but runningin opposite directions
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True or False? DNA True or False? DNA replication on the lagging replication on the lagging
strand is continuous.strand is continuous.
False
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How accurate is DNA How accurate is DNA replication?replication?
Errors occur 1 inevery billionbase pairs
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True or False? DNA True or False? DNA replication on the lagging replication on the lagging
strand is continuous.strand is continuous.
False
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This is the most abundant This is the most abundant form of RNA.form of RNA.
rRNA
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Name one agricultural Name one agricultural application of genetic application of genetic
engineering.engineering.
Answerswill vary
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After mRNA leaves the After mRNA leaves the nucleus, where does it go?nucleus, where does it go?
Ribosome
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True or False? Several True or False? Several codons can code for the codons can code for the
same amino acid.same amino acid.
True
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What direction does What direction does translation occur?translation occur?
5’ to 3’
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Method of cloning whole Method of cloning whole organisms.organisms.
SCNT
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What type of organism did What type of organism did Morgan work with?Morgan work with?
Fruit flies(Drosophila)
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What is the difference What is the difference between autosomes and between autosomes and
sex chromosomes?sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomesdetermine sex
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How many binding sites How many binding sites are on a ribosome?are on a ribosome?
3 (P site, A site,mRNA binding
site)Click for: Answer and next Question
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What does the SRY gene What does the SRY gene do?do?
Codes for proteinthat causes gonads to
develop as testes
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What is a lethal What is a lethal mutation?mutation?
One that causesdeath
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What happens in a What happens in a chromosomal inversion?chromosomal inversion?
Segment of chromosome breaks
off, flips over,reattaches
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Name one type of Name one type of chromosomal mutation.chromosomal mutation.
DeletionInversion
TranslocationNondisjunction
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What is a point What is a point mutation?mutation?
Involves a singlenucleotide
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Which two types of point Which two types of point mutations can cause a mutations can cause a
frameshift?frameshift?
Insertion anddeletion
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How do restriction How do restriction enzymes work?enzymes work?
Make cuts in DNAat specific base
sequences
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What happens to the What happens to the gametes if nondisjunction gametes if nondisjunction
occurs during meiosis?occurs during meiosis?
Some will have extrachromosomes, some
will have less
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If a trait is sex-linked, who If a trait is sex-linked, who generally expresses the generally expresses the
trait?trait?
Males
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Name one trait in humans Name one trait in humans that is caused by that is caused by
polygenic inheritance.polygenic inheritance.
Skin colorHair color
HeightEye color
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Which type of pattern of Which type of pattern of inheritance follows a bell inheritance follows a bell
curve?curve?
Polygenic
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Name one trait in humans Name one trait in humans that is controlled by that is controlled by
multiple alleles.multiple alleles.
ABO bloodgroups
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What is a silent What is a silent mutation?mutation?
Mutation that doesnot effect protein
product
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Most human traits follow Most human traits follow what type of pattern of what type of pattern of
inheritance?inheritance?
Polygenic
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True or False? All True or False? All mutations are harmful.mutations are harmful.
False
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Is it possible for a person Is it possible for a person with type AB blood and a with type AB blood and a person with type O blood person with type O blood
to have a child with O to have a child with O blood?blood?
No
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How can a person with How can a person with type B blood and person type B blood and person
with type A blood produce with type A blood produce a child with type O blood?a child with type O blood?
Both parentsheterozygous
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If 2 genes are close If 2 genes are close together what will most together what will most
likely happen during likely happen during crossing over?crossing over?
They will crossover
together
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Give F1 phenotypes for a Give F1 phenotypes for a cross between cross between
homozygous white-eyed homozygous white-eyed female fruit fly and red-female fruit fly and red-
eyed male.eyed male.
1/2 female, red1/2 male, white
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What does the term What does the term hemizygous refer to?hemizygous refer to?
Possible genotypefor males in
X-linked problems
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Name one way to detect Name one way to detect genetic diseases in a genetic diseases in a
fetus.fetus.
UltrasoundChorionic villiAmniocentesis
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How do we show affected How do we show affected individuals in a pedigree?individuals in a pedigree?
Shade in boxor circle
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Where are restriction Where are restriction enzymes naturally found?enzymes naturally found?
In bacteria
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What is the difference What is the difference between a sticky end and between a sticky end and
a blunt end?a blunt end?
Sticky = overhangsof DNA
Blunt = no overhang,clean cut
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What is a plasmid?What is a plasmid?
Circular piece ofDNA found in
bacteria
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Process of breeding plants Process of breeding plants or animals for certain or animals for certain
traits.traits.
Selectivebreeding
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Name one medical Name one medical application of genetic application of genetic
engineering.engineering.
Answerswill vary
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What is a vector?What is a vector?
Something thatcarries rDNA into
a cell
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Name one concern people Name one concern people have with genetic have with genetic
engineering.engineering.
Answers will vary
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What is a superweed?What is a superweed?
GM crop that getsout into wild
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