C# Language Overview

(Part II)Creating and Using Objects, Exceptions, Strings, Generics, Collections, Attributes

Table of Contents

1.Creating and Using Objects

2.Namespaces

3.Exceptions Handling

4.Strings and Text Processing

5.Generics

6.Collection Classes

7.Attributes

2

Using Classes and ObjectsUsing the Built-In .NET Framework

Classes

What is Class? The formal definition of class:

Definition by Google

4

Classes act as templates from which an instance of an object is created at run time. Classes define the properties of the object and the methods used to control the object's behavior.

Classes Classes provide the structure for objects Define their prototype, act as

template Classes define:

Set of attributes Represented by fields and properties

Hold their state

Set of actions (behavior) Represented by methods

A class defines the methods and types of data associated with an object

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Classes – Example

6

Account

+Owner: Person+Ammount: double

+Suspend()+Deposit(sum:double)+Withdraw(sum:double)

Class Name

Attributes

(Properties and Fields)

Operations

(Methods)

Objects An object is a concrete instance of a particular class

Creating an object from a class is called instantiation

Objects have state Set of values associated to their

attributes Example:

Class: Account Objects: Ivan's account, Peter's

account7

Objects – Example

8

Account

+Owner: Person+Ammount: double

+Suspend()+Deposit(sum:double)+Withdraw(sum:double)

Class ivanAccount

+Owner="Ivan Kolev"+Ammount=5000.0

peterAccount

+Owner="Peter Kirov"+Ammount=1825.33

kirilAccount

+Owner="Kiril Kirov"+Ammount=25.0

Object

Object

Object

Classes in C# Basic units that compose programs

Implementation is encapsulated (hidden)

Classes in C# can contain: Fields (member variables) Properties Methods Constructors Inner types Etc. (events, indexers, operators,

…)

9

Classes in C# – Examples

Example of classes: System.Console System.String (string in C#) System.Int32 (int in C#) System.Array System.Math System.Random

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Declaring Objects An instance of a class or structure can be defined like any other variable:

Instances cannot be used if they are not initialized

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using System;...// Define two variables of type DateTimeDateTime today; DateTime halloween;

// Declare and initialize a structure instanceDateTime today = DateTime.Now;

Fields Fields are data members of a class Can be variables and constants Accessing a field doesn’t invoke any actions of the object

Example: String.Empty (the "" string)

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Accessing Fields Constant fields can be only read Variable fields can be read and modified

Usually properties are used instead of directly accessing variable fields

Examples:

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// Accessing read-only fieldString empty = String.Empty;

// Accessing constant fieldint maxInt = Int32.MaxValue;

Properties Properties look like fields (have name and type), but they can contain code, executed when they are accessed

Usually used to control access to data fields (wrappers), but can contain more complex logic

Can have two components (and at least one of them) called accessors get for reading their value

set for changing their value

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Properties (2) According to the implemented accessors properties can be: Read-only (get accessor only) Read and write (both get and set

accessors) Write-only (set accessor only)

Example of read-only property: String.Length

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Accessing Properties and Fields – Example

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using System;...DateTime christmas = new DateTime(2009, 12, 25);int day = christmas.Day;int month = christmas.Month;int year = christmas.Year;

Console.WriteLine( "Christmas day: {0}, month: {1}, year: {2}", day, month, year);

Console.WriteLine( "Day of year: {0}", christmas.DayOfYear);

Console.WriteLine("Is {0} leap year: {1}", year, DateTime.IsLeapYear(year));

Instance and Static Members

Fields, properties and methods can be: Instance (or object members) Static (or class members)

Instance members are specific for each object Example: different dogs have

different name Static members are common for all instances of a class Example: DateTime.MinValue is

shared between all instances of DateTime

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Instance and Static Members

– Examples Example of instance member

String.Length Each string object has different

length

Example of static member Console.ReadLine()

The console is only one (global for the program)

Reading from the console does not require to create an instance of it 18

Methods Methods manipulate the data of the object to which they belong or perform other tasks

Examples: Console.WriteLine(…) Console.ReadLine() String.Substring(index, length) Array.GetLength(index)

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Instance Methods Instance methods manipulate the data of a specified object or perform any other tasks If a value is returned, it depends on

the particular class instance Syntax:

The name of the instance, followed by the name of the method, separated by dot

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<object_name>.<method_name>(<parameters>)

Calling Instance Methods – Examples

Calling instance methods of String:

Calling instance methods of DateTime:

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String sampleLower = new String('a', 5);String sampleUpper = sampleLower.ToUpper();

Console.WriteLine(sampleLower); // aaaaaConsole.WriteLine(sampleUpper); // AAAAA

DateTime now = DateTime.Now;DateTime later = now.AddHours(8);

Console.WriteLine("Now: {0}", now);Console.WriteLine("8 hours later: {0}", later);

Static Methods Static methods are common for all instances of a class (shared between all instances) Returned value depends only on the

passed parameters No particular class instance is

available Syntax:

The name of the class, followed by the name of the method, separated by dot 22

<class_name>.<method_name>(<parameters>)

Calling Static Methods – Examples

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using System;

double radius = 2.9;double area = Math.PI * Math.Pow(radius, 2);Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", area);// Area: 26,4207942166902

double precise = 8.7654321;double round3 = Math.Round(precise, 3);double round1 = Math.Round(precise, 1);Console.WriteLine( "{0}; {1}; {2}", precise, round3, round1);// 8,7654321; 8,765; 8,8

Constant field

Static metho

d

Static meth

odStatic meth

od

Constructors Constructors are special methods used to assign initial values of the fields in an object Executed when an object of a given

type is being created Have the same name as the class

that holds them Do not return a value

A class may have several constructors with different set of parameters 24

Constructors (2) Constructor is invoked by the new operator

Examples:

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String s = new String("Hello!"); // s = "Hello!"

<instance_name> = new <class_name>(<parameters>)

String s = new String('*', 5); // s = "*****"

DateTime dt = new DateTime(2009, 12, 30);

DateTime dt = new DateTime(2009, 12, 30, 12, 33, 59);

Int32 value = new Int32(1024);

Structures Structures are similar to classes Structures are usually used for storing data structures, without any other functionality

Structures can have fields, properties, etc. Using methods is not recommended

Structures are value types, and classes are reference types (this will be discussed later)

Example of structure System.DateTime – represents a date

and time

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Enumerations Enumerations in C# are types whose values are limited to a predefined set of values E.g. the days of week

Declared by the keyword enum in C#

Hold values from a predefined set

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public enum Color { Red, Green, Blue, Black }

…

Color color = Color.Red;Console.WriteLine(color); // Red

color = 5; // Compilation error!

What is a Namespace? Namespaces are used to organize the source code into more logical and manageable way

Namespaces can contain Definitions of classes, structures,

interfaces and other types and other namespaces

Namespaces can contain other namespaces, e.g. System namespace contains Data

namespace The name of the nested namespace

is System.Data

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Full Class Names A full name of a class is the name of the class preceded by the name of its namespace

Example: Array class, defined in the System

namespace The full name of the class is System.Array

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<namespace_name>.<class_name>

Including Namespaces The using directive in C#:

Allows using types in a namespace, without specifying their full name

Example:

instead of

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using <namespace_name>

using System;DateTime date;

System.DateTime date;

Common Type System (CTS)

CTS defines all data types supported in .NET Framework Primitive types (e.g. int, float, object)

Classes (e.g. String, Console, Array) Structures (e.g. DateTime) Arrays (e.g. int[], string[,]) Etc.

Object-oriented by design31

CTS and Different Languages

CTS is common for all .NET languages C#, VB.NET, J#, JScript.NET, ...

CTS type mappings:

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CTS Type C# Type VB.NET Type

System.Int32 int Integer

System.Single float Single

System.Boolean bool Boolean

System.String string String

System.Object object Object

Value and Reference Types

In CTS there are two categories of types Value types Reference types

Placed in different areas of memory Value types live in the execution

stack Freed when become out of scope

Reference types live in the managed heap (dynamic memory) Freed by the garbage collector

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Value and Reference Types –

Examples Value types Most of the primitive types Structures Examples: int, float, bool, DateTime

Reference types Classes and interfaces Strings Arrays Examples: string, Random, object, int[] 34

Exceptions HandlingThe Paradigm of Exceptions in

OOP

What are Exceptions? The exceptions in .NET Framework are classic implementation of the OOP exception model

Deliver powerful mechanism for centralized handling of errors and unusual events

Substitute procedure-oriented approach, in which each function returns error code

Simplify code construction and maintenance

Allow the problematic situations to be processed at multiple levels

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Handling Exceptions In C# the exceptions can be handled by the try-catch-finally construction

catch blocks can be used multiple times to process different exception types

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try{ // Do some work that can raise an exception}catch (SomeException){ // Handle the caught exception}

Handling Exceptions – Example

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static void Main(){ string s = Console.ReadLine(); try { Int32.Parse(s); Console.WriteLine( "You entered valid Int32 number {0}.", s); } catch (FormatException) { Console.WriteLine("Invalid integer number!"); } catch (OverflowException) { Console.WriteLine( "The number is too big to fit in Int32!"); }}

The System.Exception Class

Exceptions in .NET are objects The System.Exception class is base for all exceptions in CLR Holds information for the cause of

the error or the unusual situation Message – text description of the

exception

StackTrace – the snapshot of the stack at the moment of exception throwing

InnerException – exception caused the currentexception (if any)

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Exception Properties – Example

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class ExceptionsTest{ public static void CauseFormatException() { string s = "an invalid number"; Int32.Parse(s); } static void Main() { try { CauseFormatException(); } catch (FormatException fe) { Console.Error.WriteLine("Exception caught: {0}\n{1}", fe.Message, fe.StackTrace); } }}

Exception Properties The Message property gives brief

description of the problem The StackTrace property is extremely

useful when identifying the reason caused the exception

The Message property gives brief description of the problem

The StackTrace property is extremely useful when identifying the reason caused the exception

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Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct format. at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles style, NumberFormatInfo info) at System.Int32.Parse(String s) at ExceptionsTest.CauseFormatException() in c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 8 at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args) in c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 15

Exception Properties (2)

File names and line numbers are accessible only if the compilation was in Debug mode

When compiled in Release mode, the information in the property StackTrace is quite different:

File names and line numbers are accessible only if the compilation was in Debug mode

When compiled in Release mode, the information in the property StackTrace is quite different:

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Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct format. at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles style, NumberFormatInfo info) at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args)

Exception Hierarchy

Exceptions in .NET Framework are organized in a hierarchy

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System.Exception

System.SystemException System.ApplicationException

System.NullReferenceException System.FormatException

System.ArithmeticException

System.DivideByZeroException System.OverflowException

SofiaUniversity.InvalidStudentException

Types of Exceptions All .NET exceptions inherit from System.Exception

The system exceptions inherit from System.SystemException, e.g. System.ArgumentException System.NullReferenceException System.OutOfMemoryException System.StackOverflowException

User-defined exceptions should inherit from System.ApplicationException

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Handling Exceptions

When catching an exception of a particular class, all its inheritors (child exceptions) are caught too

Example:

Handles ArithmeticException and its successors DivideByZeroException and OverflowException 45

try{ // Do some works that can raise an exception}catch (System.ArithmeticException){ // Handle the caught arithmetic exception}

Handling All Exceptions All exceptions thrown by .NET

managed code inherit the System.Exception exception

Unmanaged code can throw other exceptions

For handling all exceptions (even unmanaged) use the construction:

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try{ // Do some works that can raise any exception}catch{ // Handle the caught exception}

Throwing Exceptions

Exceptions are thrown (raised) by throw keyword in C# Used to notify the calling code in

case of error or unusual situation When an exception is thrown:

The program execution stops The exception travels over the

stack until a suitable catch block is reached to handle it

Unhandled exceptions display error message

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How Exceptions Work?

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Main()

Method 1

Method 2

Method N

2. Method call

3. Method call

4. Method call…

Main()

Method 1

Method 2

Method N

8. Find handler

7. Find handler

6. Find handler…

5. Throw an exception

.NET CLR

1. Execute theprogram 9. Find handler

10. Display error message

Using throw Keyword Throwing an exception with error

message:

Exceptions can take message and cause:

Note: if the original exception is not passed the initial cause of the exception is lost

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throw new ArgumentException("Invalid amount!");

try{ Int32.Parse(str);}catch (FormatException fe){ throw new ArgumentException("Invalid number", fe);}

Throwing Exceptions – Example

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public static double Sqrt(double value){ if (value < 0) throw new System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException( "Sqrt for negative numbers is undefined!"); return Math.Sqrt(value);}static void Main(){ try { Sqrt(-1); } catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException ex) { Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message); throw; }}

Strings and Text Processing

What Is String? Strings are sequences of characters

Each character is a Unicode symbol Represented by the string data type in C# (System.String)

Example:

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string s = "Hello, C#";

H e l l o , C #s

The System.String Class Strings are represented by System.String objects in .NET Framework String objects contain an immutable

(read-only) sequence of characters Strings use Unicode in to support

multiple languages and alphabets Strings are stored in the dynamic memory (managed heap)

System.String is reference type53

The System.String Class (2)

String objects are like arrays of characters (char[]) Have fixed length (String.Length) Elements can be accessed directly

by index The index is in the range [0...Length-1]

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string s = "Hello!";int len = s.Length; // len = 6char ch = s[1]; // ch = 'e'

0 1 2 3 4 5

H e l l o !index =

s[index] =

Strings – Example

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static void Main(){ string s = "Stand up, stand up, Balkan Superman."; Console.WriteLine("s = \"{0}\"", s); Console.WriteLine("s.Length = {0}", s.Length); for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++) { Console.WriteLine("s[{0}] = {1}", i, s[i]); }}

Declaring Strings There are two ways of declaring string variables: Using the C# keyword string Using the .NET's fully qualified

class name System.String

The above three declarations are equivalent

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string str1;System.String str2;String str3;

Creating Strings Before initializing a string variable has null value

Strings can be initialized by: Assigning a string literal to the

string variable Assigning the value of another

string variable Assigning the result of operation of

type string

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Creating Strings (2) Not initialized variables has value of null

Assigning a string literal

Assigning from another string variable

Assigning from the result of string operation

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string s; // s is equal to null

string s = "I am a string literal!";

string s2 = s;

string s = 42.ToString();

Reading and Printing Strings

Reading strings from the console Use the method Console.ReadLine()

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string s = Console.ReadLine();

Console.Write("Please enter your name: "); string name = Console.ReadLine();Console.Write("Hello, {0}! ", name);Console.WriteLine("Welcome to our party!");

Printing strings to the console Use the methods Write() and

WriteLine()

Comparing Strings A number of ways exist to compare two strings: Dictionary-based string comparison

Case-insensitive

Case-sensitive

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int result = string.Compare(str1, str2, true);// result == 0 if str1 equals str2// result < 0 if str1 if before str2// result > 0 if str1 if after str2

string.Compare(str1, str2, false);

Comparing Strings – Example

Finding the first string in a lexicographical order from a given list of strings:

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string[] towns = {"Sofia", "Varna", "Plovdiv", "Pleven", "Bourgas", "Rousse", "Yambol"};string firstTown = towns[0];for (int i=1; i<towns.Length; i++){ string currentTown = towns[i]; if (String.Compare(currentTown, firstTown) < 0) { firstTown = currentTown; }}Console.WriteLine("First town: {0}", firstTown);

Concatenating Strings

There are two ways to combine strings: Using the Concat() method

Using the + or the += operators

Any object can be appended to a string

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string str = String.Concat(str1, str2);

string str = str1 + str2 + str3;string str += str1;

string name = "Peter";int age = 22;string s = name + " " + age; // "Peter 22"

Searching in Strings

Finding a character or substring within given string First occurrence

First occurrence starting at given position

Last occurrence

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IndexOf(string str)

IndexOf(string str, int startIndex)

LastIndexOf(string)

Searching in Strings – Example

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string str = "C# Programming Course";int index = str.IndexOf("C#"); // index = 0index = str.IndexOf("Course"); // index = 15index = str.IndexOf("COURSE"); // index = -1// IndexOf is case-sensetive. -1 means not foundindex = str.IndexOf("ram"); // index = 7index = str.IndexOf("r"); // index = 4index = str.IndexOf("r", 5); // index = 7index = str.IndexOf("r", 8); // index = 18

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …

C # P r o g r a m m i n g …

index = s[index] =

Extracting Substrings Extracting substrings

str.Substring(int startIndex, int length)

str.Substring(int startIndex)

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string filename = @"C:\Pics\Rila2009.jpg";string name = filename.Substring(8, 8);// name is Rila2009

string filename = @"C:\Pics\Summer2009.jpg";string nameAndExtension = filename.Substring(8);// nameAndExtension is Summer2009.jpg

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

C : \ P i c s \ R i l a 2 0 0 5 . j p g

Splitting Strings To split a string by given separator(s)

use the following method:

Example:

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string[] Split(params char[])

string listOfBeers = "Amstel, Zagorka, Tuborg, Becks.";string[] beers = listOfBeers.Split(' ', ',', '.');Console.WriteLine("Available beers are:");foreach (string beer in beers){ Console.WriteLine(beer);}

Replacing and Deleting Substrings

Replace(string, string) – replaces all occurrences of given string with another The result is new string (strings are

immutable)

Remove(index, length) – deletes part of a string and produces a new string as result

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string cocktail = "Vodka + Martini + Cherry";string replaced = cocktail.Replace("+", "and");// Vodka and Martini and Cherry

string price = "$ 1234567";string lowPrice = price.Remove(2, 3);// $ 4567

Changing Character Casing

Using method ToLower()

Using method ToUpper()

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string alpha = "aBcDeFg";string lowerAlpha = alpha.ToLower(); // abcdefgConsole.WriteLine(lowerAlpha);

string alpha = "aBcDeFg";string upperAlpha = alpha.ToUpper(); // ABCDEFGConsole.WriteLine(upperAlpha);

Trimming White Space Using method Trim()

Using method Trim(chars)

Using TrimStart() and TrimEnd()

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string s = " example of white space ";string clean = s.Trim();Console.WriteLine(clean);

string s = " \t\nHello!!! \n";string clean = s.Trim(' ', ',' ,'!', '\n','\t');Console.WriteLine(clean); // Hello

string s = " C# ";string clean = s.TrimStart(); // clean = "C# "

Constructing Strings Strings are immutable

Concat(), Replace(), Trim(), ... return new string, do not modify the old one

Do not use "+" for strings in a loop! It runs very, very inefficiently

(slowly)!

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public static string DupChar(char ch, int count){ string result = ""; for (int i=0; i<count; i++) result += ch; return result;}

Very bad practice.

Avoid this!

Changing the Contents of a String –

StringBuilder Use the System.Text.StringBuilder

class for modifiable strings of characters:

Use StringBuilder if you need to keep adding characters to a string

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public static string ReverseString(string s){ StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = s.Length-1; i >= 0; i--) sb.Append(s[i]); return sb.ToString();}

The StringBuilder Class

StringBuilder keeps a buffer memory, allocated in advance Most operations use the buffer

memory and do not allocate new objects

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H e l l o , C # !StringBuilder:

Length=9Capacity=15

Capacity

used buffer(Length)

unused buffer

StringBuilder – Example

Extracting all capital letters from a string

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public static string ExtractCapitals(string s){ StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = 0; i<s.Length; i++) {

if (Char.IsUpper(s[i])) { result.Append(s[i]); } } return result.ToString();}

Method ToString() All classes have public virtual method ToString() Returns a human-readable, culture-

sensitive string representing the object

Most .NET Framework types have own implementation of ToString() int, float, bool, DateTime

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int number = 5;string s = "The number is " + number.ToString();Console.WriteLine(s); // The number is 5

Method ToString(format)

We can apply specific formatting when converting objects to string ToString(formatString) method

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int number = 42;string s = number.ToString("D5"); // 00042

s = number.ToString("X"); // 2A

// Consider the default culture is Bulgarians = number.ToString("C"); // 42,00 лв

double d = 0.375;s = d.ToString("P2"); // 37,50 %

Formatting Strings The formatting strings are different

for the different types Some formatting strings for numbers:

D – number (for integer types)

C – currency (according to current culture)

E – number in exponential notation

P – percentage

X – hexadecimal number

F – fixed point (for real numbers)76

Method String.Format()

Applies templates for formatting strings Placeholders are used for dynamic

text Like Console.WriteLine(…)

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string template = "If I were {0}, I would {1}.";string sentence1 = String.Format( template, "developer", "know C#");Console.WriteLine(sentence1);// If I were developer, I would know C#.

string sentence2 = String.Format( template, "elephant", "weigh 4500 kg");Console.WriteLine(sentence2);// If I were elephant, I would weigh 4500 kg.

Composite Formatting The placeholders in the composite

formatting strings are specified as follows:

Examples:

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{index[,alignment][:formatString]}

double d = 0.375;s = String.Format("{0,10:F5}", d);// s = " 0,37500"

int number = 42;Console.WriteLine( "Dec {0:D} = Hex {1:X}", number, number);// Dec 42 = Hex 2A

Formatting Dates Dates use their own formatting strings d, dd – day (with/without leading

zero) M, MM – month yy, yyyy – year (2 or 4 digits) h, hh, m, mm, s, ss – hour, minute,

second

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DateTime now = DateTime.Now;Console.WriteLine( "Now is {0:d.MM.yyyy hh:mm:ss}", now);// Now is 31.11.2009 11:30:32

Collection ClassesLists, Trees, Dictionaries

What are Generics? Generics allow defining parameterized classes that process data of unknown (generic) type The class can be instantiated with

several different particular types Example: List<T> List<int> / List<string> / List<Student>

Generics are also known as "parameterized types" or "template types" Similar to the templates in C++ Similar to the generics in Java

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The List<T> Class Implements the abstract data structure list using an auto-extensible array All elements are of the same type T T can be any type, e.g. List<int>, List<string>, List<DateTime>

Size is dynamically increased as needed

Basic functionality: Count – returns the number of

elements Add(T) – appends given element at

the end

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List<T> – Simple Example

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static void Main(){ List<string> list = new List<string>();

list.Add("C#"); list.Add("Java"); list.Add("PHP");

foreach (string item in list) { Console.WriteLine(item); }

// Result: // C# // Java // PHP}

List<T> – Functionality list[index] – access element by

index Insert(index, T) – inserts given

element to the list at a specified position

Remove(T) – removes the first occurrence of given element

RemoveAt(index) – removes the element at the specified position

Clear() – removes all elements Contains(T) – determines whether an

element is part of the list84

List<T> – Functionality (2)

IndexOf() – returns the index of the first occurrence of a value in the list (zero-based)

Reverse() – reverses the order of the elements in the list or a portion of it

Sort() – sorts the elements in the list or a portion of it

ToArray() – converts the elements of the list to an array

TrimExcess() – sets the capacity to the actual number of elements 85

Primes in an Interval – Example

86

static List<int> FindPrimes(int start, int end){ List<int> primesList = new List<int>();

for (int num = start; num <= end; num++) { bool prime = true; for (int div = 2; div <= Math.Sqrt(num); div++) { if (num % div == 0) { prime = false; break; } } if (prime) { primesList.Add(num); } } return primesList;}

The Stack<T> Class Implements the stack data structure using an array Elements are of the same type T T can be any type, e.g. Stack<int> Size is dynamically increased as

needed Basic functionality:

Push(T) – inserts elements to the stack

Pop() – removes and returns the top element from the stack

87

Stack<T> – Example Using Push(), Pop() and Peek()

methods

88

static void Main(){ Stack<string> stack = new Stack<string>();

stack.Push("1. Ivan"); stack.Push("2. Nikolay"); stack.Push("3. Maria"); stack.Push("4. George");

Console.WriteLine("Top = {0}", stack.Peek());

while (stack.Count > 0) { string personName = stack.Pop(); Console.WriteLine(personName); }}

The Queue<T> Class Implements the queue data structure using a circular resizable array Elements are from the same type T

T can be any type, e.g. Stack<int> Size is dynamically increased as

needed Basic functionality:

Enqueue(T) – adds an element to the end of the queue

Dequeue() – removes and returns the element at the beginning of the queue

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Queue<T> – Example Using Enqueue() and Dequeue()

methods

90

static void Main(){ Queue<string> queue = new Queue<string>(); queue.Enqueue("Message One"); queue.Enqueue("Message Two"); queue.Enqueue("Message Three"); queue.Enqueue("Message Four");

while (queue.Count > 0) { string message = queue.Dequeue(); Console.WriteLine(message); }}

Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class

Implements the abstract data type "Dictionary" as hash table Size is dynamically increased as

needed Contains a collection of key-value

pairs arranged by the hash code of the key: h(key) = value

Collisions are resolved by chaining Dictionary<TKey,TValue> class relies on Object.Equals() method for

comparing the elements

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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class (2)

Object.GetHashCode() method for calculating the hash codes of the elements

Major operations: Add(TKey,TValue) – adds an element

with the specified key and value into the dictionary

Remove(TKey) – removes the element with the specified key

Clear() – removes all elements this[] – returns element by key

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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class (3)

Count – returns the number of elements

ContainsKey(TKey) – determines whether the dictionary contains given key

ContainsValue(TValue) – determines whether the dictionary contains given value

Keys – returns a collection of the keys

Values – returns a collection of the values

TryGetValue(TKey,out TValue) – if the key is found, returns it in the TValue, otherwise returns the default value for the TValue type

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Dictionary<TKey,TValue> – Example

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Dictionary<string, int> studentsMarks = new Dictionary<string, int>();studentsMarks.Add("Ivan", 4);studentsMarks.Add("Peter", 6);studentsMarks.Add("Maria", 6);studentsMarks.Add("George", 5);int peterMark = studentsMarks["Peter"];

Console.WriteLine("Peter's mark: {0}", peterMark);Console.WriteLine("Is Peter in the hash table: {0}", studentsMarks.ContainsKey("Peter"));Console.WriteLine("Students and grades:");

foreach (var pair in studentsMarks){ Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1} ", pair.Key, pair.Value);}

Counting Words in Given Text

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string text = "Welcome to our C# course. In this " + "course you will learn how to write simple " + "programs in C# and Microsoft .NET";string[] words = text.Split(new char[] {' ', ',', '.'}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);var wordsCount = new Dictionary<string, int>();

foreach (string word in words){ if (wordsCount.ContainsKey(word)) wordsCount[word]++; else wordsCount.Add(word, 1);}

foreach (var pair in wordsCount){ Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1}", pair.Key, pair.Value);}

Balanced Trees in .NET Balanced Binary Search Trees

Ordered binary search trees that have height of log2(n) where n is the number of their nodes

Searching costs about log2(n) comparisons

.NET Framework has built-in implementations of balanced search trees, e.g.: SortedDictionary<K,V>

Red-black tree based map of key-value pairs

External libraries like "Wintellect Power Collections for .NET" are more flexible

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Sorted Dictionary – Example

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string text = "Welcome to our C# course. In this " + "course you will learn how to write simple " + "programs in C# and Microsoft .NET";string[] words = text.Split(new char[] {' ', ',', '.'}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);var wordsCount = new SortedDictionary<string, int>();

foreach (string word in words){ if (wordsCount.ContainsKey(word)) wordsCount[word]++; else wordsCount.Add(word, 1);}

foreach (var pair in wordsCount){ Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1}", pair.Key, pair.Value);}

AttributesWhat Attributes Are? How and When to Use Them?

What Are Attributes? Attributes are special declarative tags Used for attaching descriptive

information (annotations) to the declarations in the code

At compile time attributes are saved in the assembly's metadata Can be extracted from the metadata

at run-time and can be manipulated by different tools

Instances of classes derived from System.Attribute

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Attributes Applying – Example

Attribute's name is surrounded by square brackets and is placed before the declaration which it refers to:

[Flags] attribute indicates that the enum type can be treated like a set of bit flags

Attribute's name is surrounded by square brackets and is placed before the declaration which it refers to:

[Flags] attribute indicates that the enum type can be treated like a set of bit flags

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[Flags] // System.FlagsAttributepublic enum FileAccess { Read = 1, Write = 2, ReadWrite = Read | Write}

Attributes With Parameters

Attributes use parameters for initialization:

In this example the [DllImport] attribute is instantiated by the compiler A System.Runtime.InteropServices. DllImportAttribute object is created, initialized and put into the assembly metadata

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[DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint="MessageBox")]public static extern int ShowMessageBox(int hWnd, string text, string caption, int type);…

ShowMessageBox(0, "Some text", "Some caption", 0);

C# Language Overview(Part II)

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