C H A P T E R

Discrimination in the Labor Market

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Median Earnings Ratios for Year-Round Full-TimeWorkers by Race and Gender, 1940–2000

Figure 9.1

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons, P–60, nos. 69, 80, 105, 132, 156, 174, 193, 197, and 200. And, beginning in 2000, PINC-05 <http://ferret.bls.census.gov/macro/032001/perinc/new05_032.htm> 1940 data actually corresponds to 1939.

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Wage Differentials Caused by Employer Prejudice

Figure 9.2

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Wage Discrimination by a Monopsonist

Figure 9.3

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Hypothetical Frequency Distribution of Worker Productivity among Blacks and Whites

Figure 9.4

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Amounts of On-the-Job Training Received by Race and Gender

Table 9.1

SOURCE: Based on information contained in Jonathan R. Veum, “Training among Young Adults: Who, What Kind, and For How Long?” Monthly Labor Review (August 1993): 27–32.

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Distribution of Race/Gender Groups across Occupations with Varying Promotion Opportunities, 2001

Table 9.2

SOURCE: Occupation classification is made by Waddoups and Assane, “Mobility and Gender in a Segmented Labor Market: A Closer Look,” appendix; distribution of workers across occupations from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 11.

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Percentage of Executives, Managers, and Administrators Represented by Race and Gender

Groups, by Industry, 2001

Table 9.3

SOURCE: Cross-tabulations from the March 2001 Current Population Survey obtained through Ferret extraction tools from the U.S. Census Bureau, <http://ferret.census.gov>.

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Mean Values of Worker Characteristics and Percentage of Wage Gap Explained

Table 9.4

SOURCE: Based on Garey Durden and Patricia Gaynor, “More on The Cost of Being Other Than White and Male: Measurement of Race, Ethnic, and Gender Effects on Yearly Earnings,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57 (January 1998), Table 1 and unpublished tables.

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The Residual Approach to Measuring Wage Discrimination

Figure 9.5

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Dimensions of Black Economic Progress, 1960–2000

Table 9.5

SOURCES: Earnings: Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States, P-60 series, <http:// ferret.bls.census.gov/macro/032001/perinc/new05_032.htm>. Education: National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Digest of Educational Statistics; education statistics calculated from the 2001 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Occupational representation: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, various issues. Employment/Population ratios: E. Jacobs, ed., Handbook of Labor Statistics (Lanham, Md.: Bernan Press, 1998) and Ferret extraction tool from <http//ferret.bls.census.gov>. Householder information:<http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html>. Family income statistics: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f05.html. Poverty: Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the U.S. 2000 Current Population Reports Consumer Income Series, P-60, no. 214.

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Relationship Between Monthly Salary and Job Worth Points for Men and Women, Washington State, 1974

Figure 9.6

SOURCE: Donald J. Treiman and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds., Women, Work, and Wages (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981): 61. Used with permission.

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Number of Hours Required to Receive Full-Time Wage Premium by Race and Gender Groups

Table 9.6

SOURCE: Based on information contained in Susan L. Averett and Julie L. Hotchkiss, “Discrimination in the Payment of Full-Time Wage Premiums,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (January 1996): 287–301, Tables 3a–3d.

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