C h a p t e r 19 The Endocrine System PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North...
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C h a p t e r 19 The Endocrine System PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Transcript of C h a p t e r 19 The Endocrine System PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North...
C h a p t e r
19
The Endocrine System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris CollegeHouston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
The nervous system and endocrine system work together to monitor and adjust physiological activities. In general, the nervous system performs short- term “crisis management,” and the endocrine system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic processes.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocrine system includes all of the endocrine cells and tissues of the body.
Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that release hormones.
Hormones are organized into four groups based on chemical structure: Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones Steroid hormones Eicosanoids
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocrine activity is controlled by endocrine reflexes that are triggered by:
Humoral stimuli Hormonal stimuli Neural stimuli
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.2 Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
ADH Oxytocin
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone GH — growth hormone PRL — prolactin FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone LH — luteinizing hormone
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.3 Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland and Its Subdivisions
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The Pituitary Gland
TABLE 19.1 The Pituitary Hormones
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.4 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.5 The Pituitary Gland and the Hypophyseal Portal System
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The Thyroid Gland
Sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx Butterfly-like appearance Consists of two main lobes connected by the isthmus Controls metabolism
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)
Involved in calcium homeostasis Calcitonin
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (a) Location of Thyroid Gland, Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (b) Thyroid Gland
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (c) Thyroid Follicles
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.7 The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion
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The Parathyroid Glands
Located on the back of the thyroid glandTwo types of cells:
Parathyroid cells, or principal cells— glandular cells that produce the hormone PTH
Oxyphil cells and transitional cells— likely immature or inactive principal cells
Regulates calcium homeostasis PTH— parathyroid hormone
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The Parathyroid Glands
Figure 19.8 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands
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The Thymus
Located on top of the heart Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of
the immune system develop Thymosins
Atrophies as one ages
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The Thymus
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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The Thymus
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The Suprarenal Glands
Located on top of kidneys Manages stress levels Can be divided into two regions:
Suprarenal cortex The Zona Glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. The Zona Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids. The Zona Reticularis produces androgens.
Suprarenal medulla Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norephinephrine (noradrenaline).
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Suprarenal Glands
Figure 19.9 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Suprarenal Glands
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Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart
The kidneys Renin, an enzyme Erythropoietin, a peptide hormone Calcitriol, a steroid hormone
The heart Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Both produce hormones involved with the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System
The Pancreas — located under stomach Alpha cells — glucagon Beta cells — insulin Delta cells — somatostatin (growth-hormone
inhibiting hormone) F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Other digestive hormones discussed in digestive chapter
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M
Figure 19.10 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System
M
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
Testes Interstitial cells produce androgens (testosterone)
Promotes production of functional sperms, maintains secretory glands, influences secondary sexual characteristics, and stimultes muscle growth
Nurse cells (or sustentabular cells) secrete inhibin
Ovaries Follicular cells produce estrogens and secrete
inhibin Corpus luteum releases progestins and relaxin
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
TABLE 19.5 Hormones of the Reproductive System
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pineal Gland
Part of the epithalamus Contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretary
cells called pinealocytes Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone,
melatonin Melatonin
Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs
Production rate rises at night and declines during the day
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pineal Gland
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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Hormones and Aging
Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing ageOne can expect
The changes in reproduction hormone levels at puberty
The decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones at menopause in women
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.11 Endocrine Abnormalities
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Clinical Note
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.12 Joan’s MRI
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Clinical Note
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