Byzantine Syria & the Centralised Church · Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque...
117
Byzantine Syria & the Centralised Church Byzantine Syria & the Centralised Church
Transcript of Byzantine Syria & the Centralised Church · Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque...
Byzantine Syria & the Centralised ChurchByzantine Syria & the Centralised Church
THE BASILICATHE BASILICAScala 7622 (©1972)
Santa Maria Maggiore
planmodern view
reconstruction
James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of
Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490
Scala 7622 (©1972)Richard Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308
(Princeton [New Jersey] 1980), p 48
St John Studios, Istanbul, 463: view & plan
Miles Lewis; Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque, p 33
Metropolitan Church, Nessebar, Bulgaria, C5th-6th
Miles Lewis
Metropolitan Church, Nessebar
plan, apse exterior, synthronon
Velizar Velkov, Nessebur (Sofia 1995 [1989]), p 39
Miles Lewis
Hagios Demetrios, Salonika, late C5thEdition Photo Lykides, Thessaloniki, no 1
the Latin & Greek basilicasMiles Lewis
St Peter’s, Rome (Latin)H Studios, Constantinople (Hellenistic)
in the Latin basilica:
1. the plan is (at first) occidented, to the west, rather than oriented to the east
2. the atrium contains a fountain or cantharus for ritual ablutions before entering the building
3. there is a porch, formed usually by one side of the atrium, whereas in the Greek basilica there is a narthex, more open to the interior than the exterior
in the Latin basilica
4. the lighting is through the gable end, which may be square or pitched, and usually through three windows
St Peter’s, Rome, reconstruction (note the atrium,
cantharus and porch)MUAS 15,439
Sta Maria Maggiore, Rome(Latin)
Hagios Demetrios, Salonika(Hellenistic)
in the Latin basilica
5. there is commonly a colonnade dividing off the aisles, whereas in the east it is always
(except in the Studios basilica) an arcade.
6. there is a triumphal archbetween the nave and the apse
7. there is a raised platform or bema for the officiating clergy
St John Lateran, foundationsSt Peter’s, Rome, reconstruction
Sta Maria Maggiore(Latin basilicas)
in the Latin basiilica:8. there might be some sort of transverse
space at the sanctuary end, but never (until much later) a true transept: nor
was there in the Greek basilica
9. the altar was commonly portable -probably set up in the nave at first, but later it retreated to the apse, and was fenced off with a marble chancel rail
10. beneath the altar was commonly a confessio, or repository for holy relics.
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 11 MUAS 10,278
James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490
early altarlocation
chancel rail
later altarlocation
(confessio below)
trans
vers
e sp
ace
in the Latin basilica11. at the back of the apse was the Bishop's throne, or cathedra (hence the word
cathedral): the Hellenistic basilica had a curved seat for the clergy, or synthronon, with the cathedra at the centre.
12. the apse was semicircular and domed. The Greek one was semicircular internally but polygonal externally, and was timber roofed
13. the whole plan was long rather than square in proportion
Latin & Greek basilicas
Miles Lewis
NORTHERN SYRIANORTHERN SYRIA
the limestone massif and
the two hundred dead
cities
Qirkbize, Northern SyriaMiles Lewis
Qirkbize, Northern Syria: bema & lecternMiles Lewis
Church, QirkbizeJean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 12
Basilica A, Resafe, C5th: the bemaMiles Lewis
Northern Syriasouth courtyard; cistern or fountain; two south doors; central bema; iconostasis
Church and villa at Qirkbizé, isometric view, with the adjoining villa, and cutaway
view of the church
Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le Massif du Belus à l'Époque Romaine(3 vols,
Paris 1953), II, pl civ; pl x, 1
Cathedral of S. Thomé, Madras, India, C16thJ F Butler, 'India and the Far East', in Gervis Frere-Cook [ed], The Art and
Architecture of Christianity (Cleveland [Ohio] 1972 ) p 256, fig 2
JUDEA & JORDANJUDEA & JORDAN
ROME
JERUSALEM
BETHLEHEM
eastern Christian sites, C4th-C6th, with the locations of the great Constantinian basilicas
indicated MUAS 15,417
Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem, Jordan, 325-333 and laterinterior view & isometric reconstruction
Peter Bamm, The Kingdoms of Christ: the Story of the Early Church (London 1959), p 165Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 37
Church at Eleona, founded by Helena, C4th, as restored by Père L H VincentJ W Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine (London 1941), p 33
Ridge Church, Petra, allegedly late C5th, from aboveJane Taylor, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabateans (London 2001), p 206
Ridge Church, Petraallegedly late C5th
view west
atrium & cistern
Miles Lewis
Madaba: Church of the Virgin Mary, C6th, & Church of the Prophet Elias, 607
Michele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 63
Madaba: Church of the Virgin Mary, C6th,& Church of the Prophet Elias, 607
Michele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 65
Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba, C6th: two sides of the ring cryptMiles Lewis
St Peters Basilica, Rome
isometric reconstruction & plan the west (liturgical east)
end as rearranged c 594
Toynbee & Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter, p 215
James Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's: the Story of Saint Peter's Basilica in
Rome (London 1967), p 80
St Peter's Basilica, cutaway perspective of the crypt area after c 594Krautheimer, Rome, p 86
Santa Prassede, Rome, c 817isometric drawing, showing the ring crypt
Krautheimer, Rome, p 123
Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba, C6th, central mosaic AD 767: planMichele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 140
Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba: central mosaic AD 767Miles Lewis
CENTRALISED PLANS: THE BAPTISTERYCENTRALISED PLANS: THE BAPTISTERY
octagonal & similar baptisteries in
northern Italy & southern France
AlbengaNeversComoMilan
Ravenna (Orthodox)Ravenna (Arian)
LomelloNovara
S W Kostof, The Orthodox Baptistery of Ravenna (New
Haven [Connecticut] 1965), fig 12
Baptistery at Qalat Siman, c 476-90, and associated church, c 500, from southMiles Lewis
the Baptistery at Qalat Siman
Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la
Syrie du Nord: le Massif du Belus à
l'Époque Romaine (3 vols, Paris 1953), II, pl
lxxvi
font in the Baptistery at Qalat SimanMiles Lewis
THE MARTYRIUMTHE MARTYRIUM
a heroumMausoleum of Diocletian at Spalato or Split, 284: plan & elevation
Robert Adam, Ruins of the Palace of the emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (London 1764)
a heroum / martyriumBasilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus, with the mausoleum of St Helena (mother of
Constantine) originally intended for Constantine himself
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 40
a herooum /martyrium
Coemeterium Agnetis(cemetery of Sant' Agnese), with the
mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350,
and the church of Sant' Agnese fuori le
Mura, c 625-38
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 50
Santa Costanza, interiorLassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 16
cruciform cruciform martyriamartyria
Martyrium of St Babylas, Antioch-Kaiuissie, c 378: plan
Richard Krautheimer & Spencer Corbett, 'The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran', in Richard Krautheimer,
Studies in Early Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance Art (London 1971 [New
York 1969]), p 28
stylite saint, from an inscription at Qalbloze
Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la Syrie du Nord: le Massif du Belus à l'Époque
Romaine(3 vols, Paris 1953), III, fig 18
Martyrium church of St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Seman, Syria, c 460-80
view through north arm of the church reconstruction of the complex
Miles LewisLassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 46
St Simeon Stylitesplan of church
plan of church complex
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 112
St Simeon Stylitestwo reconstructions of the
church
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 112
William Macdonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (London 1968 [New
York 1962]), p 45
MadresehHalawaya,
Aleppo
Miles Lewis
the remains of a possible C5th martyrium church, later the Cathedral of St Helen, incorporated in the Madreseh Halawaya, Aleppo
reconstruction plan from S Guyer, 'La Madrasa al-Halâwiyya Alep', Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale de Caire, XI, 1914.
sketch plan of existing structures: Miles Lewis
Madreseh Halawaya, Aleppo: detail at impost levelMiles Lewis
wind-blown capitalsthe Madreseh Halaweyeh, Aleppo
Qalat Siman, c 476-490H Demetrios, Salonika, 500-550
Miles LewisKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 45 B
Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 56
THE TETRACONCHTHE TETRACONCH
a Roman tetraconchthe Piazza d'Oro of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, 124, reconstruction
MUAS 13,933
San Lorenzo,Milan, c 370
front colonnade
plan
Miles LewisWilliam MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (London 1968
[New York 1962]), pl 37
S Lorenzo, Milanalternative reconstructions
planmodern view
Fritz Baumgart, A History of Architectural Styles (London 1970 [1969]), p 57
Paolo Verzone, From Theodoric to Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 35
MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 37Hubert, Europe in the Dark Ages, pl 8
S Lorenzo, Milaninterior as remodelled by Martino
Bassi, 1574-88view, ambulatory, plan
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 89Miles Lewis
MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 37
more tetraconch double shell(or nearly) plans
church or audience hall in the library of Hadrian, Athens, early C5th
probable Martyrium at Seleucia-Pieria (Samandag), late C5th
MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 38
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 105
Resafe
Photo Horst Fiedler Sena Lobo
Resafe
Resafe, from the northMiles Lewis
Resafe: aerial view from the north-east
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 96
Martyrium or tetraconch church, Resafe, before 553
view from the east & plan
Miles LewisSoubhi Saouaf, Six Tours in the Vicinity of Aleppo (Aleppo 1957), fig 93
martyrium church, Resafe
interior view of the apse with vestigial synthronon &
cathedra
Miles Lewis
martyrium church, Resafe
nave seen through south conch
Miles Lewis
tetraconch plans
Martyrium, Resafe, before 553. Audience hall or library in
Hadrian's Stoa, Athens, early C5th.
San Lorenzo Maggiore, Milan, c 460.
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture p 188.
MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pls 38, 37
SOUTHERN SYRIASOUTHERN SYRIA
the Hauran(basalt)
Secular Basilica at Shaqqa, AD C2nd
view & reconstruction by De Vogüé & Duthost
Miles LewisRobertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 238
Secular Basilica at Shaqqaplan & cross-section
H C Butler, Early Churches in Syria (Princeton [New Jersey]), pp 16, 17
Palace complex, Shaqqa,. AD C2nd: west or entrance front
Palace, Shaqqa
corner span in first court
the Western Tomb, AmmanC R Conder, The Survey of Eastern Palestine. Memoirs of the Topography,
Orography, Hydrography, Archaeology, Etc. Volume 1. – The 'Adwân Country(London 1889), p 44 & facing
Palace, Shaqqa: first hall
Palace, Shaqqa
the bluestone slab roofing system
fortified house, Shaqqa
doorway of ?mausoleum
fortified house, Shaqqa
mausoleum door & pivot detail
bluestone door in the
Archaeological Musem, Gadara, Jordan
Miles Lewis
chamber in the Southern Baths,
Bosra
J W Crowfoot, Churches at Bosra and
Samaria-Sebaste[British School of Archaeology in
Jerusalem Supplementary Paper 4]
(London 1937), pl 11
Flavian Palace or Domus Augustana, Rome, inaugurated AD 92: octagonal hall
Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), 252
cloister vault of the Military Baths, BosraMiles Lewis
THE BOSRAN PARADIGMTHE BOSRAN PARADIGM
Cathedral at Bosra, plan as published by FergussonJames Fergusson, History of Architecture (2 vols, London 1867), II, p 307,
from E G Rey, Voyage dans le Harouan, 1863, pl iv
Cathedral at Bosra: Crowfoot’s excavation of 1935J W Crowfoot, Churches at Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste [British School of
Archaeology in Jerusalem Supplementary Paper 4] (London 1937), p 7
Cathedral at Bosra: plan with tetraconchCrowfoot, Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste, pl 2
St Hripsime, Vagarshapat, Armenia, 618: planHamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 144
St Hripsime, Vagarshapat: Miles Lewis
Church at Garni, Armenia, AD C6th-7thview of partly reconstructed foundations
Miles Lewis
Cathedral Church of the Vigilant Powers, Zwartnots Armenia, AD 641-666Miles Lewis
Cathedral Zwartnots : reconstruction & plan
Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat',Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, LXII, 3 (September 2003), p 299
Cathedral at Bosra
photograph taken by an American
expedition in 1875
sketch by de Vogüé in 1862
Crowfoot, Bosraand Samaria-Sebaste, pl 1
Cathedral at Bosra
sketch by de Vogüé in 1862
Detweiler’sreconstruction
1935
Crowfoot, Bosraand Samaria-Sebaste, pl 1
Cathedral at Bosra, plan and
reconstruction by Detweiler
Crowfoot, Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste, pl 2
Cathedral at Bosra: interior looking eastMiles Lewis
Cathedral at Bosraplan
Crowfoot, Churches at Bosra and Samaria-[?Seraste]
detail of the south wall(marked orange on plan)
Miles Lewis
Cathedral at Bosra
existing plan and possible prior form
Cathedral at Bosra
existing planprevious plan
probable original plan
Miles Lewis
Cathedral, Bosra
detail of a column
Miles Lewis
Church at Apamea,. Syria: apse detailMiles Lewis
Ch
Churches at Gerasa [Jerash]J W Crowfoot,
Early Churches in Palestine (London
1941), p 97
churches at Bosra and
Gerasa
church at Gadara. JordanMiles Lewis
St George, Ezraa, Syria, c 515
south-west viewapse
interior
Miles Lewis
St George, Ezraa
plan & section
Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture (London
1954 [1905/8]), p 63, after De Vogué
St George, Ezraa
roofing of the ambulatory
HH Sergios & Bakchos, Constantinople, 527-36
front viewplan
south-east view
Miles LewisG Dehio & G von Bezold, Die Kirkliche Baukunstdes Abendlandes (2 vols, atlas in 5 vols, Stuttgart
1887-1901)MUAS 15,451
HH Sergios & Bakchos
plansouth flank
Swift, Roman Sources, p 46Miles Lewis
HH Sergios & Bakchos: interior© Paradoxplace.com.
from HH Sergius & Bakchos to Hagia Sophia Miles Lewis
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, AD 532-7Miles Lewis
Resafe, from the north
Miles Lewis
Qirkbize, Northern SyriaMiles Lewis
Qirkbize, Northern SyriaMiles Lewis
