Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireAfter the Western Roman Empire fell to
German barbarian invasions in the 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at
Constantinople, repelled the invasions and went on to survive for 1000 more years
Known by historians as the Byzantine Empire
Played important role in –
preserving and spreading the culture of ancient Greeks and Romans
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Constantinople: A Strategic CityWhere Europe & Asia Meet
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Located on a peninsula that overlooked the Bosporus Strait
Controlled movement between Mediterranean & Black Seas
Key trade center between East & West
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FortificationsGreek fire…
Natural protection from invaders: water on 3 sides
Triple Walls fortified open side
The Golden Horn – inlet could be blocked off with iron chains
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Modern Istanbul
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Eastern Roman EmpirePolitically: Highly centralized; emperor;
superb military, defenses; Roman Law (theoretically innocent until proven guilty; evidence to convict)
Economically: trade crossroads= prospered; but also had excellent agricultural production & manufacturing
Culturally: uniform church (enforced – heretics persecuted); church subject to Emperor in practice; art/architecture
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Justinian & TheodoraJustinian & Theodora – – ruled Byz. Empire 527-565 CE
Why did the Byzantine Empire develop this way?
Why did it eventually collapse?
Muslim Ottoman TurksMuslim Ottoman TurksConq. Constantinople 1453 CE
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Primary source: PrecopiusRead the assigned excerpt:What were the major
accomplishments of Justinian & Theodora?
What were their characteristics as rulers?
What effect did their rule have on the Empire?
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Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora
Justinian & wife, Theodora 6th century Emperor & EmpressGave women more rights – own land,
business, protection from spousal abuse Justinian’s army : Put down Nika
Rebellion & crushed rebels & hereticsExpanded the empire
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TheodoraTheodora & Her Attendants
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JustinianJustinian and His Attendants
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Brief expansion of empire…
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Byzantine ArtByzantine ArtGlorified religionIcons – Mosaics – Illuminated manuscripts -- artists tried to preserve what
they believed to be the true appearances of the religious figures
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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
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Illuminated manuscript
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Byzantine ArchitectureByzantine Architecture
Greatest form of Byzantine artHagia Sophia, meaning “holy
wisdom” Greatest masterpieceHuge building in form of a crosshuge dome that rests on massive
columns
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Hagia Sophia
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Inside
Hagia
Sophia
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Justinian’s Code
Justinian had Roman laws codified and classified
Preserved Rome’s legal heritagePrinciples like innocent until
proven guiltylater became the basis for most
European legal systems
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ConflictConflict in the Christian Church in the Christian ChurchArguments over use of icons & Nature of
Christ (monophysite vs dual) – dual nature prevailedpersecuted monophysites as hereticsAD 726 Byz Emperor condemned icons;
supporters: iconoclasts (image breakers)All church leaders resisted order and were
supported by the Roman Pope - so both sides used “images”
But causes rift
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First split (schism) in Christendomeast and west argued over religious authorityPope in Rome & Patriarch of
Constantinople each declared their “seat” the supreme church authority +
Other differences in custom & ritual…Eventually led to a schism in 1054 AD
Roman Catholic Church in West and Eastern Orthodox Church in East
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Eventual weakening Eventual weakening of the Empireof the Empire
Muslim Seljuk Turks -Crusades -Ottoman Turks – conquered
Constantinople 1453; Istanbul
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Legacy of the Byzantine EmpireLegacy of the Byzantine EmpirePreserved writings of ancient Greeks
and Romans and the importance of scholarship
Codified and preserved Roman Law (Code of Justinian)
Spread Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church) to the Russians and other eastern Europeans
… cultural diffusion
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Next:
How did How did early Russiaearly Russia develop & how was that develop & how was that development influenced by development influenced by the the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire??
Look at maps…Look at maps…
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Pink: Kievan Rus
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The Kievan RusThe Kievan RusKievKiev developed along the Dnieper
River- important trade route connecting Baltic Sea and Black Sea
Byzantine goods & culture traveled along the river systems
Other geographic features steppe – taiga -
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Steppe in southern Russia
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influenced by both Byzantines [south] and
Scandinavians (Vikings/Swedes/ “Varangians”) [north]
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Kievan RusKievan Rus
•language/nationality: Slavic
•Gov’t from Varangians?
•Principalities - area ruled by a prince
•Boyars - nobles (large landowners)
•farming & hunting main livelihood
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Important Developments during the Kievan RusKievan Rusall influenced by the Byzantinesall influenced by the Byzantines
AlphabetAlphabetreligionreligionlaw codelaw codeArt/architectureArt/architecture
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9th century: Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabetalphabet for the Slavic languages Named for St. Cyril, a Greek monk who,
with Methodius, created a writing system to western slavic Christian converts in the mid-ninth century (c.860)
The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet - with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek.
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Hello, I am called Ivan Selvia. Today I will study/learn the Russian language. Will you also study/learn?
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12th century Cyrillic script
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Vladimir IVladimir I11th century
Investigated various religionsadopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity
(because of Hagia Sophia’s magnificencemass baptism for his subjectsmarried Byzantine princessbrought Byzantine culture to KievMetropolitan (chief bishop) appointed
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Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod
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Yaroslav the wiseYaroslav the wise (I)(I): Vladimir’s sonEstablished first
•school
• library
• law code (Russkaia Pravda)
•but Kiev declined after his death - became part of Mongol Empire
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Russian IconRussian Icon
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Byzantine influenceByzantine influencealphabet adapted from alphabet adapted from
Greek (Greek (CyrillicCyrillic))Religion (Religion (Eastern Eastern
OrthodoxOrthodox))Law code - ishLaw code - ishart (art (iconsicons) and architecture) and architecture
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After Yaroslav
Disorder & disunityca. 1250 - Conquered by the
Mongols… for 240 years!Little contact with central and
western Europe