By: Whitney McDanielBy: Whitney McDaniel

IntroductionIntroduction

The Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of noted events and The Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of noted events and reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing public and private acts of racial discrimination against African public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans between 1954 to 1968 particularly in the South. Americans between 1954 to 1968 particularly in the South.

In the last decade of the nineteenth century in the United In the last decade of the nineteenth century in the United States, Democrat party controlled states, mainly in the south, States, Democrat party controlled states, mainly in the south, passed racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed passed racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to expand. Elected, appointed, or at African Americans began to expand. Elected, appointed, or hired government authorities began to require or permit hired government authorities began to require or permit discrimination, specifically in the states of Texas, Louisiana, discrimination, specifically in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Kansas Kansas

Introduction contd.Introduction contd.

Although racial discrimination was present nationwide, the Although racial discrimination was present nationwide, the combination of law, public and private acts of combination of law, public and private acts of discrimination, marginal economic opportunity, and discrimination, marginal economic opportunity, and violence directed toward African Americans in the South violence directed toward African Americans in the South became known as Jim Crow. became known as Jim Crow.

Civil Disobedience was a combined strategy of direct action Civil Disobedience was a combined strategy of direct action with nonviolent resistance known. Some different forms of with nonviolent resistance known. Some different forms of civil disobedience include boycotts as successful as the civil disobedience include boycotts as successful as the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, the “sit-ins” in North Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, the “sit-ins” in North Carolina, and marches exhibited by the Selma to Carolina, and marches exhibited by the Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama. Montgomery marches in Alabama.

Introduction Contd. Introduction Contd.

Some Noted achievements are Some Noted achievements are the legal victory in the Brown vs. the legal victory in the Brown vs. Board of Education which made Board of Education which made segregation legally impermissible.segregation legally impermissible.

The Passage of the Civil Rights The Passage of the Civil Rights Act that banned discrimination in Act that banned discrimination in employment practicesemployment practices

The passage of the Voting Rights The passage of the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 that restored voting Acts of 1965 that restored voting rightsrights

Nationalities Services Act of 1965 Nationalities Services Act of 1965 which dramatically changed the which dramatically changed the U.S. immigration policy. U.S. immigration policy.

Civil Rights Act of 1968 that Civil Rights Act of 1968 that banned discrimination in the sale banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. or rental of housing.

Introduction contd. Introduction contd.

Introduction contd.Introduction contd.

The most noted figures in the Civil Rights Movement are The most noted figures in the Civil Rights Movement are Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. But Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. But they weren’t the only ones in the movement. One very they weren’t the only ones in the movement. One very important man is Bayard Rustin, he was the right hand man important man is Bayard Rustin, he was the right hand man of Dr. King and was at heart of the movement also. Not of Dr. King and was at heart of the movement also. Not much is known about him but without his contribution much is known about him but without his contribution behind the scenes who knows what kind of shape the behind the scenes who knows what kind of shape the movement would’ve been in. movement would’ve been in.

PoliticsPolitics

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

1950 – The right to vote; efforts to eliminate 1950 – The right to vote; efforts to eliminate segregation in public schools, public facilities segregation in public schools, public facilities ect. ect.

1955 – Martin Luther King Jr. lead a 13-month 1955 – Martin Luther King Jr. lead a 13-month boycott against the segregated Montgomery boycott against the segregated Montgomery bus system bus system

His tactics of civil disobedience became a His tactics of civil disobedience became a social force social force

PoliticsPolitics 1963- Imprisoned in 1963- Imprisoned in

Birmingham; wrote "Letter Birmingham; wrote "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", which from a Birmingham Jail", which argued, human rights must argued, human rights must take priority over unjust laws.take priority over unjust laws.

August 1963 – King presented August 1963 – King presented his ‘I have a Dream’ speech to his ‘I have a Dream’ speech to 250,000 people in D.C.250,000 people in D.C.

1963- Time Magazine declared 1963- Time Magazine declared King to be "Man of the Year" King to be "Man of the Year"

PoliticsPolitics

1964 - Age of 35, he was awarded the Nobel 1964 - Age of 35, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (youngest person ever to receive Peace Prize (youngest person ever to receive this honor) this honor)

King’s work was the stepping stone to King’s work was the stepping stone to overcome inequality. The Congress overcome inequality. The Congress addressed the Civil Rights Act (1964), the addressed the Civil Rights Act (1964), the Voting Rights Act (1965), and the Fair Voting Rights Act (1965), and the Fair Housing Act (1968)Housing Act (1968)

1985 - the members of Martin Luther King 1985 - the members of Martin Luther King Papers Project found King’s speeches & PhD Papers Project found King’s speeches & PhD were plagiarized. were plagiarized.

PoliticsPolitics

Voting Rights Voting Rights

1965 – The Voting Rights Act; prohibits 1965 – The Voting Rights Act; prohibits discrimination on voting practices or discrimination on voting practices or procedures because of race and color. procedures because of race and color.

Literacy tests and poll taxes were prohibited Literacy tests and poll taxes were prohibited 1975 – Congress expanded the protections 1975 – Congress expanded the protections

of Voting Rights which helped citizens of of Voting Rights which helped citizens of non English ethnicity which prohibited them non English ethnicity which prohibited them to participate in political concerns to participate in political concerns

PoliticsPolitics

January and February 1965 – Protests were held January and February 1965 – Protests were held in Salem for voting rights in Salem for voting rights

August 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights August 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. Act.

Quote: Quote: President Lyndon Johnson said, "Mrs. Liuzzo went President Lyndon Johnson said, "Mrs. Liuzzo went to Alabama to serve the struggle for justice. She to Alabama to serve the struggle for justice. She was murdered by the enemies of justice who for was murdered by the enemies of justice who for decades have used the rope and the gun and the decades have used the rope and the gun and the tar and the feather to terrorize their neighbors." tar and the feather to terrorize their neighbors."

PoliticsPolitics

StatsStats 1960 – 22,000 African-Americans 1960 – 22,000 African-Americans

registered to vote in Mississippi & registered to vote in Mississippi & 66,000 in Alabama and 58,000 in 66,000 in Alabama and 58,000 in South Carolina. South Carolina.

1966- African –Americans registered 1966- African –Americans registered to vote increased to 175,000 in to vote increased to 175,000 in Mississippi, 250,000 in Alabama and Mississippi, 250,000 in Alabama and 191,000 in South Carolina.191,000 in South Carolina.

AcademicsAcademics

Brown vs. Board of Brown vs. Board of Education. Topeka, KansasEducation. Topeka, Kansas

June 25, 1951- U.S. District June 25, 1951- U.S. District Court of the District of Court of the District of Kansas heard the caseKansas heard the case

The “separate but equal” The “separate but equal” doctrine suggested that the doctrine suggested that the African-American race was African-American race was inferior to the White raceinferior to the White race

AcademicsAcademics

Dr. Hugh W. Speer, an expert in the case Dr. Hugh W. Speer, an expert in the case said…said…

““if the colored children are denied the if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child’s children must live, then the colored child’s curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation.”cannot be equal under segregation.”

AcademicsAcademics

Brown vs. Board of Education case, Brown vs. Board of Education case, combined with other cases in South combined with other cases in South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware headed the decision of May 17, 1954headed the decision of May 17, 1954

Chief Justice Earl Warren struck down Chief Justice Earl Warren struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine and the “separate but equal” doctrine and required the desegregation of schools required the desegregation of schools across America in a 9-0 rulingacross America in a 9-0 ruling

AcademicsAcademics

Complaint filed by CAARD (Coalition for Complaint filed by CAARD (Coalition for Action Against Racism and Discrimination) Action Against Racism and Discrimination) at the University of Michiganat the University of Michigan

The university did not provide some The university did not provide some students with the academic and financial students with the academic and financial support needed for successsupport needed for success

Minority students were “intimidated, Minority students were “intimidated, harassed, and exposed to the oppressive harassed, and exposed to the oppressive and destructive forces of Jim Crow”and destructive forces of Jim Crow”

AcademicsAcademics

““Among graduate students, those African-Among graduate students, those African-Americans who enroll as PhD students are Americans who enroll as PhD students are abused and demoralized, told they are not abused and demoralized, told they are not PhD material and are ‘advised’ that their PhD material and are ‘advised’ that their best option is to leave after completing best option is to leave after completing master’s level requirements.”master’s level requirements.”

Simeon Anderson-invited by a professor to Simeon Anderson-invited by a professor to enroll in the Construction Engineering and enroll in the Construction Engineering and Mgmt. program. Mgmt. program.

AcademicsAcademics

Professor reneged on promises to Professor reneged on promises to admit him to the doctoral program admit him to the doctoral program and to provide financial support.and to provide financial support.

Julie Peterson, University Julie Peterson, University spokesperson, said “The University is spokesperson, said “The University is committed to increasing the committed to increasing the participation of women and minorities participation of women and minorities in our graduate programs.”in our graduate programs.”

Blacks Suffer Verbal and Emotional Abuse During Civil Rights Movement

-Many innocent black people were attacked with dogs, nightsticks, and water hoses, which was a

significant part of the United States' visual memory.-Black Church’s with children were locked in by

racist whites and burned to the ground with children screaming inside in the 60’s.

-Black churches, businesses and residences with ties to the movement were bombed

-Emmett Tills Murder- Bloody Violence against African American children by racist whites. 1955-Black women during the Civil Rights movement

faced terrible ordeal as many are ganged raped by the Klan, black men were lynched even more and

black communities were terrorized. -African Americans were called Niggers, childish, by racist whites during the time all of these names added to the verbal abuse and insults racist whites attacked African American’s even pro-civil rights

whites with names such as nigger lover etc..-

Black Communities During Black Communities During Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

Black Communities came together during this Black Communities came together during this time movement to provide assistance to each time movement to provide assistance to each other and for the equal rights under the law from other and for the equal rights under the law from outside forces, and segregation laws became too outside forces, and segregation laws became too much for many. Many blacks decided to march, much for many. Many blacks decided to march, walk to work together carpool with others who walk to work together carpool with others who had cars. Many tried to form certain organizations had cars. Many tried to form certain organizations that would promote African American unity.that would promote African American unity.

Kate’s PicturesKate’s Pictures

Breaking the Color Barrier Breaking the Color Barrier in Sports!!!!!!!in Sports!!!!!!!

Jack Roosevelt RobinsonJack Roosevelt Robinson(Jackie Robinson(Jackie Robinson))

Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia.Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. He then move to Pasadena, California after his father abandoned them.He then move to Pasadena, California after his father abandoned them. He went to Pasadena Junior College and then went to UCLA. He played three sports at He went to Pasadena Junior College and then went to UCLA. He played three sports at

UCLA football, track, and basketball.UCLA football, track, and basketball. Robinson enlisted in the army after graduating from UCLA.Robinson enlisted in the army after graduating from UCLA. In 1944 he join the Kansas City Monarchs, which is a Negro League baseball team.In 1944 he join the Kansas City Monarchs, which is a Negro League baseball team. In 1947 Jackie Robinson broke the “Color Barrier” and became the African American to In 1947 Jackie Robinson broke the “Color Barrier” and became the African American to

play major league baseball. play major league baseball. Jackie open the doors for all black baseball players.Jackie open the doors for all black baseball players. He was a leader on and off the field. He took negative criticism from whites that call he He was a leader on and off the field. He took negative criticism from whites that call he

out by racial slurs. out by racial slurs. Robinson retired after the 1956 season because he didn’t wont to be trade to the New Robinson retired after the 1956 season because he didn’t wont to be trade to the New

York Giants. He was 37 years old. Robinson died on October 24, 1972 in Stamford, York Giants. He was 37 years old. Robinson died on October 24, 1972 in Stamford, Connecticut. Connecticut.

Earl LloydEarl Lloyd

Lloyd was born April 3, 1928 in Alexandria, Lloyd was born April 3, 1928 in Alexandria, Virginia. Virginia.

West Virginia State College and graduated West Virginia State College and graduated in 1950.in 1950.

He was the first African American to play He was the first African American to play in an NBA game on October 31, 1950. He in an NBA game on October 31, 1950. He played for the Washington Capitols.played for the Washington Capitols.

He was the first African-American to win an He was the first African-American to win an NBA championship it was in1955 with NBA championship it was in1955 with Syracuse. Syracuse.

He Averaged 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds He Averaged 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds per game and helped lead Syracuse to per game and helped lead Syracuse to 1955 NBA Championship. 1955 NBA Championship.

He was the first African-American Assistant He was the first African-American Assistant Coach with Detroit Pistons (1968-70) Coach with Detroit Pistons (1968-70)

He was the second African-American head He was the second African-American head coach and first African-American bench coach and first African-American bench coach with coach with Detroit Pistons (1970-71) Detroit Pistons (1970-71)

He was the player of his decade 1947-56. He was the player of his decade 1947-56. He is one of the 50 greatest players.He is one of the 50 greatest players.

He opened the doors for many basketball He opened the doors for many basketball players including the ones that we watch players including the ones that we watch today. today.

Charles Follis Charles Follis

Charles was born on February 3, 1879 Charles was born on February 3, 1879 When Charles graduated from high school he went to Wooster When Charles graduated from high school he went to Wooster

University. He went there in the spring of 1901. He played University. He went there in the spring of 1901. He played football for the Wooster A.A. an amateur football team.football for the Wooster A.A. an amateur football team.

Charles Follis became the first black football player in Charles Follis became the first black football player in September of 1904.September of 1904.

Follis celebrated his contract signing in 1904 with a remarkable Follis celebrated his contract signing in 1904 with a remarkable opening performance, leading Shelby to a 29-0 win over Marion. opening performance, leading Shelby to a 29-0 win over Marion.

He played for Shelby for 2 years and stopped because of an He played for Shelby for 2 years and stopped because of an injury. injury.

He then began playing baseball for Cuban Giants in New York. He then began playing baseball for Cuban Giants in New York. He became the first black catcher.He became the first black catcher.

On April 5, 1910, following a Cuban Giants game, Follis On April 5, 1910, following a Cuban Giants game, Follis collasped into a coma and died. He was 31 years old. collasped into a coma and died. He was 31 years old.

Frederick Douglass "Fritz" Frederick Douglass "Fritz" PollardPollard

Fritz was born January 27, 1894 in Chicago.Fritz was born January 27, 1894 in Chicago. He went to Brown University to play running back He went to Brown University to play running back

and he excelled at that position and won many and he excelled at that position and won many awards.awards.

After Brown University he played pro football for After Brown University he played pro football for Akron Pros.Akron Pros.

In 1921, Fritz became the co-head coach of the In 1921, Fritz became the co-head coach of the Akron Pros, and still maintained his roster position Akron Pros, and still maintained his roster position as running back.as running back.

Fritz died May 11, 1986Fritz died May 11, 1986 He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005

ConclusionConclusion

The Civil Rights movement was at it The Civil Rights movement was at it strongest between the years of 1940 to strongest between the years of 1940 to 1960.1960.

Though the movement was at its peak Though the movement was at its peak during its period, it is a movement that is during its period, it is a movement that is still being fought all around the country.still being fought all around the country.

The Civil Rights movement in the United The Civil Rights movement in the United States, was not the only one of its kind. States, was not the only one of its kind.

Movements in the United Kingdom, Northern Movements in the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, and in Africa have all gained great Ireland, and in Africa have all gained great attention because of the movement here in attention because of the movement here in the United Statesthe United States

Second ReconstructionSecond Reconstruction

Almost 100 years after the last shot was fired Almost 100 years after the last shot was fired in the Civil War, America was embarking on in the Civil War, America was embarking on its second form of Reconstruction.its second form of Reconstruction.

States all across the country were now States all across the country were now working to fight public and private acts of working to fight public and private acts of racial discrimination in their state.racial discrimination in their state.

During the second half of the 20During the second half of the 20thth century century Laws prohibiting the discrimination on Race, Laws prohibiting the discrimination on Race, Gender and Disability have all been enacted. Gender and Disability have all been enacted.

Long Lasting AffectsLong Lasting Affects

The Civil Rights movement, has had some The Civil Rights movement, has had some major and long lasting affects.major and long lasting affects.

1968, LBJ signs the Civil Rights ACT1968, LBJ signs the Civil Rights ACT 1971, Busing is upheld by the Supreme Court 1971, Busing is upheld by the Supreme Court

as a legitimate way of Integrationas a legitimate way of Integration 1991, President George H.W Bush signs an 1991, President George H.W Bush signs an

extended Policy of the original Civil Rights Actextended Policy of the original Civil Rights Act 2005 Edgar Ray Killen is convicted of 2005 Edgar Ray Killen is convicted of

manslaughter on the 41manslaughter on the 41stst anniversary of him anniversary of him killing three Mississippian Civil Rights Workerskilling three Mississippian Civil Rights Workers

Leading the WayLeading the Way

The Civil Rights movement broke The Civil Rights movement broke many boundaries for not only African many boundaries for not only African Americans but for many other Americans but for many other movements to begin.movements to begin.

1970, American Indian Movement1970, American Indian Movement Late 20Late 20thth century, Second wave of century, Second wave of

feminism startsfeminism starts Gay and Lesbian Movement gains Gay and Lesbian Movement gains

strength in the late 70’sstrength in the late 70’s

Ending Ending

The Civil Rights movement is a movement The Civil Rights movement is a movement that has not only opened doors for African that has not only opened doors for African Americans, but for almost every other race Americans, but for almost every other race and gender in the world.and gender in the world.

Many of the founding members of our Civil Many of the founding members of our Civil Rights movement have passed away, a new Rights movement have passed away, a new generation must be found to carry there generation must be found to carry there message and to continue the fight for message and to continue the fight for equality and justice, both of which we all equality and justice, both of which we all deserve. deserve.