By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer edited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury.
23
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer edited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury edited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury
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Transcript of By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer edited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury.
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojeredited/ revised: Mrs. Salisburyedited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojeredited/ revised: Mrs. Salisburyedited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.French communal law.
) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial
regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &
honored inventors & inventions.honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European
modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.
French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American
Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars
V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid
to take risks.to take risks.
That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure MovementProcess which ends
traditional rights such as meadows for hay, grazing livestock on common land formerly held in open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner– no longer land for commons.
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
