Bungtla Journal - Vol 1, No. 1

2

description

Published by Matu Media Group of Matu Forum

Transcript of Bungtla Journal - Vol 1, No. 1

Page 1: Bungtla Journal - Vol 1, No. 1
Page 2: Bungtla Journal - Vol 1, No. 1

rD'D,maumfrwDtzGJU

ed'gef;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;

(66)ESpfMumjzpfyGg;cJhaom jynf

wGif;ppfjyóemjzpfyGg;&jcif;\

taMumif;&if;udk wl;az:qef;

ppfaomf wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk

rsm;tay: tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&

tquf qufwkdY\ aoG;cGJtkyf

csKyfrI? rw&m;MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIESifh

vlenf;pktcGifhta&;udktum

tuG,fay;aom Oya'jyXmef;csuf

r&SdrIwdkYtjyif bmoma&;t&

aoG;cGJqufqHrIESihfAk'bmomudk

EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf owfrSwf

cJhjcif;wkdYonf jynfwGif;ppfjzpfap

onfhtaMumif; jzpfaMumif;awGY&Sd

Ekdifygonf/

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGifjzpfap?

a'owpfckwGifjzpfap jynfwGif;

ppfudktqHk;rowfbJ Nidrf;csrf;

a&;r&SdvQif pD;yGg;a&;zGYHNzdK;rIr&

&SdEkdifouJhodkY ppfrSefaom'Drkdua&

pDpepfud kvnf; yDyD jyifjyif

taumif txnfaz:í&Edkifrnf

r[kwfay/xkdYaMumifh jynfaxmifpk

or®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwdk;wuf

zGYHNzdK;a&;ESihf'Drdk ua&pDpepfyDjyif

pGmxGef;um;Ekdifa&;twGuf vl

rsKd;a&;cGJjcm;qufqHrIuif;NyD;

bmoma&;t&cGJjcm; qufqHrI

tqHk;owfa&;onf ta&;BuD;qHk;

jzpfygonf/

tar&duefEkdifiHjcm;a&;

0efBuD;Xme\tpD&ifcHpm

udk;&D;,m;? tD&ef? ql'ef? qD;&D;

,m;? aqmf'Dtma&;AsEkdifiHESifh

twl jrefrmEkdifiHonf bmoma&;

vGwfvyfcGifh txl;pdk;&drf&aom

EkdifiHtjzpf 1999 ckESpfuwnf;

u owfrSwfcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

==urÇmay:wGif vlrsdK;a&;

bmoma&;ud ktajcc Haom

tMurf;zufrIrsm;aMumifh NydKuGJ

oGm;onfh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd

aeNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHjynfolrsm;u

xd kvrf;pOfud krvk dufMu&ef++

tar&duefEkdifiH vufaxmufEkdifiH

jcm;a&;0efBuD; wGrfarmvDaemh

puD;u 4if;\ 2014 ckESpf?

ZGefv jrefrmEkdifiHc&D;pOfwGif

ajymMum;cJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHESifh

bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh

1947 ckeSpf? arvwGif

jrefrmEdkifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH

tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf

zqyvyPmr jyifqifrInDv

mcHwpf&yfusif;ycJh&m q&mawmf?

oHCmawmfrsm;u Ak'¨bmom

udkEd kifiHawmf bmomtjzpf

aMunm&ef pmtkyfrsm;? aMumfjim

tjzpf jyXmef;&efoihfaMumif;

tqdkwifoGif;cJh&m ==uRefawmfwdkY

wdkif;jynfrSm tavmif;bk&m;

vufxufuwnf;u rlqvif

awG&Sdw,f/ b&if*sDawG &Sdw,f/

tpwkef;u&SdvmMuwJh ewfudk;

uG,fwJh awmifwef;om;awG

&Sdw,f/ tJonf awmifwef;om;

awG[m t*Fvdyfvufatmuf

wkef;u tcsKdUc&pf,mefawG

jzpfNyD; t½kd;pGJaeMuwm&Sdw,f/

olwdkYwawG[m tm;vkH;EkdifiH

om;awGbJ? wkdif;jynfudkuRef

wGif;u vGwfatmifwkdufxkwf

Muwkef;u uRefawmfwdkYcsnf;

r[kwfbl;? olwdkYwpfawGygw,f?

olwkdYwpfawGay:rSmtEdkifusifh

NyD; igwdkYvlrsm;pk&JU bmomudk

EkdifiHawmfbmomjzpf&rnfvdkY

vkyfvkdufvQif uRefawmfwdkY[m

acG;avmufawmiftoHk;ruswJh

aumifawGjzpfMurSmaygh/ uRefawmf

wdkY[m wkdif;&if;om;wpfckvkH;

pnf;vkH;jyvkdw,f? ,cktcsdefrSm

vdkcsifwmu jynfaxmifpkxJrSm

ukd EkdifiHawmfbmomOya'rsm;udk

rdrdqEtavsmuf uefYuGufEkdifyg

aMumif;? 4if;wkdYtm;udk,fydkifqHk;

jzwfbkdY ay;xm;aMumif;? odkY&m

wGif Ak'bmom0ifjynfaxmifpk

ygwDrStrwfrsm;u EkdifiHawmf

bmom Oya'usrf;udk raxmufcH

vQif ygwDrS xkwfy,f&rnf

jzp faMumif; & Si f ;vif; Ny D ;

Ncdrf;ajcmufajymMum;cJhonf/

1961 ckeSpf? Mo*kwfv(26)

&ufaeYwGif OD;Ekonf vTwfawmf

twGif; EkdifiH\vlrsm;pk udk;uG,f&m

jzpfaom Ak'bmomtm; trsKd;om;

bmomomoemtjzpf tod

trSwfjyK jyXmef;Edkifa&;tvdkYiSm

tajccHOya' jyifqifcsufwpf&yf

tqdkwifoGif;cJhonf/

jynfaxmifpkygvDrefr S

1961ckESpf? tufOya'trSwf-17

t& 1961 ckESpf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccH Oya'(wwd,jyifqifcsuf)

tufOya'udk jyXmef;NyD; yk'fr-

21(u)(1)wGif ==Ak'¨bmom

omoemawmfonf EdkifiHawmf\

EdkifiHom; trsm;qkH;udk;uG,f&m

bmomBuD; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm

Ed kifiHawmfbmom omoem

jzpfap&rnf++[k vnf;aumif;?

yk'fr-21-u? 21-c? 21-* ESifh

21-C ud k jyXme f ;&mwGi f

== jynfaxmifpk Ed ki fi Hawmf

tpk d ;&onf Ak' ¨bmomud k

csD;ajr§muf&rnf++ [kvnf;aumif;?

yk'fr 43-u ESifh 43-c wGif

==EdkifiHawmfonf apwDykxkd;rsm;

udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&mü

ulnDaxmufyH h&rnf/ bkef;

awmfBuD;rsm;tm; jyKpkauR;arG;&

rnf++ [kvnf;aumif; jyXmef;xm;

onf/ vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf vkHavmuf

aomumuG,frIukd 1947 ckESpf

zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif

jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh

Ak'bmom0if vTwfawmftrwf

trsm;pk vTrf;rkd;aom ygvDrefu

vlenf;pkbmom 0ifrsm;\ oabm

wlnDcsufrygbJ jyXmef;twnf

jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/

xkdpOfu wyfrawmfrS Ak'¨

bmomE k d i f i H awm fbmom

jyXmef;a&;udk vkdvm;jcif;r&SdbJ

bmoma&;udktaMumif;jyKí

wyfrawmftwGif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI

Ny d KuG Jrnfud k pd k ;& dr f Mu[ef

&Sdaomfvnf; 0kdif;0ef;uefY uGuf

Muonfh Mum;rSmyif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek

u Ak'¨bmomudk EkdifiHawmf

bmom jyXmef;a&;twGuf ==1961

ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH

Oya' (wwd,jyifqifcsuf)

tufOya'Murf;++ udk Mo*kwfv

17 &ufaeY wGif wifoGif;cJhonfh

rlqvifbmom0if 0efBuD;OD;&m&Spf

tygt0if vTwfawmftrwf

tawmfrsm;rsm;u uefYuGufcJhMu

aomfvnf; Mo*kwfv 26

&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom vTwfawmf

ESpf&yfaygif; tpnf;ta0;rS

axmufcHrJ 324 rJ? uefYuGufrJ

28 rJjzihf twnfjyKcJhonf/5

(xkdokdY tqkdwifoGif;jcif;?

twnfjyKjcif;rjyKrD (4-5-

1960)&ufaeYwGif tpövmrfom

oema&;aumifpDu ==Ak'¨bm

omudk EkdifiHawmfbmomaMunm

vkdufjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨bmom

0ifwkdYrSm yxrwef;EkdifiHom;

jzpfNyD; Ak'bmom r[kwfolwdkYrSm

'kwd,wef; EkdifiHom;jzpfoGm;Ekdif

onfh ta&;udk wGufqrdí uefY

uGufygaMumif;++aMunmcsuf

xkwfjyefí uefYuGufcJhygonf/

(12-5-1960) &ufaeYwGif

½kdrefuufovpf*kdPf;ESifh jrefrm

EkdifiH c&pf,mef toif;awmf

aumifpDuvnf; uefYuGufcJhyg

onf/)

OD;Ek\Ak'bmomtm; EdkifiH

awmfbmomomoemtjzpf

owfrSwfEkdifa&;BudK;yrf;rIonf

bmomuGJjzpfaom ucsif? u&if?

csif;vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk a'gotrsuf

xGufapcJhonf/ txl;ojzihf

vlrsKd;pkrsm; tajccsaexkdif&m

awmifay:a'oNrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif

qlylqEjyrIrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/

xkdtcg wkdif;&if;om; ucsifvl

rsKd;ausmif;q&mOD;aqmifaom

ucsifvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf

(KIA)ay:aygufNyD;udk,fyd kif

tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;? jynfrESihf

wef; wltcGihfta&;(txl;ojzihf

vGwfvyfpGm ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcGifh)

&&Sda&;[l aom a<u;aMumfoHjzihf

vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;

pwifcJhonf/

E k di fi Hawm fbmom

*,ufaMumifh ucsifjynfwGif;

trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;

wyfrawmf[lonfh aomif;usef;ol

tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf ay:xGef;

apcJhonf[líyif qdkMuonf/

Ak' ¨bmom0if jzpfonf h

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\

or®wa[mif; anmifa&Tapmf

bGm;BuD; pyfa&Todkufu Ak'¨bm

omudk EkdifiHawmf bmomtjzpf

jyXgef;jcif;onf ==yifvkHpdwf

"mwf++udk csdK;azmuf &ma&muf

onf[k ajymqkd cJhonf/ 1947

c kE Sp f azazm f0g& DvwGi f

usif;ycJhonfh yifvkHnDvmcHwGif

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wkdif;&if;om;

vlenf;pkrsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk

tumtuG,fay;&ef uwdjyKcJh

onf[k pyfa&Tokdufuaxmufjy

onf/

EkdifiHawmf bmomOya'Murf;

rsm;udk vTwfawmfodkYrwifoGif;rD

1961 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 16

&ufaeYwGif xGef;aeYpOf owif;pm

t,f'DwmcsKy f OD;xGef;az

(0efBuD;a[mif;)? 'l0gaZmfvGef;

(0efBuD; a[mif;)? OD;oef;armif

(Armrlqvif)? apm*ef' D

(c&pf,mef u&iftrsKd;om;)?

OD;pHatG; (csif;trsdK;om;)ESifh

OD;armifarmifcif (u,m;c&pf

,mef)wkdYonf EkdifiHawmf w&m;

vTwfawmf csKyfodkYvma&mufNyD;

EkdifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekwif

oGif;rnfh Ak'bmom EkdifiHawmf

bmom jy Kv ky fa& ;twGu f

tajccHOya'(jyifqifa&;)

Oya'Murf; ESifh ywfoufí

tmPmydkif ar;pmcRefawmf

(Write of Quo Warranto)ESifh

tjcm;oifavsmfaom pmcRefawmf

xkwfqifhay;&eftjyif xkdavQmuf

vTmtm; rqkH;jzwfrDtwGif;

Oya'Murf;udk rwifEkdifatmif

wm;0&rf;xkwfí &yfqk dif;

xm;&efavQmufxm;cJhonf/

tqdkwGif jynfaxmifpkygwD

tpd k;&onf 4if;wd k YtmPm

wnfNrJa&;twGuf Ak'bmomudk

EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;

a&;udk BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufjyK

aeaMumif;? odkYjzpfíbmoma&;

udk EkdifiHa&; tvkdUiSm tvGJokH;

pm; rjyK&[laom tajccHOya'

yk'fr-21(4)udkcsK d;azmufae

aMumif;avQmufvJonf/

þuJodk YavQmufjcif;ESif h

ywfowfí EkdifiHawmf w&m;vTwf

awmfcsKyfu tajccHOya'udk

jyifqif aqmif&Gufoifhonf

roifhonf[laom jyóemrSm

jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fcefYtyf

xm;onfh ygvDreftzG J Y0if

trwfrsm;uom qkH;jzwf&efjzpf

aMumif;? EkdifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfonf

ygvDreftzGJU0if wpfOD;taejzifh

tajccHOya' yk'fr-11 wGif

owfrSwffxm;onfhvkdufem&ef

tcsuftvufrsm; ESif htnD

tajccHOya' Murf;wifoGif;jcif;rSm

rdrdcHpm;ydkifcGifh &Sdonfh tcGifh

ta&;udk ok H;pG J jcif;omjzpf

aMumif;? ygvDref vTwfawmfonf

tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif tzGJU

tpnf; jzpfjcif;aMumifhvnf;

tzGJUü aqmif&GufqJ jzpfonfh

vkyfief;wpfckudk þ½kH;awmfu

ydwfyifwm;jrpftyfaom udpö

&yfjzpf onf[k r,lqEkdifaMumif;

taMumif;jyí avQmufvTmtm;

y,fcscJhonf/

vlenf;pkwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,kH

Munfaom bmomtay: vltrsm;

pku rw&m; vTrf;rkd;jcif;udk zGJUpnf;

tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ESifhtnD

[efYwm;ay;&rnfh tpm;EkdifiH

awmf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf onf

0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkOD;aqmifaom

Ak'¨bmom0if trwfrsm;\

vkyf&yfukd [efYwm;ay;cJhjcif;

r&Sdonfukd awGU&onf/

awmfvSefa&; aumifpDacwf

(1962-1973)ESifh jrefYrmqdk&S,fvpf

vrf;pOfygwDacwf (1974-88)

wGif Ak'¨bmomudk EkdifiHawmf

bmomtjzp f w&m;0i f

owfrSwfjcif; rjyKaomfvnf;

EkdifiHawmfonf Ak'¨bmomudk

om txl;yHhydk;cJhNyD; tjcm;bmom

rsm;udk vspfvsL½IcJhonf/ tjcm;

bmom0ifrsm;\ yd kifqk difrI

ypönf;rsm;? taqmuftOD;rsm;?

0if;NcHrsm; udkjynfolydkifodrf;

,lcJ hygonf/ wyfrawmfppf

tpdk;&acwf(1988-2010)wGif

Ak'¨bmom 0ifrsm;twGuf

omoemhe,f ajrrsm;udk tywfpOf

trsm;tjym; cGifhjyKcsufay;cJh

aomfvnf; usefaombmom

0ifrsm;twGuf omoemydkif

e,fajruGuf avQmufxm;&mwGif

cGifhrjyKjcif;? bk&m;&Sdckd;cGifh uefY

owfjcif;? bk&m;ausmif;aqmuf

vkyfcGifhrjyKjcif;? wkdufcef;rsm;wGif

bk&m;&Sdckd;cGifhrjyKjcif;? c&pf,mef

vuf0g;uyfwkdifrsm;udk txuf

trdefYjzihf [kqkdum csif;jynfe,f?

ucsifjynfe,f ae&mtESYHwGif

rD;½IdUjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf

cJhygonf/

udk;uG,f&mbmomul;ajymif;

jcif;qdkif&m Oya'(rlMurf;)

tm;avhvmokH;oyfjcif;

2008 ckESp fz G J Upnf;yk H

tajccHOya'wGif vGwfvyfpGm

,kHMunfcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm xkwf

azmf ajymqkdcGihf? udk;uG,fonfh

bmomomoemudk vGwfvyf

pGmaqmif&Guf ydkifcGihfjyXmef;

xm;aomfvnf; (27-5-2014)

&ufaeY xkwf aMu;rkHowif;pm

ESifhjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrsm;

wGif udk;uG,f&mbmom ul;ajy

mif;jcif;qkdif&mOya'(rlMurf;)

ESif hpyfvsOf;í &[ef;&Sifvl

jynfolrsm;\tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

ay;ydkU&ef zdwf ac:xm;onfudk

awGU&ygonf/

uk d ;uG,f&mbmomul;

ajymif;jcif;qkdif&mOya'(rlMurf;)

udk avhvmokH;oyfonfhtcg

atmufygtcsufrsm;awGU&S d&

onf/

(1) Oya'(r l Mur f ; )\

ed'gef;wGif ==udk;uG,f&mbmomudk

vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifh&&Sdap

&efESifh ukd;uG,f&mbmomul;

ajymif;jcif;jyK&mwGif yGifhvif;jrif

omNyD; pepfwus&Sdap&ef tvkdU

i Sm+ +[kazmf jyxm;csufonf

vlwpfOD;csif;\ vGwfvyfpGm

a&G;cs,f,kHMunfcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm

bmom ul;ajymif;cGifh ay;xm;aom

tajccHOya'yk'fr-354(u)(C)

yg jyXmef;csufESifh qefYusifjcif;/

(2) Oya'(rlMurf;)yk'fr(3)

t& rSwfykHwifa&;tzGJY zGJYpnf;NyD;

yk'fr(5)(C)t& ul;ajymif;&ef

avQmufxm;onfh udk;uG,f&m

bmomtm; trSefwu,f

ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;&Sd?r&Sd rSwfykH

wifa&; tzGJU\ ar;jref;jcif;udk

cH&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;ojzihf

vGwfvyfpGm ,kHMunf udk;uG,fcGifh

ay;xm;onfh tajccHOya'

ESih fqefYusifjcif;? c&pf,mef

or®musrf;csufrsm; ESifhvnf;qefY

usifjcif;/

(3) vGwfvyfpGm ,kHMunf

udk; uG,fcGifhtwGuf avQmuf

xm;&jcif;? rSwfykHwifa&;tzGJU\

ar; jref;ppfaMumcH&jcif;? bmom

ul;ajymif;jcif; oufaocH

vufrSwf xkwfay;jcif;wkdYonf

vlwpfOD;\ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,f

udk;uG,fcGif hudk csKyfcs,fuefY

owf&m a&mufjcif;/

(4) rSwfykHwifa&;tzGJUudk

==vGwfvyfaombmomaygif;pkH

aumfr&SiftzGJU++uJhodkYaom tzGJU

rsdK;jzihf zGJUpnf;jcif; r[kwfbJ

Ak'¨bmom trsm;pkyg0ifonfh

0efxrf;rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;jcif;onf

Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfaom

tjcm;bmom0if vlenf;pkrsm;

tay: vTrf;rdk;MoZm okH;Ekdif&ef

tcGif h tvrf;ay;ouJ hod k Y

jzpfonfhtjyif Ak'¨bmom0if

trsm;pk yg0ifaom rSwfykHwifa&;

tzGJUu tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&m

bmom\ av;eufaom bmom

a&; tESpfom&udk em;rvnfbJ

ppfaMumqkH;jzwf&ef rjzpfEkdif

jcif;? w&m;rQwpGm pOf;pm;

qHk;jzwfEdkifrnfr[kwfjcif;/

(5) Oya'jyXef;&efvd k

tyfygu ==vGwfvyfaom

bmomaygif;pkH aumfr&SiftzGJU++

uJhodkYaom tzGJUu rlMurf;a&;qGJ

wifjyoifhygvsuf omoema&;

0efBuD;XmerS 4if;wkdYvdkvm;aom

ykHpH jzihf Oya'(rlMurf;)udkwpf

zwfowf a&;qGJwifjyjcif;onf

tjcm;bmom? omomem\

tcef;u@mudk vspfvsL½I&m

a&mufjcif;/

(6) Oya'rlMurf;yk'fr-15

t& ==aoG;aqmifjcif;++? jypfrIudk

usL;vGefvQif yk'fr-18 t&

axmif'Pf(1)ESpf[k owfrSwfNyD;

yk'fr-16 t& ==bmomukl;ajymif;

jcif;udk [efYwm;jcif;? ydwfyifjcif;?

aESmuf,Sufjcif;++ jypfrIud k

usL;vGefvQif yk'fr-19 t& ykdrkd

oufn§monfh axmif'Pf(6)

vom owfrSwf jcif;onf

vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\udk;uG,f&m

bmom ul;ajymif; jcif;ud k

[efYwm;jcif;? ydwfyifjcif; odkYr[kwf

aESmifh,Sufjcif; jyKvkyfEkdif&ef

tcGifhta&;ay;&ma&mufjcif;/

NcHKiHkoHk;oyfvQif Ak'bmom

r[kwf aom vlenf;pkbmom

0if rsm;tay: xdckdufepfemap

Ekdifaomtcsuf rsm;pGmyg&Sdojzihf

c&pf,mef *kdPf;*PtoD;oD;rS

toif;csKyf? tzGJUcsKyf? jrefrmEkdifiH

c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;

aumifpDESifh tjcm; c&pf,mef

*kdPf;*P tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tae

jzifh Oya'(rlMurf;) yk'fr wpfck

csif;tBuHjyK jcif;xuf Oya'

jyXmef;&efroifhaMumif; atmufyg

tcsufrsm; tay:tajc cHí

oabm xm;rSwfcsuf jyKoifh

onf[k okH;oyf&ygonf/

ukd;uG,f&mbmomul;ajymif;

jcif;qkdif&mOya'(rlMurf;)onf

1/ 2008 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpk

or®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;

ykHtajccHOya'yk'fr-34? yk'fr-

354 (u)(C)yg jyXmef;csufESifh

rnDnGwfojzifh jyXmef;&efroifh

[k,kHMunfygonf/

2/ jrefrmEkdifiHu 1948 ckESpf

'DZifbmv(10)&ufaeYwGif vuf

rSwfa&;xkd;xm;aom tjynf

jynfqkdif&m vlYtcGif hta&;

aMujimpmwrf;tydk'f-18 yg

= =v lw k di f ;w Gi fv Gw fvy fp Gm

ouf0if,kHMunfudk;uG,f EkdifcGifh?

rdrdudk;uG,fonfh bmomudk

vGwfvyfpGm ajymif;vJEk di f

cGifh&SdaMumif;++ jyXmef;csufESifh

rnDnGwfojzif h jyXmef;&ef

roifh[k,kHMunfygonf/

3/ c&pf,mefwkdY\ or®musrf;pm

t& vlrsdK;wumxHodkY oGm;a&muf

a[majym oGefoifjcif; trIudk

vlwdkif;jyKvkyf&ef wm0ef&SdNyD;

(&SifróJ 28;19-20)vlwpfOD;\

,kHMunfjcif;udk tjcm;olwpfOD;u

jzpfap? wjcm;aom tzGJUtpnf;

ujzpfap? vlubk&m;\ ae&mudk

0i fa&muf ae&m,lvsuf

ppfaMumpD&if ydkifcGifhr&Sdjcif;(1

aum 6;4-5 ? 4;4-5 ? wrefawmf

4;12 ? &Sifa,m[ef 14;6)

wk d YaMumih f c&pf,mefwk d Y\

,kHMunfrIESifh rnDnGwfojzifh

jyXmef;&efroifh[k ,kHMunfygonf/

þOya'(rlMurf;)enf;wl

rs d K ;apmi f hOya'uJ hod k Yaom

tjcm;Oya'rsm;vnf; xyfrH

jyXmef; jcif;rjyKEkdif&ef ppfrSef

aom 'Drkdua&pepfudk vufcH

usifh okH;vkdaom rnfonfh

bmom0if taejzihfjzpfap?

EkdifiHom; wpfOD;csif; taejzihf

jzpfap? c&pf,mef,kHMunfol

wpfOD;csif; taejzihfjzpfap?

toif;awmf tvkduf jzpfap?

tzGJUcsKyf toif;csKyf tvdkufjzpfap?

tzGJUtpnf; tvkdufjzpfap

rdrdwkdY\ oabmxm; xkwfazmf

wkHYjyef&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfaMumif;

wifjytyfygonf/

ed*kH;

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrm

EdkifiHawmfwGif vufwavm ajz

&Sif;&rnfhEdkifiHa&;jyóemrSm

tpOfwnfwH haomjynfwGif;

jidrff;csrf;a&;&&Sda&;ESifhwdkif;&if;

om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwkdYwef;wlnD

rQrI jzih f h wnfaqmufaom

EdkifiHawmfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf

2008-ckESpf zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'

jyifqifa&; jzpfygonf/ 1947ckESpf

zG J Ypnf;tkyfcs Ky fy H k tajccH

Oya'ESifh1974 ckESpfzGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'wkdUwGif wkdif;&if;

om;v len f ;p kr s m ;twGu f

vHkavmufaomumuG,frIay;

onfh jyXmef;csufrawGY&ay/

odkYjzpf í2008ckESpf zGJYpnf;yHkt

ajccHOya'udkjyifqif&mwGif

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;vlenf;pkrsm;

\ tcGihfta&;ESifh4if;wkdYudk;uG,f

,kHMunfaom bmoma&; vGwf

vyfpGm udk;uG,f,HkMunf cGifh&&Sd

a&;ESifh cGJjcm;qufqHcH&rIwdkYrS

uif;vGwf cGifh&Sdap&ef yifvHkpmcsKyf

ygyOörESifh owår tcsufwkdYwGif

yg&Sdonfh tcGifh ta&; udk tckdif

trmxnhfoGif; jyXmef;&ef

vkdtyfygonf/

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH

awmf t"GefY&Snf wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;

twGuf wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;

nDnGwfa&;onf t"dujzpfyg

onf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsK d;

rsm;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfEkdif

a&;twGuf wef;wlnDwl tcGifh

ta&;jzihf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sd

aom jynfaxmifpk pepfwnf

aqmufjcif;? ,HkMunf udk;uG,frI

bmom ESifhwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

wkdY\ bmompum;udk vGwfvyfpGm

usihfoHk; udk;uG,foif,l cGihfjyKjcif;

onf txl;ta&; BuD;ygonf/

,cktcg vlenf;pkwkdY\ ,kHMunf

ukd;uG,fonfh bmomw&m;ESifh

tdrfaxmifa&; qkdif&mvlrIa&;

&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd vTrf;rdk;aprnfh

Oya'rsdK;udkjyXmef;jcif; rjyKap&ef

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;u

0kdif;0ef;[efYwm; oifhygonf/

tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlYtcGifhta&;

aMujimpmwrf; tydk'f(2) ESifh

tydk'f(18)udk jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif tjynfht0

taumiftxnfazmf&ef txl;vdk

tyfygonf/

txkl;ojzifh omoema&;

0efBuD;xm;&Sdí Ak'¨bmom0if

0efBuD; cefYtyfwm0efay;jcif;jzihf

Ak'hbmomomoem xGef;um;a&;

twGuf txl;jyKvkyfNyD; tjcm;

aombmomrsm;ukd vspfvsL

½Ijcif;onf tjcm;aom bmom

rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHrI jzpfyg

bmoma&;vGyfvyfcGifh

OD;idkifqmcfU (w&m;vTwfawmfa&SYae)

onf/ odkYjzpfí omoema&;

0efBuD;[lírxm;&SdbJ bmom

w&m;rsm;tMum; qlBuHKedrfhjrifh

cGJjcm;rIyaysmufapa&;twGuf

omoema&; 0efBuD;Xmeudk

vGwfvyf írnfonfhbmomw

&m;ukdrQbufrvkdufaom bm

oma&;vGwfvyfa&;aumfr&Sif

wpf&yfjzifh tpm;xkd;zGJUpnf;

oifhygonf/

usrf;udk;pm&if;

1/ 7 Days aeYpOfowif;pm(31-

7-2014)&ufaeY/

2/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f? twGJ-21?

eHygwf-7? 4 Mo*kwf 1947? pm-

21

3/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdk fifiH

awmf(ygvDdref)wwd,jynfol

vTwfawmfnDvmcHrSwfwrf;?

pmwGJ-5? tpnf;ta0;trSwf-3?

&efukef?tpdk;&ykHESdyfwkduf? 1962?

pm-370-371

4/ New Times of Burma,

30 June 1960

5/ jrefrmhEk di fiHa&;avhvm

qef;ppfcsuf (1948-1988)?

ausmf0if;? Zlvkdif 2012 ? pm-

155?153

6/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ 1988 ckESpf

ta& ;tci f ; ( yxrw G J ) ?

a'gufwmarmifarmif? 2013

ZGef? pm-73-75

7/ The Guardian , 25

September 1961

8/ The Guadian, 13 February

1961

9/ jynfaxmifpkowif;pm? 17

Mo*kwf 1961

10/ The Guadian, 17 August

1961

11/ jynfaxmifpkowif;pm? 25

Mo*kwf 1961

12/ 'kwd,tBudrf csif;trsdK;om;

nDvmcH bkHoabmwlnDcsufrsm;?

tydk'f-51? 2013 ckESpf? ESpfjcif;ykHESdyf

wkduf? pm-17

(1) qvdkif;ausmfrdk;xGef; (tzGJUacgif;aqmif)

(2) odu©mawmf&q&maygvk ('k tzGJUacgif;aqmif)

(3) qvdkif;rGefaxmif;vdef

(4) rdkifar&DZef

(5) OD;bdkzGJU

(6) qvdkif;&Jqef

(7 )qvdkif;wvHkukyf

(8) OD;armif;[ef

(9 )qvdkif;wGD[kef;

tar&duefEk difiHjcm;a&;

0efBuD;Xmeu (28-7-2014)

&ufaeYwGif xkwfjyefaom bmom

a&; vGwfvyfcGifh tpD&ifcHpmwGif

==jrefrmEkdifiHonf bmoma&;t

Murf;zufrIESifhbmoma&;cGJjcm;

qufqHrIrsm;aMumihf 2013

ckESpftwGuf bmoma&;vGwf

vyfcGifh txl;pdk;&drf&aomEkdifiH

rsm;pm&if;wGif yg0ifonf++ [k

azmfjyxm;onf/

bmoma&;tMurf;zufrI

rsm;jzpfyGm;cJhaom w½kwf? ajrmuf

pmrsm;? a0iScJ honfhudpöESih f

pyfvsOf;í

==EdkifiHawmf&JUbmom[m

Ak'bmomjzpf&rnfvdkY pm&GufawG

vmurf;w,f/ or®w[m

Ak'bmomjzpf&rnfvdkYqdk&ifrSm;

w,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvdkYr&bl;/ tJ'g

rSm;w,f? raumif;bl;? tavQmh

ray;Edkifbl;? toufESihfvJNyD;

wdkufr,f++[kvnf;aumif;? tqdk

yg nDvmcHü 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdu

vGwfvyfa&;&onfhtcgwGif

Ak'bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom

&SdaeMuwJh vlrsdK;tm;vkH;bmom

tm;vkH; b,fawmhrSrNydKuGJbJcGJ

xGufoGm;wJhvlawGyg rvmapbJ

Ek difiHa&;pdwf"mwfwpfwpfck

wnf;&Sdatmif oGif;NyD;pnf;vkH;bkdY

vkdw,f++[k vnf;aumif; trsKd;

om;acgif;aqmifAkdvfcsKyfatmif

qef;uacsyajymqdkcJhonf/

odkYaomfAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

uG,fvGefNyD;aemufydkif;wGif OD;Ek

u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJü rdrd\

jynfaxmifpkygwD0ifAk'bmom

0if r[kwfol ygvDreftrwfrsm;

pmrlrsm;zdwfac:jcif;

[email protected] okdY owif;ESifhpmrlrsm;ay;ykdYEkdifygonf/