BULLSEYE VOCABULARYUNIT 1

Constitutional Underpinnings

Good Luck on your Test!!!!

Opposed the new Constitution, feared the new Constitution would erode fundamental liberties, and argued that the new Constitution was a class-based document serving the economic elite?

Anti-Federalist

The document that outlined the voluntary agreement between states and was adopted as the first plan for a permanent union of the United States?

Articles of Confederation

The first ten Amendments to the Constitution passed after ratification specifically protecting individual liberties to fulfill promises made by the Federalists to the Anti-Federalists in return for their support?

Bill of Rights

Each branch requires the consent of the others for many of its decisions?

Checks & Balances

The plan adopted at the Constitutional Convention to provide for two chambers in Congress, one representing states equally and the otherrepresenting states on the basis of their share of the population?

Connecticut Plan

Concept or term that means that the U.S. government has two chambers in Congress?

Bicameralism

People must agree on who their rulers will be and the People are the primary source of government power?

Consent of the Governed

A nation’s basic law creating institutions, dividing power, and providing guarantees to citizens?

Constitution

The document used by the signers to announce and justify the Breech with their former government and specifically designed to substantiate their reasons?

Declaration of Independence

Groups of people, currently known as political parties or interest groups, who arise as a result of unequal distribution of wealth to seize the reins of government in their own interest?

Factions

A name given by James Madison to an alliance formed by two or more factions?

Coalition

Essays written to convince others to support the new constitution?

Federalist Papers

Argued for ratification of the Constitution by writing the Federalist Papers;included Madison, Hamilton, and James Madison?

Federalist

Two of the most important Federalist Papers written by James Madison?

Federalist 10Federalist 51

In Federalist 10, Madison argued this was needed to break and control the violence of Faction?

A well constructed

Union

In Federalist 10, Madison argued that this was a well constructed Union?

Republican Form of government

In Federalist 10, Madison argued we needed this type of Republic?

Large (Extended)

In Federalist 51, Madison argued we needed these to be used in structuring government?

Checks & Balances;

Separation of Powers

The courts have the power to decide whether the actions of the legislative and executive branches of state and national governments are in accordance with the Constitution?

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court case that established the power of Judicial Review for the Supreme Court?

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Clear restrictions on what rulers could do; this safeguards natural rights?

Limited Government

These are rights to which people are entitled by natural law, including life,liberty, and property?

Natural Rights

The political thinker that influenced Thomas Jefferson in creating the Declaration?

John Locke

Locke’s Idea that the government had a duty to secure people’s rights?

Social Contract

Who later penned the term Social Contract and argued that people could abolish government if it did not secure rights?

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Individual that influenced Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers to be included in our U.S. Constitution?

Montesquieu

A plan by some of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to provide each state with equal representation in Congress?

New Jersey Plan

A system based on the consent of the governed where power is exercised by elected representatives of the public?

Republic

Each branch of government would be independent of the others?

Separation of Powers

A series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges fromforeclosing on farms?

Shay’s Rebellion

Students in AP Government usually study Shay’s Rebellion to reveal these?

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Top 7 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

No ExecutiveNo Judicial 9 of 13 pass lawsAll to AmendCould not taxCould not regulate interstateNo National Currency

The document where the foundations of U.S. government are written,providing for national institutions that each have separate but not absolute powers?

U.S. Constitution

A plan by some of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to provide each state with a share of congressional seats based on its share of the population?

Virginia Plan

This enables people who are detained by authorities to secure an immediate inquiry and reasons why they have been detained?

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Two Ways to Propose a Constitutional Amendment?

1. 2/3 vote both Houses of Congress.

2. 2/3 state legislatures ask congress for National Convention

Two Ways to Ratify a Constitutional Amendment?

1. ¾ state legislatures approve

2. Conventions in ¾ of the states approve

Which Constitutional principle is revealed in the process to Amend the U.S. Constitution?

Federalism

A means of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences?

Democracy

Argues that society is divided along class lines and that an upper class rules on the basis of its wealth?

Elitist Theory

Institutions that make public policy for a society?

Government

Argues that too many strong influential groups cripple the government’sability to make coherent policy by dividing government and its authority?

HyperPluralism

where each interest uses its influence to thwart policies it opposes sothat no coalition forms a majority to establish policy?

Policy Gridlock

Institutions such as parties, elections, interest groups, and the media, which provide a connection between the preferences of citizens and the government’s policy agenda?

Linkage Institutions

Weighing the desires of the majority in choosing among policy alternatives?

Majority Rule

Protecting the rights and freedoms of the minority in choosing among policy alternatives?

Minority Rights

Argues that there are many centers of influence in which groups compete with one another for control over public policy through bargaining and compromise?

Pluralist Theory

Meeting at George Washington’s home in Mount Vernon in 1785 scheduled this meeting to discuss trade regulation. Not many attended so they scheduled another meeting?

Annapolis Convention

Agreement reached between Northern and Southern leaders during the Constitutional convention about how to count slaves in determining appropriation of Representatives to states?

Three-fifths Compromise

Thomas Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, referred to Locke’s Natural Rights as…

Inalienable Rights

Main goal of the American Revolution and our founding fathers?

Liberty

Meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new Constitution?

Constitutional Convention

A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime.

Bill of Attainder

A law that that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed?

Ex Post Facto Law

Federalism

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Broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money is spent?

Block Grants

Grants that can be used only for specific purposes of state and local spending?

Categorical Grants

where state and the national government responsibilities aremingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared?

Cooperative Federalism

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments?

Devolution

where states and the national government each remain supreme withintheir own spheres of power?

Dual Federalism

The statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the powerto make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties?

Elastic Clause

Powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution?

Enumerated Powers

The Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime inanother state to that state for trial or imprisonment?

Extradition

A system of shared power between two or

more levels of government?

Federalism

Pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal

system?

Fiscal Federalism

A type of categorical grant where states and local governments do notapply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula?

Formula Grants

Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings?

Full Faith & Credit

1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce very broadly toincorporate every form of commercial activity?

Gibbons v. Ogden

Powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers that ensure that it can carry out its duties?

Implied Powers

A system where all power resides in the central government?

Unitary System

The term used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments?

Intergovernmental Relations

A system where all power resides in decentralized government?

Confederal System

1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included both enumerated and implied powers of Congress?

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states?

Privileges and Immunities

Categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications?

Project Grant

Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties?

Supremacy Clause

Specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people?

10th Amendment

Powers that are not implied but are specifically written in ink and can be seen with the eyes in the Constitution?

Expressed Powers

No longer exist but had no restrictions at all on how states could spend money from the federal government?

Revenue Sharing

Another name for the Elastic Clause?

Necessary & Proper Clause

Clause that gives National government control over trade between the states; lately expanded to any economic activity?

Commerce Clause

Rule telling states what they must do whether they receive money or not; ex. ADA?

Federal Mandate

A power exercised by both state and national governments?

Concurrent Powers

Nickname for Cooperative Federalism?

Marble Cake Federalism

Nickname for Dual Federalism?

Layer Cake Federalism

The argument that states can refuse to enforce federal laws

perceived as unconstitutional?

Nullification

Tug of War argument over the meaning of

federalism that eventually caused the

Civil War?

State’s Rightsvs

National Rights

Nickname for Devolution?

New Federalism

State and local officials that form

groups to get Federal Grant

money?

Intergovernmental Lobby

States must use this to get

Categorical Grants?

Matching Funds

Requirements of states by the national

government that is not financed?

Unfunded Mandates

Requirements of states by the national government in order

to get funds?

Conditions-Of –Aid

Goal of President Reagan’s New Federalism?

Decrease size of National

Government

Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court that strengthened the National Government?

John Marshall