Bullseye!Hitting the target with your speech

Presenter: MaggieESL Public Class Series

About Maggie

• Born and raised near Los Angeles, California, USA

• B.A. in Liberal Studies (Education) at the University of La Verne

• Experience teaching, public speaking, acting, singing

• Leadership training

May 2014

• Wednesdays at 3:30 pm– May 7 Preparing your speech– May 14 Developing your speech– May 21 Helping your speech– May 28 Giving your speech

Developing Your Speech

• Organizing the Body of the Speech

• Beginning and Ending the Speech

• Outlining the Speech

Organizing the Body of the Speech

"Organizing is what you do before you do

something, so that when you do it, it is

not all mixed up."

—A. A. Milne, 1882–1956

A Speech is like a Hamburger

• Top Bun = Introduction• Meat and Vegetables =

Body (main points)– all your facts, figures,

examples, and illustrations

• Bottom Bun = Conclusion– help your audience take

your thoughts away with them

Why must a speech be clear and coherent?

• Enhances your credibility (trustworthiness)• Makes it easier for the audience to understand

your message

How many main points?

• No more than 2 to 5 main points

• You must...– Choose them carefully– Phrase them precisely– Organize them strategically

How do I organize my speech?

• Depends on your topic, your purpose, your audience

• 5 Basic Patterns of Organization– Chronological Order [time pattern] – Spatial Order [directional pattern]– Causal Order [cause-effect

relationship]– Problem-Solution Order– Topical Order

Which pattern is best?

• Informative Speeches– Chronological Order– Spatial Order

• Persuasive Speeches– Problem-Solution Order

• Both– Causal Order

• Any– Topical Order (used most often)

3 Tips for Preparing Main Points

1. Keep main points separate

3 Tips for Preparing Main Points

2. Try to use the same pattern of wording

3 Tips for Preparing Main Points

3. Balance the amount of time for each point

Supporting Materials

Listeners need them to accept what you say!– Examples– Statistics– Testimony

• Organize directly with main point– Misplaced materials are confusing

Connecting Ideas - Unity and Coherence

• Connectives - words or phrases that join the ideas in your speech and show the relationship between them

• Missing? → disjointed and uncoordinated – (like a skeleton without ligaments and tendons)

• 4 types: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts

Transition

• A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another– Now that we have ..., let me share ... – I have spoken so far of ..., but it was ... – Keeping these points in mind ..., let’s return to ...

Internal Preview

• Lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next (what to listen for)– In discussing how ..., we’ll look first at ... and

second at ...– [Transition]: Now that we have seen ..., let’s look

at ... [Internal Preview]: I will focus on three solutions ...

Internal Summary

• A summary of your preceding points (reverse of internal preview)

• Usually used after discussing a complicated or very important main point– [Internal Summary]: Let’s pause for a moment to

summarize what we have found so far. First, ... Second, ... [Transition]: We are now in a position to see ...

Signpost

• A very brief statement that indicates where you are in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas (often just numbers)– The first cause of this problem is ... The second cause is ...

The final cause is ... – The most important thing to remember ... – Be sure to keep this in mind ...– This is crucial to understanding the rest of the speech ...– Above all, you need to know ...

Beginning andEnding the Speech

"To succeed, jump as quickly at

opportunities as you do at

conclusions."-Benjamin Franklin, 1706–

1790

• First impressions are important.

• So are final impressions.

• This is why speeches need strong introductions and conclusions.

What does the introduction do?

• Get the attention and interest of the audience• Reveal the topic of your speech• Establish your credibility and goodwill• Preview the body of the speech

How can I get my audience's attention? (HOOKS)

1. Relate the topic to the audience2. State the importance of your topic3. Startle the audience4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience5. Question the audience6. Begin with a quotation7. Tell a story8. Tell a joke9. Use audio or visual aids

Why is credibility and goodwill important?

• Establishing credibility means that you tell the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.

• Establishing goodwill (friendship) may be necessary if your point of view is unpopular.

What is a preview statement?

• Identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

• Gives specialized information (i.e. definitions or background) that listeners will need to understand your speech

Six Tips for Your Introduction

1. Keep it brief2. Lookout for possible material3. Be creative (try 2-3 different openings)4. Don't worry about exact wording5. Practice, practice, practice!6. Before speaking, establish eye contact with

the audience, smile, and then begin

What does the conclusion do?

• Lets the audience know you are ending your speech

• Reinforces your central idea (the message your want your audience to remember)

How can I end my speech?

• Signal Words– In conclusion,...– My purpose has been...– Let me end by saying...

• Use of Voice– tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm

• crescendo ending• dissolve ending

How can I reinforce my central idea when concluding my speech?

• Restate the main points• End with a quotation• Make a dramatic statement• Refer to the ideas in the introduction

5 Tips for Your Conclusion

1. Lookout for possible material2. Be creative -- hit the hearts and minds of your

audience3. Keep it brief (only 5-10% of your speech)4. Work out every detail5. Practice, practice, practice

Outlining the Speech

"The beginning of an acquaintance whether

with persons or things is to get a definite outline

of our ignorance."

-- George Eliot, 1819–1880

Why is it important to outline my speech?

• Outlines are essential to effective speeches– Related ideas are together– Thoughts flow from one to another– Structure of your speech is coherent

• Two kinds of outlines– Preparation outline (detailed)– Speaking outline (brief)

What is a preparation outline?

• An outline that helps you prepare your speech– title– specific purpose– central idea– introduction– main points and subpoints– connectives– conclusion– bibliography

What is a speaking outline?

• A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech

• Contains key words or phrases– also essential statistics and quotations

• Uses cues for delivering the speech [what to say and how to say it]– Eye contact– Slow down!– Pause

In summation...

• Organizing the Body of the Speech

• Beginning and Ending the Speech

• Outlining the Speech

Source

A Useful Resource

Presentation Plannerat Hong Kong Polytechnic University

http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/tools/presplan.aspxHelps you...●Plan your speech●Write your speech●Make a script, note cards, and a slide

show

Next week

Wednesday, May 21 at 3:30 pmHelping your speech

●Using visual aids (like white boards and PPTs)●And more!

THANK YOU!

• Any questions?

• Email Maggie at 1926804784@QQ.com