SCHOOL OF ARCHTICTERUL, BUILDING AND DESIGNBUILDING SERVICES (BLD60403)

Title :Telecommunication for High Rise BuildingGroup Member : Chiam Jia Ern (0318524)

Hii Pai Ling (0320598) Jenny Hoo Yee Tyng (0321841) Khor Ka Nee (0321789) Liew Chia Niu (0313338) Tay Sy Min (0320813 ）

• “Tele” is derived from the Greek meaning for “at a distance”• it describes the long distance of transmit information without any

changes of the content• All telecommunications systems consist sender, channel and receiver.• Another term for telecommunications is telecom.• The data are transmitted in the form of carrier waves, which are analog or digital signals for transferring the information.

INTRODUCTION

Optical Telecommunications Optical telecommunication is the simplest type of telecommunication. Although the fiber optic communication and optical telecommunication are falling into the same category, but it still has different in the every form of optical telecommunication in the roles of converting data. These may be carried over fiber optic cables.

Radio Telecommunication System Radio technology allows for wireless communication over a large distance. Nowsaday, radio remains one of the communication in the world today. While television also is a form of radio communication.

Full-Duplex Systems Today's most telephones, cell phones and internet access are full-duplex systems. It’s meant we can communicate with each other at the same time.

Half-Duplex Systems Radio communication is a good example of half-duplex communication systems means only have one party can send a message at a time. In half-duplex system, the recipient need wait for the message before sending out a new one.

There have different types of telecommunication system as the diagram below:

Telecommunication Installation System For High Rise Buildings

• Distribution cables of suitable sizes are taken from a Main Distribution Frame (MDF) in the basement to the various floors.

• Provide one or more vertical ducts which rise from the basement to the top of the building.

• Each vertical duct should be located centrally with respect to the distribution area.

• A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from any one horizontal duct from a riser to the telephone instruments.

• Number of risers and their siting should be such that no telephone outlet needs more than 328m of cable to connect it to a riser.

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

Central Office Connections

Physical Characteristics

Size Of Shafts

•The minimum internal dimensions of the vertical ducts or risers should be 150mm.

• For Large buildings the dimensions will have to be increased to 600 mm x 225 mm, because of the larger cables.

• An aperture of 150mm x 75mm is required to take the cables through a horizontal duct in the structural floor.

Sharing of risers with other services

• The telephone cables may be installed in a riser used for other services

• The cables are segregated from the electrical mains. • Partitions giving full separation are preferred to

separating by distance only.• Access to each riser will be necessary on each floor and

should be available from a corridor or other common space.

Internal Telephones

Divided into two types:1). The push-button type• Running a rather large cable to all telephones, but does not require an exchange.• Communication between telephone instruments is effected by lifting the receiver

and pushing a button.• Does not give secrecy as conversations may be overheard from other telephones.

2). The dial type• Dial telephones employ a Private Automatic Exchange (PAX) system, separate

from the post office system.

Private Circuit

• When a business has two or more locations there will be a lot conversation, fax and data transmitted between them.

• British Telecom can install a private network to transmit this information to save time and costs.

• Fixed annual rent is charged for this service.

Telecommunication installation system of Petronas Twin Towers

• The network infrastructure was being incorporated into the building by the time they were being constructed.

• Built up by four main control networks:1). A building security system.2). Fire alarm system. 3). A building control for air conditioning, lights and elevators.4). A building information system that will monitor the other three main control networks.

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• Demands optical fiber as fiber is protocol independent and accommodates high transmission rates over long distance.

• With nearly 2,000 miles of fiber cable were installed and with fiber running to each of the workstation in the buildings.

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• A series of composite and hybrid cables were designed for the horizontal and backbone wiring.

• The backbone segment of the network consists of two types of composite fiber cables: 1).one with 24 multimode and 6 single-mode fibers.2). the other with 12 multimode and 6 single-mode fibers.

Continue• 17,000 workstations in the towers. • Installers had to keep the demanding installation schedule while

avoiding confusion that could arise with so many cables going to each desk.

• The solution was a custom-designed hybrid cable of three four-pair UTP cables and two corning fiber simplex cables within a PVC jacket.

• Hybrid cables eliminate the need to run two or three separate cables to each individual workstation. - Avoids confusion. - reduces installation time.

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Advantages of using hybrid and composite cables:1). Reduced the number of drops required.2). Saving on labor costs.3). Improving cable administration and maintenance. 4). The small size of the fiber allowed for tight construction

of the cables, saving significant riser and conduit space.

UTP Cables and Corning Fiber Cables

UTP Cables Corning Fiber Cables

PVC Jacket

Application• Application of a telecommunication services in a high rise building have to be very well planned.

• Cabling system that were used for telephone communications have many other applications which include:- Fire alarms- Security/intruder alarms - Computer networking - Teleprinters

• The voltage and current are very low and are not directly connected to the main electricity in a building.

• Telecommunications and mains cabling should be separated in independent conduits and trunking:

- For safety purposes - To prevent interference

General specifications

Telecom rooms must be kept away from anysources of the following:• Heat• Moisture• High voltages • Corrosive atmospheric or environmental conditions • Radio frequency interference (RFI)• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Safety Purposes

All telecom rooms must comply with municipality and nationalauthority standards and regulations, such as:

• All telecom spaces should be fitted with smoke detectors and emergency lighting.• All containment openings to telecom spaces must be sealed with a regulation fire

retardant material. • All doors to the telecom rooms must be made of materials with fire resistance. • All doors to telecom rooms must be outward opening with an automatic door closer

system fitted on the hinged edge. • All doors to telecom rooms must be labelled. • The room must be free from contaminants and pollutants. • All telecom rooms should have basic firefighting provision of handheld CO2 cylinder type

extinguishers.

Other Considerations

• Prevent rodents such as rats from entering telecom spaces and pathways as they often gnaw the cables which may cause damage to those cables or disruption of the telecommunication services.

• Paint and treated the walls, floor and also ceiling with anti-dust coating as well as antistatic coating to avoid spreading of dust and to minimize static electricity.

A good telecommunication system?- be able to reduce toll charges - enhance the productivity and efficiency- able to move and remote the phone connections and

locations- able to mobile employees- provides a greater and faster exchange of data between

individuals within the building- flexible, scalable, and customizable

Considerations for Telecommunication System?

- determine the building's work load - accessibility of telecommunication system- cost

How the PABX system works?

- a telephone system within an enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines - allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone lines.

Inculding:- telephone trunk lines- a computer with memory - the network of lines within the PABX

Purposes:- save the cost of requiring a line for each user to the telephone company's central office

Component for Telecommunication System?

Telecommunication Spaces and Pathways- telecommunications spaces keep telecommunications

equipment and terminations of telecommunications cables

- telecommunications pathways transport the cables- use to link the telecommunication system

Telecommunication Equipment Room & Telecommunication Room

- one telecommunication equipment room on the first floor is required for multi-story buildings

- at least one smaller telecommunications room is required on each floor above

- TRs are smaller than TERs- TR is around 1000 square metres- dedicated to the telecommunications function

Telecommunication Equipment Room & Telecommunication Room

- telecommunication rooms should be vertically aligned or stacked and they must be accessible

- the pathway carries telecommunications cables from the TR to the vicinity of the area served.

- horizontal pathways usually supports a zone-distribution system

Telecommunication Equipment Room & Telecommunication Room

- equipment room is the central point for telecommunications within the building

- the only electrical equipment in the Equipment room is the telecommunications equipment

- the Equipment rooms are usually located in the basement

Fiber Optics• Fiber optics stated as a bundle of optics using the transmission of light technique through

glass or plastic fiber. • Fiber optics is finding use in almost every application involving the transmission of

information. • Computers can now be linked together with fiber-optic cables capable of transferring data several orders of magnitude faster than copper circuits. • In the medical industry, fiber-optic technology is being used to monitor and perform complex surgical operations. • Throughout the world, telephone companies are laying thousands of miles of fiber underground, below oceanic floors and rivers, through manholes and existing conduit facilities. • Thousands of simultaneous voice conversations are now being transmitted over these tiny

strands of fiber.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS

• BANDWIDTH Bandwidth is directly related to the amount of information that can be transmitted per unit

time.

• NOISE IMMUNITY AND SAFETY It is not affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) or electrostatic interference. Likewise since fiber-optic cables transmit light instead of current and they do not produce

electrical noise.

• LESS WEIGHT AND VOLUME Fiber-optic cables are substantially lighter in weight and occupy much less volume than copper

cables with the same information capacity. A standard telephone cable consisting of 900 twisted pair wires can be replaced with a single

fiber strand 0.005 in. in diameter and retain the same information-carrying capacity.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS• SECURITY Fiber-optic cables cannot be detected by metal detectors unless they are

manufactured with steel reinforcement for strength.

• FLEXIBILITY The surface of glass fiber is much more refined than ordinary glass and coupled with

its small diameter which allows it to be flexible enough to wrap around a pencil.

• ECONIMICS Transmission losses are considerably less than for coaxial cable and expensive

repeaters can be spaced farther apart. Fewer repeaters mean a reduction in overall system costs and enhanced reliability.

DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS

• INTERFACING COSTS Fiber-optic transmitters, receivers, couplers and connectors, for example, must be employed as part

of the communication system. Test and repair equipment is costly. If the fiber-optic cable breaks, splicing can be a costly and tedious

task.

• STRENGTH Fiber has a tensile strength of approximately 1 lb as compared to coaxial cable at 180 lb. Installations requiring greater tensile strengths can be achieved with steel reinforcement.

• SPECIAL TEST EQUIPMENT IS OFTEN REQUIRED Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is required for testing the incorruption of fiber-optic

cables. In addition, costly specialized optical test equipment is essential at most fiber endpoints and

connection nexuses to thoroughly certify the performance of new fiber optics links.

Case Study

Petronas Twin Towers (KLCC)

Introduction• A proposed multi storey building of 88 storeys, 1,483 feet high

• The tallest twin buildings in the world and 9th tallest building in the world

• Designed by: Argentinean-American architect Cesar Pelli

• Construction: Tower 1: Hazama Corporation

Tower 2: Samsung Engineering & Construction

• First major tenants of this building: Malaysia‘s national oil company, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)

• Feature ： There have the skybridge between the tower 1 and tower which is located at levels 41 and levels 42.

• A MSC status builing

• A green building : They powered by solar energy and using the first solar photovoltaic (PV) system on Suria KLCC’s roof-top

Telecommunication Services• The connectivity of KLCC is provided from main subscriber distribution frame

to the end-user workstations, minimizing re-cabling and cable-removal.• Via optical fibre loop• Cable plant infrastructure( vertical and horizontal) : using patch panels for

both optical fibre and unshielded twisted pair (category-5) wiring.• Telecommunications infrastructure : local loop communication system within

the boundaries of the KLCC site.• Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) : control the connection of the

building to the outside world within the building

Power Distribution• The main 11kV switchboard is located at level 6.

• Vertical distribution is made in fire-rated cable risers with the 11kV cables enclosed in fire-proof trunking

• 30MVA 33kV XLPE cables are laid in different routes into the building ： reduce simultaneous cable failures

• Emergency power supply requirement – a SCADA (Schematic Control and Data Acquisition) – two 2*1500kW 11kV life-safety generators have been provided for each tower separately.

A system operating with coded signals over

communication channels so as to provide control of

remote equipment

Fire Alarm System

• Management of the fire detection system is centralized at the Central Fire Command Centre (CFCC)

• Using the latest technology located at street level • Directly linked to BOMBA (Fire and Rescue Department,

Malaysia) • The risers serving the building sprinkler will be separated

from those serving the wet rising main system.

Building Security System

• Designed to operate via a LAN which is the engineering building monitoring and controls system in local area.

• The high level software running on the integrated security network captures all data to ensure fully automated coordination among BSS sub-system.

What is ???• Multimedia Super Corridor• A program that fully support by Malaysia government • It was announced by 4th Malaysian Prime

Minister Mahathir Mohamad on 1 August 1996. • MSC program is a special economy zone in Malaysia

especially in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. • Aims to transform Malaysia into a modern state and

achieve Vision 2020

Benefit of MSC

• In pioneer status - no ITA (Investment Tax Allowance) or income tax for up to 10 years.• The importation of multimedia equipment - no duty.• Mostly will be eligible for R&D grants.• No internet censorship censored by the government.• Can be ensured freedom of ownership from local ownership requirements.• Have the freedom to source capital and borrow funds globally.• Physical and IT information infrastructure support will be given by Malaysian government • The companies using MSC as their regional hub that are led by tender key MSC Malaysia

infrastructure contracts.• Local and foreign knowledge workers can be allowed unrestricted employment.• Can become a regional leader in intellectual property protection and cyberlaws compare to the

other companies.• Competitive telecommunications tariffs will be provided

Qualification criteria• A heavy user or provider of IT, multimedia products and services.• Many knowledge workers need to be employed• Achieve the environmental guidelines• The building or companies are needed in an MSC Malaysia-designated

Cybercities• Separate legal entity should be created for MSC Malaysia qualifying

business and activities.• Provide the strong value and technology transfer for developing MSC Malaysia

Recommendation for future improvement

PABX system

• A telephone switching that serves an office.• Used by calling centres and large organisations.• Allow an office to have a single access numbers to offer

multiple lines to the outside callers.• Saving costs and time.

Advantages of pabx system

• Administrative control• Feature rich• One-time cost• Upgradeable

Disadvantages of PABX system

• Companies are ill-equipped for disasters related to communication

• Costly upgrade• Requires additional employees to maintain and manage

the system• Unrelated business activity are difficult to manage

Example of PABX system

Example of PABX system

Example of PABX system

Back up battery

Installation of PABX system

Key telephone system (KTS)

• Has capacity for multiple lines and multiple telephones

• Small, cheap, less flexible.

• A KTS is equipped with several buttons that allow a caller to directly select outgoing lines or

incoming calls, and use intercom and conference facilities.

• KTS are user-installable and allow handling of multiple lines without paying a surcharge to

the telephone company.

Example of KTS system

Example of KTS system

Different of KTS and PBX system

Conclusion• Telecommunication is not only about telephone systems but it’s

cable systems can also be used in security alarms, fire alarm, computer networking and fax machine as well as lift control.

• It is vital for a high rise building to provide a high quality of telecommunication systems to become a highly grade and intelligent building especially for business cooperation companies.

• Telecommunication room (TR) should be keep in the range 18ºC to 24ºC to prevent over heat that will cause fire.

~The End~

Thanks You!!!