BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT 2
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Transcript of BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT 2
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
FOR
OLD FOLKS HOME
BUILDING SERVICES
BLD 60903/ ARC 2423
Prepared by:
Chan Jia Xin 0319565
Eng Shi Yi 0317849
Evelyn Lai Kah Ying 0322732
Lee Hui Qin 0322991
Saw Hwei Ying 0318093
Sharon Lim Yu Jung 0313377
Tutor: Mr Azim
Table of Content
Content Page
Introduction to Building
Literature Review
Findings & Analysis on
Fire Protective System
1.0 Passive
2.0 Active
3.0 Air Conditioning System
4.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
5.0 Mechanical Transport System
Proposal of Systems
Summary & Conclusion
References
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1.0 Passive Fire Protection
Is the integration of fire protection in the design and planning stage of a building, mainly meeting in the
requirements of compartmentation, structural stability, fire separation and safe escape means. Since it is
a passive design, the protection can be initiated by itself before and while Active Protection is induced,
thus minimizing the risk of hazardous jeopardy, rebuilt cost and ease a prompt recovery from the fire. In
a case of fire, PFP protects the building by confining the fire to prevent it to spread to unexposed
rooms, while allowing safe evacuation to be done.
A. Compartmentation
Is the confinement and separation of a big volume into smaller sealed compartments, which can prevent the rapid horizontal or vertical spread of fire to minimize the harm. The critical elements in ensuring a tight seal includes doors, floors and walls.
B. Means of escape
Provide the shortest route to direct the users to the closest safety assembly area within a short timeframe. It should be kept clean and clear always to prevent obstructions for a fast evacuation. In the home, it consist of unprotected area, protected area, leading to exit and leading direct to exit.
C. Dead End Limit
Is the distance to a storey exit or to a point where alternative means of escape is available provided that the total travel distance shall not exceed the limits.
D. Total Travel Distance
The total distance inclusive of the dead end distance from a point to either the fire‐ resisting door in the staircase enclosure or the first thread of the staircase.
E. Smoke Control
In most fire situation, smoke is one of the contributing factor that hinder evacuation as it decrease visibility and smothers respiration. Thus, it is crucial to channel smoke out
Literature
Review
from the building. In case of a fire, smoke which is relatively hotter than fresh air will rise and accumulate at higher region before it starts to get thicker and displace the fresh air downward. There are a few methods of Smoke Control:
1. Confinement
2. Pressurization
3. Automatic Ventilating Hatches
F. Structural Integrity
Refers to the performance of material to sustain its stability in a case of fire to prevent collapse or disintegration.
2.0 Active Fire Protection
Active fire protection is an approach to alert the occupants in building for evacuation and
attempt to extinguish the fire by using the manually and automatically operated fire mechanical
system.
Nulifire (2014) stated that the overall aim of the active fire protection system is to:
a.) Detecting the fire early and evacuating the building
b.) Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire
c.) Control the movement of smoke and fire
d.) Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel
The methods that are included in this system are the sprinklers system, fire alarm and
detection system, smoke control system and fire suppression system. For fire detention
system, it is usually detected through the heat and smoke which in return it will alarms and
enable an emergency evacuation.
For the sprinkler system, it is usually installed at the ceiling level of the building which
connected to the water supply. It is effective during the fire’s initial flame growth stage and will
discharges water once it is triggered by the excessive heat to reduce the spread of the fire.
For the fire suppression system, it is used in high fire risk area which is sensitive area such
as electrical room or computer rooms with wiring. This is because water sprinkler will conduct
electricity and cause electrical shock to the occupants and firemen.
3.0 Air Conditioning System
Air conditioningis the process of removing heat from a confined and enclosed space, produce
cool ventilation and removing the humidity inside the building which heat is drawn out of the
room. The process is to achieve a more comfortable and pleasing interior environment for user.
The main process of air conditioning system is that the air circulation is drawn to condenser
installed in outdoor which containing refrigerant gas.
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies
the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de‐)humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement).
Differ from mechanical ventilation system which withdraw air from an enclosed space, air‐
conditioning is considered as an active system which extract heat from interior to outside, with
the aid of electrical supply and sometimes water supply in large scale building.
Air conditioning system is a device that fulfill heating, cooling and ventilation
requirement of a building over a range of ambient condition specific to the building location. It
is designed to cope with the maximum value of each of these requirements. (Billy, 2000)
The purpose of particular system:
To maintain thermal comfort by controlling temperature and humidity within acceptable
limits.
To maintain air quality within acceptable limits of carbon dioxide, oxygen and odor
content.
To remove airborne contaminants produced by processes, building services and
occupants.
To provide special environment control for equipment and processes.
The air conditioning system are made up of two major cycle:
Refrigerant Cycle
Cooling Cycle
Types of air‐ conditioning system in the market:
a. Room air‐conditioner (Window unit)
A simplest form of air conditioning system for smaller scale room. It usually installed in
single or double hung window, horizontal sliding window and casement window.The
unit has a double shaft fan motor mounted at the evaporator side and condenser side.
The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling while the condenser faces
outdoor for heat rejection. It can be divided into refrigeration components (compressor,
condenser, expansion valve, evaporator) and air circulation & ventilation components
(blower, propeller fan, fan motor)
b. Packaged unit air‐ conditioning system
The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between room ac
and centralized ac system. It is available in the fixed rated capacities of above 3 until 15
tons. These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges,
small halls. The system can be divided into two types: ones with water cooled
condenser and the ones with air cooled condensers.
c. Centralized/ plant air‐ conditioning system
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls to be air conditioned completely. There is a plant room
where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valveand the evaporator
are kept in. It performs all the functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system.
However, all these parts are larger in size and have higher capacities. There are two
types of central ac system: direct expansion central air conditioning plant and chilled
water central air conditioning plant.To operate and maintain central air conditioning
systems, good operators, technicians, engineers and proper preventative &breakdown
maintenance of these plants is vital.
d. Split unit air‐ conditioning system
Split air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where window
air conditioners cannot be installed.
4.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
Mechanical ventilation is commonly used in Malaysia’s buildings. Mechanical ventilation helps
to remove stale air and promotes fresh air into the spaces when the pressure difference is not
high enough for natural ventilation to work appropriately. Motored fan is normally installed
near common sources of moisture and pollutants in a house, for instance, kitchens and
bathrooms. Besides, air ducts and ceiling fans are also installed around the whole building to
provide airflow throughout the spaces. It is important to ensure the airflow is not blocked by
anything, if not the ventilation system will not function well.
Mechanical ventilation system comprises four different types that are generally being applied
in Malaysia’s buildings, which are:
A. Exhaust system
Extracts inside air to the outside of the building.
B. Supply system
Oppose to exhaust system, it draws in fresh air from the outside into the interior spaces.
C. Balanced system.
Allows airflow from in and out. The design of the mechanical ventilation system is
depends on the local climatic and air flow. Unlike other three, circulation system does
not really provide ventilation. Instead, it increase rate of air flow to cool down open‐
aired spaces.
5.0 Mechanical Transport System
Mechanical transportation system is a system that transport goods and people in a building
either vertically or horizontally. Elevator and escalators are the most common mechanical
transportation system that can be seen in high rise or low rise building. An elevator is lifted up
and down using a hoist and breaks, the energy used a huge amount of energy to lift up and
down, but a counterweight can save most of the energy used by elevators.
Elevator car is balanced by a counterweight which has a similar weight with a loaded half‐full
weight elevator car, the counterweight helps the motor used lesser energy and force to raise
and lower the elevator car. At this point motor only need to lift the difference weight of
elevator car with the counterweight, and apply extra force to overcome the pulley. Because of
this, it would less strain on the cables, this makes the elevator safer. Besides, counterweight
reduce the amount of braking an elevator need, it helps to pull loaded elevators move up and
downwards, therefore a elevator car is much more easier to control with a counterweight with
it.
1
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1.0 Purpo
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2.0 Fire Appliance Address
Fire Appliance Address is the vehicular or fire appliances such as turntable ladders and
hydraulic platforms access to the building for the purposes of fire fighting, rescue and
evacuation.
According to UBBL (140). Fire appliance access.
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open
space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The
proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with
the following scale:
Thus in the elderly home, the design had complied to the by‐Laws by providing a 3m set‐back
from the building boundary, with an addition of 6m set‐back from the boundary at the portal
front to ease fire engines and vehicles accessibility.
3.0 Walls, Floors, Doors
Considered as the members in Compartmentation, to confine the fire in the room to prevent it
to grow and spread within a timeframe to ensure safe emergency escape and evacuation of the
disabled people. These components shall be fire‐resistant or non‐combustible in nature. In the
elderly home, the building are compartmentalized into several zone according to their function
and non‐combustible materials are opted in the selection of walls, floors and doors to
contribute minimal or no fuel for a fire.
According to By‐Laws,
(136) Provision of Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors.
Any building, other than a single storey‐building, of a purpose group specified in the
Fifth Schedule to these By‐Laws and which has:
(a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of
that purpose group and height; or
(b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into
compartments, by means of compartments walls or compartment floors or both, that
(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds
the area specified as relevant to that building; and
(ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that
specified as so relevant to that building:
Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler instalation
which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C. Rules for Automatic
Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by‐law has effect in relation to that building as if the
limits of dimensions specified are doubled.
(138) Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors.
(a) any floor in a building of Purpose Group II (Institutional);
(b) any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonnette from any other part of the
same building;
(c)any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same
building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling with a
different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By‐Laws; and
(d) any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an
area exceeding 100 square metres.
Thus, compartmentalization is done in the design stage according to the function of each room.
The area of each compartment is less than 33 meter square and the height is 3.5 meter which
lies comparatively small within the limit of 2000meter square and the height of 28 meter as
allocated by the Ninth Schedule of UBBL.
Compartmentation of the elderly home
Wall
According to By‐Laws, Ninth Schedule, a minimum period of fire resistance (in hours) of 1.5
hours is required.
The wall constitutes of Fire Wall which are designed to prevent horizontal spread of fire that
extends from the foundation to the roof, since the design of the home comprises of stacked
volumes that aligns with the floor below. To comply to the 1.5 hours fire resistance as stated in
By‐Laws, Cavity wall with both outer and inner leaf of bricks, with insulation in the cavity is
used in general, with 12.5mm gypsum‐sand plaster on both sides. For music hall, 100mm
autoclaves aerated concrete blocks density 475‐1200kg/mm3 is used to provide sufficient
fire‐resistance and acoustic compliances.
In a case of fire, ducts and pipes are prone to be the channel which smoke and fire travels to
other compartment and this will fail the purpose of compartmentation. In the home, ducts and
flues are sealed in intumescent flue wall which are built in the compartment wall. Intumescent
seal will swell when certain temperature is achieved, thus providing a barrier to protect the
piping against the fire. This flue wall is of more than half of the fire resistance of the wall. By
separating the ducts and flues from the compartment wall, fine fire separation can be ensured.
Floor
The floor constitutes of compartment floor made of 150mm concrete solid flat slab, with
25mm screed and 10mm Vermiculite‐gypsum plaster ceiling finish for a fire resistance of 1.5
hours.
Door
Compartment fire door are provided to protect escape routes and limiting the spread of fire.
UBBL (162) Fire Doors in Compartment walls and separating walls
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire
door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the
Ninth Schedule to these By‐Laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not
less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By‐Laws but in no case less than half hour.
(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridoe or lobby shall be protected
by fire doors having FRP of half‐hour.
(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification
which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP
when tested in accordanve with section 3 of BS 476:1951.
The home utilize type A one hour fire swing door that is constructed in accordance of a single
door leaf with dimension of 900mm wide, 2100mm height, from solid hardwood core of 37mm
laminated with adhesives conforming to BS 1204, synthetic resin adhesives for wood, faced
both sides with plywood to a total thickness of 43mm with all edges finished with a solid edge
strip full width of the door. The vision panel of dimension is 840mm in height and 180 mm in
width, glazed with 6mm Georgian Wired Glass in hardwood stops to prevent the breaking of
glass which might injure the users as the wires will hold the glass in place. The door swing is a
one way only, which follows the egress motion to facilitate the escape. To ensure a secure
compartmentation, automatic door closers of hydraulically spring operated type are fitted. In
the music hall compartment, two storey exits spaced at 7.68 m are provided to comply with:
UBBL (167) Storey Exits.
(1) Except as provided for in by‐law 194 every compartment shall be provided with
at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer
than 4.5 meters and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh
Schedule to these BY‐Laws are not exceeded.
(2) The width of storey‐exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the
Seventh Schedule to these By‐Laws.
UBBL (174) Arrangement of Storey Exits.
(1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less
than 5 meters apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.
4.0 Means of escape
Provide the shortest route to direct the users to the closest safety assembly area within a short
timeframe. It should be kept clean and clear always to prevent obstructions for a fast
evacuation. In the home, it consist of unprotected area, protected area, leading to exit and
leading direct to exit.
In the home, the longest escape route comprises a permitted travel distance of 44m, complying
to the UBBL's 45m sprinklered limit, traveling from the first floor caretakers bedroom to the
ground floor assembly point, inclusive of a 3.6m dead‐end limit, within the 9m limit in UBBL
(Seventh Schedule).
Emergency exit signage is crucial in illuminating the way to the escape route. Thus, exits and
access are marked with visible signs without obstruction from view. UBBL (172) In Malaysian
context, an illuminated sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction are
places in every direction where the direction of travel to nearest exit is not immediately
apparent, for instance in the caretakers office and music hall.
Emergency Exit Routes
Emergency Exit Path
KELUAR Sign
5.0 Smoke Control
By understanding the convection current theory of hotter air rises and escapes and cooler air is
drawn in to displace the vacuum space left by the hot air, smoke control mechanism can
function effectively. In the home, confinement method and automatic ventilating hatches are
used in smoke control system.
Confinement
Passive deign by understanding the nature of smoke, whereby curtain boards truncated the
flow of smoke by providing barriers with suspended boards in interval. In early stage, it aids in
suppressing the growth of the fire.
In the home, smoke curtains are also used as it is more versatile than dry wall to match the soft
interior design and can fit around all electrical conduits and does not interfer with the
mechanism of sprinkler system, while preserving its primary function of confining the fire.
Smoke curtain can come in various design to suit the interior architecture.
Automatic Ventilating Hatches
When fire is detected either by heat or smoke detector, the mechanism of automatic
ventilating hatches will be triggered, whereby the hatches located at the roof top will be
opened to allow hot smoke that rises to be vented out of the building.
6.0 Structural Protection in Buildings
Elements of structure can only be effective as fire breaks if they have the necessary degree of
fire resistance. Therefore, there are three criteria should be consider to ensure the fire
resistant compartment is maintained to allow sufficient time for safe evacuation and rescue
operation :
1. Insulation : The ability of an element of structures to resist passage of heat through it by
convection.
2. Integrity : The ability of an element of structure to maintain the separating function in
preventing spreading of flame and smoke.
3. Stability : The ability of an element of structural to resist collapse as the load bearing
function to support its load.
Material used
The type of building materials that are used in this elderly center were reinforced concrete,
brick walls and steel framing. Some of the materials is fire‐resistant while some materials are
susceptible to fire required an outer layer of fire protection.
1. Reinforced concrete:
It is used in fire resistant escape stairs and also as a load bearing wall due to its strength, fire‐
resistant and high thermal mass. It is able to provide strength and stability to the building and
stairs in case of fire occurs as it can withstand the massive weight focused on a small area in
the building exerted by the occupants while evacuation. The type of load bearing walls that are
used in the elderly center is reinforced concrete with 12.5mm gypsum‐sand plaster. The
thickness of the of reinforced concrete wall excluding plaster is 180mm for period of fire
resistance of 4 hours. It is used in most of the spaces due to its characteristics.
2. Steel Framing :
It is used due to its light weight, high strength to weight ratio. Even though it is non‐
combustible, it will lose its strength from the heat for a period and cause collapse of building.
Hence, the steel framing is sprayed with asbestos thickness of 12.5mm for period of fire
resistance in 4 hours. By spraying asbestos, it provide heat resistance to steel framing to
prevent losing strength.
3.Brick wall :
A non‐load bearing wall which has the same properties as the concrete which is fire resistant
and high thermal mass thus it is suitable to use in elderly center. Its natural resistant to fire and
heat forms an effective barrier between different rooms to lengthen the period of fire
spreading while withstanding the high heat from fire. The type of brick walls used in this
elderly center is bricks of clay with 12.5mm cement‐sand plaster which the thickness of the
wall excluding plaster is 200mm for period of fire resistance of 4 hours.
UBBL
UBBL 1984, section 217 : Fire resistance of structural member or overloading wall shall have
fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by these By‐Laws for any element
which it carries.
Fire wall
It is a lightweight and non‐load bearing concrete wall which capable for period of fire
resistance in 2 hours. It acts as a wall to separate between spaces especially those high fire
risks spaces such as mechanical and electrical room to prevent spread of fire which could lead
to explosion. With the help of fire wall, it provides sufficient time for the occupants to escape
from the building. In this elderly center, it is used at the M&E room and choir room due to high
fire risk as these spaces consists of electricity and electrical appliances.
Ground Floor Plan
UBBL
Section 148(6) Any compartment walls or compartment floor which is required by these By‐
Laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non‐combustible
materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of wall or floor shall be obtained
without assistance form any noncombustible materials.
M&E room Music and choir
room
Figure : Fire wall structure
Active Fire
Active fire
manually a
can then f
fire detect
1. Water B
1.1 Wet p
Wet pipe s
system co
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sprinkler s
their simp
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ontaining w
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ipes and m
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ystem adop
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Components of wet pipe fire sprinkler system Wet pipe sprinkler system is made up from a series of components including stop valve, alarm
valve, sprinkler head and alarm test valve and motorised alarm bell. In addition to this system,
additional components are also used to support this arrangement including a valve monitor,
pressure switch and flow switch. The pipes of a sprinkler system is progressively decreasing in
size from the water supply to each of the most remote fire sprinkler which the elements can
be categorised into riser, range, branch and dropper.
Component Function
Stop valve Isolate the water supply. It is often locked in the open position to ensure free flow of
Valve monitor Fitted with stop valve to monitor the state (open or closed) of the stop valve.
Alarm valve Control the water flow into the fire sprinkler system. When the pressure equalises or falls below the water supply pressure, the valve opens to enable water
Automatic fire sprinkler A valve that exposed for a suffirent time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element releases, allowing water to flow from only the affected
Alarm test valve Opened to stimulate the flow of water from a single automatic fire sprinkler.
Motorised alarm bell Operated by the water flow oscillating a hammer that strikers a gong to cause an audible alarm signal.
Pressure switch Monitors a fall in water pressure to activate a switch which is monitored by fire alarm panel for signalling an alarm to the fire
Flow switch Monitors the water flow through a section of pipe within fire sprinkler system to prevent minor water flow fluctuations from signalling an alarm.
Jacking pump Provide pumping water from water supply to fire sprinkler system and maintaining water pressure to reduce false alarm caused by low pressure.
Location of wet pipe fire sprinkler system components in the system arrangement
Pipe elements of wet pipe fire sprinkler system
Sprinkler head component
How the fire sprinkler works
. 1. The sprinkler head
consists a plug held in
place by a trigger
mechanism. The glass
ampule triggers which
filled with glycerin‐based
liquid will expand when
heated
2. The liquid will expand and
break the time at certain
temperature (normally 155
degrees). Ampule as thin as
1mm are designed for a
faster response time.
3. The plug is forced out by the
pressurised water and defeated
away by a beveled edge. The
water sprays over the de8lected
plate which is designed in an
even pattern. Water will
continue to 8low until the main
valve is shut down.
Advantage of wet pipe sprinkler
Effective as they react very quickly.
Reduce the heat, flames and smoke produced to reduce the risk of death.
Able to control the growth of fire as it releases approximately 10 to 25 gallons of
water per minute. Classes of Sprinkler System
Occupancy hazard Square foot per head Maximum spacing between sprinklers
Extra Light Hazard 130‐200 square foot per head (39.6‐60.96 square meter)
15 foot (4.5m)
UBBL
UBBL 1984 section 226 :
Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require
automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and
standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for
the safety of the occupants.
UBBL 1984 section 228 :
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and
shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Reasoning
Water tank is placed outside the building instead of the ceiling to avoid fire obstructs the
wet pipe sprinkler system when a fire breaks out. Wet pipe sprinkler system is used in
spaces which only cause Class A fire which can be extinguished by water.
1.2 Hose Reel System
Hose Reel System is used primarily to respond to the early stage of fire. It consists of pump,
pipes, water supply and the reels which located strategically in a building to ensure proper
coverage of water to combat a fire. This system is manually operated by opening valve to
enable the water to flow into the hose. Fire hose reel provides a virtually unlimited supply of
water, as they are connected to the mains water supply which extends for approximately 35
metres. The non‐kinking tubing is permanently connected to a water supply which has a main
turn on or off valve, a hose guide and a hose with a nozzle. The control nozzle attached to
the end of the hose enables the operators to control the direction and water flow to the fire.
Water based hose reel system is suitable to use combat Class A fire which include quantities
of ordinary combustable materials such as timber, paper, fabric and et cetera. It should be
located at noticeable places such as beside the exit doors or along escape routes.
Component of a fire hose reel Fire hose reel installation UBBL
248. (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
248. (2) All cabinets and area of recessed in walls for location of fire installation and
extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise
clearly identified.
2. Non Water Based System 2.1 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
Fire suppression system can be categorised into fixed and portable which the fixed
suppression system is to extinguish a developing fire and alert the occupants while portable
fire extinguisher is used for fighting incipient stage fire. Carbon dioxide fire suppression
system is used for the extinguishment of cooking oils, fats and electrical equipments. In fire
protection system, carbon dioxide will be stored under high pressure tanks (high pressure
system) by compression and cooling to in low pressure refrigerated containers (low pressure
system). Total flood systems discharging into confined spaces will displace oxygen with high
concentrations of carbon dioxide necessary for fire extinguishment (typically 35‐ 70% by
volume based on the material) and will extinguish the fire. There are two methods of
applications of carbon dioxide agent. One method is to discharge sufficient amount into an
enclosed space to create an extinguishment atmosphere (tital flood
system) or local application (nozzles and cetera). Total flood systems employ a piping
distribution system from a central source while local applications involve using a carbon
dioxide mobile tank to be applied to the fire.
Types of space Types of fire Types of fire protection system
Kitchen E ( Electrical Equipement) F (Cooking Oils and Fats)
Carbon dioxide
Choir room E ( Electrical Equipement) Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide fire suppression system is adopted in kitchen and choir room because these
area consists of cooking oils, fats and electrical appliances which will lead to fire type E and F
when fire breaks out. Both total flood systems and local applications should be included in the
space. This system works fast as carbon dioxide can penetrate the hazard area to smother the
combustion very quickly. Besides, it does not cause spoilage as it requires no clean up while
remains its effectiveness on wide rage of combustible materials.
Carbon dioxide fire suppression system components
How kitchen carbon dioxide suppression system works
1. When a fire occurs in a protected area, it is quickly sensed by the detector located
at the ductwork or cooking appliances hood.
Kitchen carbon dioxide suppression system components
How kitchen carbon dioxide suppression system works
1. When a fire occurs in a protected area, it is quickly sensed by the detector located
at the ductwork or cooking appliances hood.
2. The detectors actuate the system and pressurising the agent storage tank and
automatically shutting off appliances energy source in the event of a fire.
3. Carbon dioxide fire suppressant flows through the piping and is discharged into the
plenum and duct areas and onto the cooking appliances.
4. The agent is applied directly on the fire in specific spray patterns, suppressing the
fire in seconds. As it smothers the hot cooking greases, a foam blanket is formed,
sealing off
combustible vapour to help prevent fire reflashes.
Reasoning
Carbon dioxide fire suppression system is used in areas which will lead to Class E and F
fire that cause by electrical equipments, cooking oils and fats. Carbon dioxide fire
suppression cylinders are placed at the back walls to maintain the aesthetic appearance of
the front walls.
Carbon dioxide fire suppression system sprinkler and carbon dioxide fire suppression cylinder placement
2.2 Fire
A portable
extinguish
vessel wh
types of p
use the co
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Portable d
A, B, C an
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portable fire
orrect extin
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dry powder
d E fire. Ca
ectrical app
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f the fire tr
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carbon diox
her
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re when fir
ns agent tha
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arently exti
nguisher an
r extinguish
arbon dioxi
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by separat
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at can be d
hers which
r the type o
inguished s
nd carbon
hers are pla
ide fire ext
d cooking o
ting the fue
rbon discoi
triangle an
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ut. It consis
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h contain di
of fuel as s
successfully
dioxide fire
aced in mos
inguishers
oils and fats
el form the
id fire extin
nd also rem
ection dev
sts of an ha
to extingui
ifferent typ
suing incorr
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e extinguish
st of the sp
are placed
s. Dry pow
oxygen ele
nguisher ex
oving the h
Portabl
ice which u
and‐held cy
ish a fire. T
pes of agen
rect agent
her are use
paces as it
in spaces w
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xtinguishes
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ressure
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uilding.
uish class
sists of
g heat
king away
discharge.
extinguisher
Dry powder fire extinguisher Dry powder fire extinguisher
component
UBBL
UBBL 1984 section 227:
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice
and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and
similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Reasoning
Portable dry powder extinguishers are mostly used in the building which cause Class A fire
while carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are placed at specific rooms which will lead to Class
E and F fire. The fire extinguishers are placed along the exit routes and beside the doors so
that they are visible to the users.
3. Fire Detection System
Automatic fire detection systems combine with other elements of an emergency response
and evacuation plan to reduce property damage, personal injuries, and loss of life from fire in
the workplace. The main function is to identify a developing fire and alert building occupants
and emergency response personnel. Automatic fire detection system is a system to detect
smoke, heat or flame and provide an early warning through visual and audio appliances when
emergencies are present.
Fire detector Types of space
Smoke detector Of8ice, Emergency room, Counselling room, Game room,
Dance room. Choir room, Storage, M&E, Caretaker room,
Meditation room (enclosed space)
Thermal heat detector Lobby, Cafe, Social hub, Discussion area, Resource
area,Reading area, Exhibition area (Opened/Semi‐opened
Different types of 8ire detector is chosen to use to different space. The smoke detector can
work well in an enclosed space. Thermal heat detector replaces smoke detector in an opened
or semi‐opened space as smoke is not able to trap and detect in by the smoke detector in
these spaces. The detectors must be installed to the ceiling to detect the rising smoke when
there is
a 8ire. Besides, the 8ire detectors are used to trigger the 8ire sprinklers and other types of 8ire
suppression systems.
Ionisation smoke detector component Thermal heat detector component
Types of Fire detector
Ionisation smoke detector Thermal heat detector
How it works Smoke particles enter the detector and clog up the ionisation chamber.
When temperature increases, the bimetal curves undergoes a greater increase in length.
The smoke particles attached to the ions and shut down the electric current. The circuit in the detector spots and activates the alarm.
With one end 8ixed, the movement of the strip free end cam be arranged to close an electric circuit that operates the alarm
Ionisation smoke detector schematic diagram
Thermal heat detector schematic diagram
Fire Detection System Square foot per head Maximum spacing between fire detector
Ionisation Smoke Detector 367.5 square foot (112 square meter)
34.8 foot (10.6m)
Thermal Heat Detector 184.7 square foot (56.3 square meter)
24.6 foot (7.5m)
UBBL
UBBL 1984 section 225:
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with
fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By‐laws.
Reasoning
Ionisation smoke detectors are used in enclosed spaces which the smoke can be trapped
and detector easily. Thermal heat detectors are used in opened areas where smoke is hard
to detect as they will be diffused to low concentrated areas. Thermal heat detector is also
used in kitchen as smoke will be produced during cooking process which will be detected
and cause false alarm.
Location of Smoke and Heat Detector
Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm system can be activated manually by manual call points or pull
stations or automatically from heat detectors. The alarm can provide warning of
the outbreak of fire through visual and audio appliances. Visual alarm system is
important in this elderly center as some elderly have auditory problem and the
visual alarm signal should be in white or amber flash with high intensity to draw
the attention of the occupants. There are two types of fire alarm systems used in
buildings such as single and two stage system. Single alarm system is designed to
activate the alarm signal immediately throughout the building. In a two stage alarm
system, a distinct alert signal first advises the staff of the fire emergency.
Two stage alarm system
Two stage alarm system is adopted in the building. In a two stage alarm
system, a distinct alert signal first advises the staff of the fire emergency. It is to
prevent shocking the elderly when there is any false alarm. This system consists of
alarm initiating device (fire detector system), alarm notification appliances (sirens)
and fire control units (sprinkler system and fire suppression system).
How the fire alarm system work
The fire alarm system can be set off automatically by smoke detector, thermal heatdetector or manually.
When the sensor detects certain level of heat or smoke that could be an indicationof fire. The alert signal will be send to the staff of fire emergency in order to prevent shocking the elderly if there is any false alarm.
If there is no false alarm, the digital alarm communicator that is directly linked toJabatan Bomba located above the control panel will send message to the nearest fire station as associated in the emergency event.
A siren and blinking of flashing lights will be activated to warn the occupants toevacuate from the building.
Schematic Diagram of Fire Alarm System
UBBL
Section 155(1) : The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the
fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices
in the building or manually.
Manual Call Point
In some of the cases where the fire could not be detected through the fire
detector system due to malfunction or other reasons, manual call point system can
be used to trigger the fire alarm system. It is usually located nearby the exits or
doorway for the occupants to break the glass immediately when exiting during fire
event. The signal will then send of to the fire control panel and trigger the fire
alarm, cut off other services such of electrical and ventilation system.
Emergency Break Glass
It is placed at a height of 1.2m above floor level at
easily accessible position for disabled occupants on
exit routes. Occupants need to break the glass and
press the button in order to trigger the emergency
alarm.
Fire Alarm Bell
It is installed throughout the building, which usually located near the doorways
with an even distribution to ensure all of the occupants is alerted during fire
event. Special circuit is needed for the fire alarm system as an independent power
supply will be required. The strobe light will be flashing together when the fire
alarm bell is activated to provide visual alarm signal to those elderly that have
auditory problem.
Fire alarm bell with strobe light
UBBL
UBBL 1984 Section 237:
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
By‐Laws.
UBBL 1984 Section 241 :
In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the
occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals shall
be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.
It is a device that create loud sound with a
minimum sound level of 65dB(A) or +5dB(A)
above any background noise which is likely
to persist more than 30 seconds. It also
usually be placed about 1200mm above the
manual call point and 2700mm from the
ground level.
Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan
Diagram showing the location of fire alarm bells and manual call points
The location of the fire alarm bells and manual call points are set at the
correct location in accordance to UBBL section 155 as manual call points are easy
access by the occupants. Besides, the fire alarm bells are evenly distributed
around the building to ensure all occupants in each space are alerted. The visible
indicator fire signals (strobe light that attached to the fire alarm bell) is located at
the corner that are visible by the occupants in accordance to UBBL section 241,
as audible alarm system is undesirable for deaf person or elderly which auditory
problem.
6.1
Most
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ss disruptiv
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esthetically
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6.2 Major Cycle of Air Conditioning System
6.2.1 Refrigerant Cycle
A process to remove heat from one place to another. The refrigerant is used
repeatedly for economically wise. All air conditioners use the same cycle of
compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. There are
four main components of air conditioning system used in the refrigerant cycle, the
evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
Process of Refrigerant cycle:
a) Evaporator Compressor
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low‐pressure gas, compressed
and then moves out of the compressor as a high‐pressure gas.
b) Compressor Condenser
The high pressure gas flows to the condenser and condenses to liquid, giving
off its heat to the outside air.
c) Condenser Expansion Valve
The high pressure liquid moves to the expansion valve. The valve restricts the
flow of the fluid and lowers its pressure before leaving the expansion valve.
d) Expansion Valve Evaporator
The low pressure liquid moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air
is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
The low pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle
is repeated.
6.2.2 Air Cycle
A process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned
by compression and expansion of hot bleed air. The advantages of air cycle are
environmentally benign, no pollution and high efficiency by working together with
refrigerant cycle.
AHU retrieves a set mixture of outside air and return air and supplies the areas
in need of the conditioned air. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return
air is absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat is either air or water.
Air can be distributed through ducts or chilled water pipes. Internal air become cooler
when heat is removed from the interior.
Most often the AHU is equipped with a heating, cooling coil or both to supply
the area with appropriately conditioned air. A reheat system is added into the
ductwork if necessary.
Figure: Air Cycle (Drexel, n.d.)
6.2.3 Components of Air Cycle
1. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
For heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying,
filtering and distributing air. Recycling some of
the return air from the room.
2. Air Filter
Reduce the quantity of dust released into the room
3. Humidifier or dehumidifier
Required only if humidity is an issue
4. Blower Fan
To propel the air for distribution. Centrifugal fan is commonly used in AHU as it
can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently. Propeller fan is used
especially to remove heat from the condenser
Figure: Air Handling Unit
Figure: AC Centrifugal Fan
Figure: Humidifier
5. Ductwork & Diffusers
To distribute the air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air‐conditioned.
Usually the ductwork is hidden inside the suspended ceiling. A diffuser is placed
at the part where the air comes out.
6. Clean Air Intake
To renew the contents of air to be distributed which contains heat and dirt will
be returned.
MS 1525:2007 code 8.4.1.2.1
Control setback and shut‐off Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting
off or reducing the energy used during periods of non‐use or alternate uses of the building spaces or
zones served by the system. The following are examples that meet these requirements:
a) Manually adjustable automatic timing devices;
b) Manual devices for use by operating personnel; and
Figure: Ductwork Figure: Diffuser
6.3 Types of Air Conditioning System
There are few types of air‐ conditioning system in the market:
e. Room air‐conditioner (Window unit)
f. Split unit air‐ conditioning system
g. Packaged unit air‐ conditioning system
h. Centralized/ plant air‐ conditioning system
6.3.1 Purposed Air Conditioning System in Elderly Center
a. Split Air Conditioning System
The split air conditioner is one of the most widely used type of the air conditioners that
catching up with the earlier window air conditioner which was used extensively. The
main reasons behind the popularity of split air conditioner are their advantages in silent
operation, elegant looks and it doesn’t need to drill a hole in the wall to install and thus
preserve the appearance of the wall. Nowadays, there are wide range of brands, color
and design of indoor units available in the market.
Advantages Disadvantages
Quick and easy to install & operate Rarely designed into the fabric of the
building & can look unsightly
Individual temperature control and
suitable for small areas/ rooms.
Have a maximum vertical and total
refrigeration pipe work length allowable.
Cool spaces very quickly and are easy to
control via a remote control.
Installation is less disruptive to other
unrelated area.
No ductwork means less labor costs,
quicker and more affordable installation.
Low maintenance costs. The indoor
compo
remove
6.3.2 C
There a
outdoo
these t
The ind
split air
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.3.3 P
a.
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Figure
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Compone
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ounted typ
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ted type
b. Ceiling Mounted Cassette Type
The duct‐free split heat‐pump systems provide comfort in large, open spaces.Duct‐
free installation with an aesthetically pleasing indoor unit design. The four‐way
controlled louvers and fan speed features on these ceiling cassette indoor units allow
for even air distribution. Easy control through a wireless remote or wired wall‐mounted
controller.
6.3.4 Components of Indoor Unit
The components including evaporator coil, air filter, blower, drain pipe and fins.
1. Evaporator coil/ Cooling coil
The cooling coil is a copper coil made of number turns of the
copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the capacity
of the air conditioning system. The evaporator drawn the hot air
over the coil that filled with refrigerant, produce cool air.
2. Air filter
It removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps
supplying clean air to the room.
3. Blower
The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and
supplies cool and clean air back.
4. Fins
The louvers help changing the angle or direction in which the air
needs to be supplied into the room as per the requirements.
5. Drain Pipe
The drain pipe helps removing dew water collected inside the
indoor unit.
6.3.5 Components of Outdoor Unit
The outdoor unit is installed outside the room in open space for the ease of installation
and maintenance, consist components like compressor, condenser, expansion valve,
condenser cooling fan and etc. It can be hide either at the back yard of the house or at
the roof top.
1. Compressor
It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before
sending it to the condenser. In most of the domestic split air
conditioners hermetically sealed type of compressor is used. External
power for compressing refrigerant has to be supplied to the compressor.
2. Condenser
The high temperature and pressure refrigerant from the compressor
comes in the condenser to give up the heat. The tubing is made up
of copper for higher heat. The condenser is also covered with the
aluminum fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at faster rate.
3. Condenser Cooling Fan
It absorbs the surrounding air and blows it over the compressor and
the condenser to cool them. The hot air is released back to the open
space and the circulation of air continues unhindered.
4. Expansion Valve
The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant leaves the
condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature
and pressure drops suddenly.
6.3.6 C
Copper
The ref
connec
refriger
The dis
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Figur
MS 152
Temper
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MS 152
Outdoo
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5:2007 code
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r air supply a
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Figure
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Components
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6.4 Consideration for placement
6.4.1 Consideration for placement of the indoor unit
a. The indoor unit is located inside the room at the location from where the air can
be distributed evenly throughout the room.
b. The wall mounted indoor unit should be located at the height of about 8 to 10
feet (2.4m) from the floor so that that most of the chilled air is used for cooling
the room.
c. The indoor unit should be accessible easily so that one can conveniently clean
the filter every fortnight and also easier to change the position of the louvers
manually.
d. If the indoor unit is installed above certain window, make sure that it is in
symmetry with the window to add aesthetics of the room but not destroy it.
6.4.2 Consideration for placement of the outdoor unit
a. The outdoor unit should be located in the open space (preferably on the terrace)
so that the air can flow freely over the compressor and the condenser. If the
terrace is not available, it can be kept on the awning or hanged on the external
wall supported by the angles.
b. The location of outdoor unit should be easily accessible for carrying out the
maintenance works of the compressor, condenser, and other devices.
c. There should not be any hindrances in front of the outdoor that would block
the passage of fan air from passing to the open space. Any blockages will affect
the performance of the air conditioners and can also lead to the burning of
hermetically sealed compressor coil.
d. The surface on which the outdoor unit is to be installed should be rigid enough
to avoid its vibration. The vibration of the outdoor unit will raise excessive noise
and also lead to the breaking of the copper tubing and leakage of the refrigerant.
6.4.3 Position of Indoor & Outdoor Units‐ Zone Control Unit
Figure: placement of indoor &
outdoor unit
Figure: placement of
outdoor unit on rooftop
Figure: placement of outdoor
unit on angle
6.5 Types of split unit air‐ conditioning system:
a. Split unit without outside air (ductless)
Ductless split system recycles and recirculates the indoor air as it provides no supply of
renew fresh air to the interior. The main advantages of ductless split are it is easy to
install, lower up‐front cost and can be placed strategically to cool particular area in the
house. However, compared to ducted system, the air is not circulated, dehumidified or
filtered.
b. Split unit with outside air (ducted)
Ducted system allows to cool multiple rooms using only one system. It provides
efficient cooling throughout the room and have larger capacity. The indoor unit is
usually concealed in the ceiling or under the floor. Conditioned air is circulated via
flexible ducting and controlled by a control panel.
c. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) / Variable refrigerant volume(VRV)
6.5.1 Purposed Split Air Conditioning System
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) / Variable refrigerant volume(VRV)
VRV system is a multi‐ split type air conditioner that uses variable refrigerant flow to
maintain individual zone control in each room. The coolant material in this system is
refrigerant instead of chilled water system.
There are 3 types of of multi‐Split System under VRF:
1. Master and slave system
One outdoor unit is connecting to several indoor units function as the master setting.
Slave units control itself while Master unit control individual unit or all units at the
MS 1525:2007 code 8.4.1
Temperature Control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the
regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or
selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22’C to 27’C.
same time. It is suitable for single rooms or even multiple rooms with similar heat gain
or loss.
2. Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) systems
Variable capacity with heating and cooling‐ 3 pipe system
One outdoor unit connects to several indoor units. By installing a 3rd refrigerant pipe, it
provides total versatility that each indoor unit may cool/heat independently. The
indoor units can be wall mounted, ceiling mounted, ceiling suspended, floor standing
and etc.
3. Zoned Control Units
Variable capacity all cooling or all heating‐ 2 pipe system
For the elderly center in tropical climatic condition, zone control units were purposed.
Zoned control units
Variable capacity all cooling or all heating‐ 2 pipe system
One heat pump unit connects to several indoor units while each unit has its own
individual temperature controller thus maintain the individual room temperature. The
limitation is only one function (cooling/heating) can be provided by the same system at
as the compressors willonly function in either cooling or heating mode.
However, in tropical climate environment, only cooling function will be undergo,
therefore zone control units will be sufficient to provide air‐ conditioning.
Figure: 2 pipe system‐ cooling operation (Hardy,n.d.)
6.6 UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations
UBBL section 41 Law Section 10 Water Closets and toilet
Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or
enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building
and in respect of which no such external walls(or those overlooking verandahs,
pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with air‐ conditioning having a
minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61cm per square meter of floor area of
then air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.
UBBL section 41(1) Mechanical Ventilation & air conditioning
Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air‐conditioning is intended, the relevant
building by‐laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms
may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
UBBL section 41(2) Mechanical Ventilation & air conditioning
Any application for the waiver of the relevant by‐laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air‐conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air‐conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air‐conditioned system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air‐conditioning system is not functioning.
Figure: 2 pipe system‐ heat pump operation (Hardy,n.d.)
MS 1525:2007 code 8.2 System and Equipment Sizing
8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a
minimum of two chillers or a single multi‐compressor chiller should be provided to
meet the required load.
8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with
combined capacities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate
concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally
control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.
1.0 Int
Ventila
and hu
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and int
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Besides
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rocess whe
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mal mass an
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ting air with
ort level.
nly serving
m air from
ventilation
isture. It wi
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wsiness and
and moistu
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ere air exch
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ommon sy
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Thus, the
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ving the
ventilation is more often to use in Malaysia’s building. As the process of mechanical
ventilation can ensure that the building or the interior space is consistently ventilated.
Types of mechanical ventilation system
Circulation system
A circulation system such as ceiling fans are commonly visible circulation system in a
building. Ceiling fan creates internal air movement but do not provide real ventilation,
as there is no introduction of fresh air. It only circulates air within a room for the
purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by method of evaporation of
perspiration on the skin of the occupants.
Figure 1.1 Example of ceiling fan
Diagram 1.1shows the position of the ceiling fans in the elderly care center
Whole‐House ventilation systems
Whole‐house ventilation systems have three different types of air movement involve
which are the supply system, exhaust system and balanced system. The main purpose
of having a whole‐house ventilation system is to provide a continuous air change for
fresh and filtered air to maintain healthy living conditions for the occupants. Whole‐
house ventilation system do not cool the temperature of the spaces like circulation
system does. As whole‐house ventilation systems are designed to deliver building with
fresh and filtered air, thus these systems can prevent damp, condensation and mould
problems.
Comparison of Whole‐House Ventilation Systems
Mechanical Ventilation System
Pros Cons
Supply system
Easy to install Inexpensive Prevent back drafting of
combustion gases Minimize pollutants from
outside Allow filtering of pollen and
dust Better control of ait enters
into the building Dehumidification of outside
air
Will not remove moisture from incoming air
Increase heating and cooling costs
Exhaust system easy to install inexpensive
Draw in pollutants Increase heating and
cooling costs Cause back drafting in
combustion appliances.
Balanced system Suitable for all kind of climates
Allow filtering of pollen and dust
Costs more to install and operate
Increase heating and cooling costs
Supply system
Diagram 1.2 shows how a supply system works
A supply system uses a fan or other blower which placed at the inlet to blow
outside air through the building. It will create a greater internal pressure than
the outer atmosphere.
Supply ventilation system is simple and inexpensive to install. It is normally
installed in rooms that visitors occupy most, for example, bedrooms, meditation
room, café and dance room. A typical supply ventilation system consists of a fan
and duct system that introduces fresh air into the space. Other than that, it may
include adjustable window or wall vents in other rooms that not many visitors
occupy.
Supply ventilation system allows better control of the air that enters to the
building. It can minimize outdoor pollutant inside the building and also
preventing back drafting of combustion gases from the fireplaces and
appliances by pressurizing the internal pressure of the building. Besides, a
supply ventilation system can provide humidity control and filtration. It can
dehumidify and remove pollen and dust particles found in the outdoor air
before the air enter to the building.
Comparing between hot climates and cold climates, supply ventilation system
work best in a hot climate country. As supply ventilation draws outside air into
the building, it will cause the warm interior air leak through openings and lower
the indoor temperature.
Figure 1.2 Example of supply fan
Diagram 1.3 shows the position of supply fans in the elderly care center.
Justification
Ground floor
M&E room: helps to reduce the heat that produced from the devices in M&E room.
First floor
Pantry: helps to bring in fresh air from the outside as the space is small.
Meditation Room: bring in ‘Green’ fresh air to the interior space of the meditation room to enhance the air quality.
Resource Area: helps to reduce the heat that produced form the computers.
Exhaust system
Diagram 1.4 shows how an exhaust system works
An exhaust system works opposite of the pressure system. Vacuum system
extracts internal air from the building causing an inrush of fresh air by an
exhaust fan which placed at the outlet. It will cause the internal pressure is
lower than the outer atmosphere.
Same as Supply ventilation system, exhaust ventilation is simple and inexpensive
to install. A typical exhaust ventilation system involves a single fan which will be
connected to a single exhaust point in the house. It is normally installed in
rooms where pollutants are generated, such as bathrooms, café and pantry.
Exhaust fan is preferably compared to passive vents through windows. For the
reason that passive vent requires a high pressure differences to work properly.
Excluding fresh air, an exhaust ventilator may draw in pollutants too. These
pollutants including dust, fumes and flue gases which are should be concerned
when bath fans and exhaust ventilator are both operating.
Diagram 1.5 Example of toilet exhaust ventilation system
Diagram 1.6 Example of kitchen exhaust ventilation system
Diagram 1.7 shows the position of exhaust fans in the elderly care center.
Justification
Ground Floor
Washroom: to remove stale air and moisture from the washrooms.
Kitchen: to remove airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke, odours, heat, and
steam from the air by evacuation of the air and filtration.
First Floor
Washroom: to remove stale air and moisture from the washrooms.
Balanced
A balanced
uses both
the extern
In a balanc
every room
time and ro
example to
consists of
more expe
Neverthele
system can
outside air
system
Diagram
d system is
inlet and o
al atmosph
ced system
m but most
ooms wher
oilet, art cra
f two duct
ensive to in
ess, a balan
n function
r before it i
1.8 shows
s a combina
outlet fan to
here.
, fresh air s
tly will be i
re moisture
aft room an
and fan sy
nstall and o
nced system
as air filtra
ntroducing
how a bala
ation of pre
o maintain
supply and
nstalled in
e and pollu
nd kitchen.
stems. The
perate.
m is suitab
tion becau
g it into the
anced syst
essure syst
the interna
exhaust ve
rooms whe
utants are o
. In a balan
erefore, bal
le for all ty
se it can re
e house. Ba
em works
tem and va
al air press
ents can be
ere visitors
often gener
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lanced syst
pes of clim
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alanced ven
cuum syste
ure is simil
e installed
s spend the
rated. For
ation syste
tems are us
mate. Balanc
t and polle
ntilation sy
em. It
ar to
in
e most
m, it
sually
ced
n from
ystems
supply fresh air to the interior spaces and exhausting stale air at the same time
at an equal rate. This result the indoor air quality improved.
Diagram 1.9 shows the position of balanced system in the elderly care center.
Justification
Groud Floor
Dance Studio: As the dance studio is the most occupant and where moisture and pollutants are often generated due to the activity that conducted, balanced system can help to remove pollutants and introduce fresh air into the enclosed space.
Figure 1.3 Example of balanced ventilator
Main components of Mechanical Ventilation System
1. Ducts Ducts are used to channels the air from those interior spaces to outside of the buildings. Air ducts can ensure the indoor air quality by delivering stale airthroughout the tunnels and remove the stale air.
Figure 1.4 Example of duct
2. Vent adapter
A vent adapter helps to maximize the ventilation system. It connects ducts to each other
with a round duct connector and help to reduce energy consumption by installing
ventilators in areas remote from air intake with an inline adapter kit.
Figure 1.5 example of a vent adapter.
3. Fire Damper Wherever the duct passes through a firewall, a fire damper will be found. There is fusible link in afire damper, it will melt or break when the temperature has reached at a certain temperature. This will allow the damper to close and preventing the necessary air to burn.
Figure 1.6 Example of a fire damper
4. Air filter
An air filter can be found in most of the mechanical ventilation system. Typically, there
are at least two filters that stand guard over the building’s air. Air filter helps to remove
bacteria and harmful particles that found in the air that coming into the buildings.
Figure1.8 Example of an air filter
5. Range Hood
A range hood is installed above the stove or cooktops. It removes airborne grease,
combustion products, fumes, smoke, odors, heat, and steam from the air by evacuation
of the air and filtration.
Figure 1.7 Example of different dimension of fusible link.
Figure1.9 Example of a range hood
6. Faceplate
A perforated plate, mounted on the live spindle, to which the work is attached.
7. Roof cap
A roof cap is designed to exhaust kitchen and bath fans through the roof.
Figure1.11 example of a Kitchen exhaust roof cap.
Figure1.10 example of a
supply system faceplate
UBBL
By‐Laws (41), Mechanicals ventilation and air‐conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the
relevant building by‐laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by laws‐ shall only be considered
if in addition to the permanent air‐ conditioning system there is provided
alternative approved means of ventilating the air‐conditioned enclosure, such
that within half an hour of the air‐conditioning system failing, not less than the
stipulated volume fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the
enclosure during the period when the air‐conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By‐laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air‐conditioned.
Third Schedule By‐Laws (41), (3) Filters for exhaust fan
(1) Filters for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air
discharge points to the requirements of the governing health authority.
(2) Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any
case be lower than 5 metres form the external ground or pavement level.
Third Schedule By‐Laws (41), (5) Openings for mechanical ventilation system
Where mechanical ventilation or air‐conditioning is provided‐ :
(b) The underside of openings for the entry of air into any mechanical
ventilation or air‐conditioning plant shall be not less than 1 metre from any
external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface;
(c) The underside of openings for the exhaust of air from any mechanical
ventilation or air‐ conditioning plant shall be not less than 2.5 metres from any
exteral pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface;
(d) To any of the enclosures from which foul air will be exhausted, the ducts,
trunking, service shafts or other such items containing or conveying the foul air
from such enclosure shall in no way be connected to any air inlet system.
Third Schedule By‐Laws (41), (10) Water‐ closets and toilets.
Water closets, toilet, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or
enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the
building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking
verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation or air‐ conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change
at the rate of 0.61cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per
hour, whichever is the lower.
Third Schedule By‐Laws (41), (12) Fresh air changes.
(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with the
mechanical ventilation systems shall be as follow:
Kitchen … … … 20 air changes per hour
1.0 Int
Mecha
building
mechan
elevato
of ener
by elev
Elevato
half‐ful
force to
differen
overco
elevato
it helps
much m
troductio
nical transp
g either ve
nical transp
or is lifted u
rgy to lift u
vators.
or car is ba
ll weight el
o raise and
nce weight
me the pul
or safer. Be
s to pull loa
more easier
n
portation s
rtically or h
portation sy
up and dow
up and dow
lanced by a
evator car,
d lower the
t of elevato
lley. Becau
esides, coun
aded elevat
r to contro
system is a
horizontally
ystem that
wn using a
wn, but a co
a counterw
, the count
elevator c
or car with
se of this,
nterweight
tors move
l with a co
Figurecompo
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t can be see
hoist and b
ounterweig
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terweight h
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showing tonents of e
at transpor
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ch has a sim
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he system elevators.
rt goods an
ators are th
rise or low
energy us
e most of t
milar weigh
motor used
or only nee
and apply e
n the cable
of braking a
therefore a
nd people in
he most com
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ed a huge
the energy
ht with a loa
lesser ene
ed to lift the
extra force
es, this mak
an elevato
a elevator c
n a
mmon
ng.An
amount
used
aded
rgy and
e
to
kes the
r need,
car is
Figure showing ratchet system below the elevator
There is a ratchet system act as a backup just in case the cable which holding the
elevator car broke it would avoid elevator car crash to the floor level. There are sturdy
metal teeth on the vertical guide rails of elevators, and a spring‐loaded mechanism with
hooks attached on top on elevator cars, so if the cable broke, the elevator car will be
lock safely at the position because the hooks will sprung outward and jammed into the
metal teeth.
There is few types of elevators which is are commonly use are traction with a machine
room, machine‐room‐less traction, and hydraulic elevator. As our case study, the most
suitable elevator is hydraulic elevator, because it is a low rise residential building and
hydraulic elevator is suitable for elderly center and hospitals.
Elevators
Elevators is a transport device usually found in multiple storeys building that used to
move goods or people vertically in high rise buildings and also allow elderly or disable
person access to higher levels for residential or public buildings. A minimum standard
for elevator is 4 storeys for exception when wheelchair movement is required and a
maximum walking distance of 45 meter. The size and number of elevators is
determined by the population, height and scale of the building. There is few types of
elevators which is are commonly use are traction with a machine room, machine‐room‐
less traction, and hydraulic elevator.
Hydraulic elevators
Hydraulic elevators are a type of elevators which supported by a pistol located at the
bottom of elevator that push to elevators up to move vertically as an electric motor
forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. It is normally used for low rise
building which only have two to eight storeys with a maximum speed of 61 meter per
minute.The machine room for hydraulic elevator located lowest level beside the
elevator shaft.
The advantages of choosing hydraulic elevators are the noise sources can be placed
under the shaft, and it is safe while doing service or repair work. Other than that low
maintenance require, simple and economical assembly.
Hydraulic elevator used a hydraulic ram to lift and lower a elevator car, it do not use
counterweight to lift and lower a elevator so it consume more power or energy than
the traction elevator. Normally the hydraulic ram will be installed underneath the
elevator car, but if there is not much space under it, it can be installed beside the lift
shaft.
There is also two different type of hydraulic elevator :
1. Holed hydraulic elevator
Most convenient hydraulic elevator, have a sheave extends to the bottom of elevator
pit, which the retracting piston would goes while the elevator descends. Some holed
hydraulic elevator designed to have telescoping piston require shallower hole below
the pit. Travel a maximum of 18 meters.
2. Hole‐less hydraulic elevator
Have piston either side of the elevator car, it divided into 3 different types :
a. Telescopic hydraulic elevator
Telescoping piston are fixed at the base of elevator pit and do not need to
have a sheave or hole below it, it contain 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping
pistons. Travels a maximum of 15 meters.
b. Non‐telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic elevator
Has only 1 piston and only travels a maximum of 6 meters.
c. Roped hydraulic elevator
A combination of rope and a piston to move the elevator.Travels a maximum
of 18 meters.
Figure roped hydraulic elevator
Figure Non‐telescopic hydraulic elevator
Figure Telescopic hydraulic elevator
Component of hydraulic elevator
Component in machine/drive system
1. Cylinder
Made by steel pipe with acceptable thickness and suitable for safety margin.
Cylinder head with an internal guide ring and self‐adjusting packing was
equipped on the cylinder.
2. The tank
Holds the hydraulic fluid, have sufficient spaces to provide an adequate reserve
to prevent the entrance of air into the system, a sight glass shall be provided to
check the level of oil and a mark that indicate the minimum level of oil.
3. Motor/Pump
Figure components in machine/drive system of hydraulic elevator
4.
Externa
1.
Pump is us
fluid to go
by using th
Valve
Valve is us
pressure a
reservoir, a
can go to t
upwards.
al elevator
Elevator ca
A double la
the landing
requested
se to push
left or righ
he force.
se to contro
nd the pre
and when i
the cylinde
Componen
ar door
ayered doo
g for safety
to stop.
liquid into
ht which al
ol the pres
ssurized flu
it is high pr
er which pu
nt
or which 1
y purpose.
the cylinde
lows the el
sure of the
uid will use
ressure wh
ush the pist
is attached
It would be
Figure eleva
er to lift th
levator goi
e tank, it w
e the small
hich the val
ton up and
d to the ele
e open on
ator door
e elevator.
ng upward
ill open wh
path back
ve is closed
lift the ele
evator car a
the floor w
It control
s or downw
hen there is
to the fluid
d the fluid
evator car
and 1 attac
which was
the
wards
s low
d
only
ched to
2. Fireman’s Switch
3. Hall Lantern
4. Call Buttons
Figure fireman’s switch
Used for fire department to over‐ride all floor
calling system to allow all the lifts returned to
where the switch is located. Normally located at
the ground floor, so that is easier to escape from
the building.
Used to indicate the arriving elevator and the
direction it will travel. Dimension of hall lantern is
a minimum of 2m above the finished floor and
must be visible from the vicinity of the call buttons Figure hall lantern
Figure call button
Used to request an elevator, it allow the lift stop
at the floor which had been request. Once
request the button will light up until the elevator
arrive
Internal elevator Component
1. Monitor Beam
A small screen usually located above the floor selection button or above the lift
door that indicate the floors that which the user is, it also indicate the lift is
going upwards or downwards.
2. Floor Selection Button
Used to control which floor of the elevator should stop.
3. Operation and Emergency Buttons
Located below the floor selection buttons, included open door, close door
button, emergency stop, emergency alarm, intercom and telephone.
Figure internal monitor beam
Figure floor selection button
Figure operation and emergency buttons
4. Key Switch Controls
A locked spaces where located either above the floor selection buttons or
below the operation and emergency buttons to allow different function to be
turned on and off by building operation staff.
5. Emergency Railings
Railings located inside the lift so that it could allow user to get stable if any
emergency occur
6. Elevator ventilation
A vent located inside the elevator car to provide at least 10 hours air change
while the elevator door is closed.It located on top of the elevator car.
Figure key switch controls
Figure emergency railings
Figure elevator ventilation
Location of elevator
Stair lift
Stair lift can be mostly found in residential area or transport station such as train
station that more than 1 storey height building or houses. It is not mainly for disable
person but for elderlies who had difficulties on walking up the stairs.
Stair lift could get power from 2 sources, 1 is from the battery and the other is directly
from electric‐power. They both have pros and cons. The pros of using battery is it
could be function even there is an electric outages while electric‐power could not use.
But battery could be suddenly die when the stair lift is being used and this could not
happen when using direct electric‐power.
The advantages of using stair lift are it could be easily installed at home or other
building and can allow elderly access the whole building which more than 1 storey
without any difficulties. It is also comfortable and slow while moving the elderly up or
down the staircase.
Components of stair lift
Figure stair lift
1) Carriage
A seat attached at the side of staircase which carry the user move up and down
from the stairs
2) Track
A rail made of metal that allow the carriage move.
3) Safety switch
It lock the seat in a safe position so that the carriage does not move. It located
on the carriage.
Figure stair lift carriage/seats
Figure stair lift metal track
Figure stair lift safety switch
4) Limit switch (Safety Cut Out Sensors)
A switch that control the carriage to stop when there is a obstruction in the
path. itis a sensor located top or bottom of the track or on the seats or platform.
5) Handheld controller
Remote control that control the stair lift.
Figure limit switch
Location of stair lift
To con
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