Building Resilient Agricultural Systems in Nigeria ... · Building agricultural resilience in...

Building Resilient Agricultural Systems in Nigeria - Contributions to Sustainable Development The 2016 "Agricultural Resilience and Security in Nigeria" Conference, the Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team (NEST) and the Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Prof. Dr. C. Ifejika Speranza, Unit Sustainable Land Management, Institute of Geography, University of Bern

25.10.2016

Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016

Outline

1. Introduction - the need for building resilience

2. Conceptualising resilience in agricultural systems

3. Internal dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture

4. External dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture

5. Conclusions & key messages


http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/area/159/en

Introduction: Nigeria’s major food crops

Agriculture

(besides crude oil)

Nigeria’s biggest

economic sector:

- ca. 23% GDP*

- ca. 44% GDP#

- 70% employment

- * 1st Q. 2016

- # 2012/13

- FoN 2016




Nigeria’s Livestock Production





Agriculture production trend 2001-2010





A growing rural and urban population

http://faostat.fao.org/beta/en/#country/159

http://faostat.fao.org/beta/en/



Increasing Emissions from Agriculture

7





Why agricultural resilience in Nigeria?

> Inability to meet domestic food requirements (Republic of Nigeria – RoN 2016)

> Inability to export at quality levels required for market success (RoN 2016).

> Land degradation

> Climate change - Africa as most vulnerable continent

> Food price spikes

> Poverty

> Farmer-herder conflicts

> Current inflation

8


Why build agricultral resilience?

9

Adegoke et al., 2013: 38


Temperature Anomalies

10



Rainfall Anomaly over Nigeria, 1952‐2012 (by broad Agro‐Ecological Zones) Source: NIMET; In Adegoke et al., 2013

11



Projected changes in crop yields over Nigeria by 2050 (Cervigni et al. 2013a)

12


Outline







Sub-systems in agricultural & food systems

Access to agric. inputs

Food prod.

Process- ing &

packaging Trade/ retailing

Consum-ption

Food waste

14

Food value chain

Actors & Institutions

Natural resources subsystem: soil, water, biodiversity

Political subsystem: public & private sector policies, laws, rules

Information, services & infrastructure subsystem

adapted from Rastoin and Ghersi, 2010; Colonna et al. 2013


Agriculture as a Social-Ecological System

15

Chapin et al. 2009: 7

> System boundary: depends on the problem addressed & the objectives

> Fit of scale of ecological and social processes

> Most SES are open systems

> Exogenous controls – strong factors that shape a system

> Critical slow variables: variables that strongly influence SESs

> Slow variables govern fast variables

> Persistent & widespread change in fast variables affect slow variables & exogenous controls


Resilience

> the capacity of individuals, social groups or Social Ecological Systems to accommodate stresses & disturbances, to self-organise, and to learn in order to maintain or improve essential basic structures & ways of functioning (cf. Berkes and Folke, 1998; Carpenter et al., 2001;

Walker et al., 2002; Berkes et al., 2003; Folke, 2006; Adger, 2003, 2006;

IPCC, 2012).

> the ability to maintain desired conditions despite adversity (hazard risks, e.g. landslides)

> to recover, reorganise and evolve when faced with stresses and disturbances


General and Specified Resilience

> Specified resilience the resilience “of what to what” (e.g. the resilience of Nigerian agriculture to climatic hazards)

> General resilience neither considers any particular disturbance nor any particular aspect of a system that might be affected

— Highlights exposure to multiple disturbances

— Major attributes diversity, openness, tightness of feedbacks, system reserves, modularity

17

Resilience Alliance (2010: 34)


Social and Ecological Resilience – are they related?

> Social resilience - the ability of groups or communities to cope with stresses & disturbances 1

> Ecological resilience - a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance 1

> Link - e.g. social groups or communities that are dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods1

> Sometimes resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities or vice versa1

18

1 Adger 2000


Social-Ecological Resilience used in 2 ways

1. Resilience in a positivistic sense as a property of a system, that can be:

— resilient or not resilient

— undesirable conditions can be resilient

— A positivistic scientific view does not necessarily refer to sustainability as a societal or normative goal

— A system can be resilient but does not produce many ecosystem services needed by the society (Adger, 2010 / Hopkins, 2010)


Social-Ecological Resilience used in 2 ways

2. Resilience as a goal for society:

— R. similar to sustainable development – a normative goal; a relative concept

— R as a part of sustainable development

— Ability to cope / adapt / change / transform (Adger 2010 / Hopkins 2010)

Resilience as an approach to sustainability & a normative goal that requires negotiation


The political ecology/economy of resilience

> Who has the right and power to decide about resilience of whom/what to what, & how? (Adger et al. 2009, Nelson &

Stathers, 2009)

> Transformation to what? value-laden (Boyd et al., 2008)

> Disciplinary / Interdisciplinary / Trans-disciplinary

> Participatory / Collaborative Approaches

21


Measuring Resilience – A Challenge

Resilience

> a normative concept

> a scientific construct to be inferred; cannot be directly observed or measured (Obrist et al. 2010)

> context & time dependent

> an emergent property of systems

> An outcome and an inherent ability to adapt

> How then can it be captured?

> And in the Nigeria context?

22


Outline





5. Implications & key messages


Farming systems and agro-ecosystem resilience indicators (Dixon et al. 2001; Cabell and Oelofse 2012)

24

Choptiany et al., 2015: 26

Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016 25

Buffer capacity - capacity to

cushion change, to maintain or

increase assets, to use

opportunities to achieve better

outcomes e.g. reducing impacts -

the ability to cope and adjust

Self-organisation – the degree to

which people can direct their own

actions and outcomes

Capacity for learning –

experimenting, innovating

Applying SES Resilience - Three general features

Buffer capacity

Capacity

for

learning

Self-

organisation

Ifejika Speranza 2010

Self-re

gu

latio

n o

f eco

syste

ms


26

A conceptual and analytical framework for characterising livelihood resilience

Ifejika Speranza et al. 2014: 112


Internal buffer capacities, self-organisation and learning & external factors

27

(Image graphic: Astrid Björnsen

Gurung, in Jülich et al. 2014; in

Schneiderbauer et al., 2016: 25)


What do these conceptualisations of resilience mean for Nigerian agriculture? > Resources and capacities (as in buffer capacities) of

the main actors – smallholder farmers

> Conditions of key natural resources such as soil (as in buffer capacities)

> Actions of the farmers in terms of strategies and self-organisation

> Learning capacities of farmers – how do they learn and what do they learn?

28


29

Resources and capacities (as in buffer capacities) of smallholder farmers


> Poor formal education

> Aging farming population

> Lack of interest of youths in agriculture

> Gender access to land resources

Adegoke et al., 2013


Resources and capacities (as in buffer capacities) of key natural resources


> Land degradation

> Droughts & flooding

> Limited organic/chemical fertilizer use


Fertilizer use in Nigeria






Fertilizer use in Africa compared to other world regions




Resources and capacities (as in self-organisation & actions) of smallholder farmers


> Farmers' associations, e.g. Fadama Community Associations & Fadama User Groups; Plantian farmer's associations etc.

> Dependency on government & other external actors

> To what extent can farmers/pastoralists direct their own actions?


Resources and capacities (as in learning capacities) of smallholder farmers


> Learning capacities of our farmers –

> How do they learn?

> What do they learn?


Outline



3. Exploring the internal dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture

4. Exploring the external dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture



Supportive environment: The external dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture

36




> Contextual factors

> To what extent do government, society, private sector foster buffer capacity?

> To what extent do (government, society, private sector foster farmer self-organisation?

> To what extent do government, society, private sector foster farmer learning?


Supportive Institutional and Policy Environment

> Vision 2020

> Agriculture Transformation Agenda

> The Growth Enhancement Scheme (GES) - 2012

> Nigeria Risk Sharing Facility (NIRSAL)

> The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for Climate Change in Nigeria – NASPA‐CCN (BNRCC, 2011)

> Climate Information Services (CIS) NIMET

> The Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016 – 2020)

37


Agricultural Extension Services

> 1 extension agent to about 2,000‐22,000 farm‐families (FF) depending on the State (Arokoya, 2007, FDAE, 2013)

> The Research‐Extension‐Farmer‐Inputs Linkage System (REFILS) 1995-2000

> Inadequate funding, poor linkages with research

> The Agriculture Transformation Agenda; Agric. Promotion Policy 2016-2020

38

State Extension

officers

Farmer

families

Extension

ration

Ebonyi 170 435328 1: 2561

Nasarawa 127 180433 1: 1421

Katsina 11 242,000 1:22,000


Supportive environment: Addressing Farmer-herder conflicts

> Need for effective deliberative processes spearheaded by relevant government organisations

39


Supportive Environment: Improving Access to Markets

40


Supportive Environment: Not just cross-scale linkages but intra-scale linkages

41

Rural-urban road infrastructure

Rural electrification

Access to

agric. inputs

Increased agric.

productivity

Transportation of

agric. produce

Affordable food

in the markets

Good prices

for farmers

Urban

inhabitants

Employment

creation / rural

small businesses

Reduced poverty in rural areas /

Enhanced well-being


Outline







Key Message I: Why build Resilience?

Resilience directs focus on

> factors than enable functioning despite adverse conditions; dealing successfully with change (Carpenter et al.

2001; Obrist et al 2010; Cumming 2011)

It provides

> a useful framework for understanding the dynamic relationships between humans & the environment (social-ecological systems, SESs) (Cabell and Oelofse 2012)

> models for increasing society’s capacity to manage change (Cabell and Oelofse 2012)

> a key to progressing towards sustainability of SES (Walker and Salt 2006, Turner 2010)

43


Key Message II: Resilience depends on internal & external factors

44





Key messages III: Put farmers at the centre of policy, research, and practice

> Questions we should always ask: what does this mean from the perspective of a Nigerian farmer / pastoralist?

> Improve Monitoring and Evaluation to assess progress

> Progress towards transdisciplinary approaches – collaboration and partnerships with farmers & pastoralists

> Collaboration across government and private sector organisations

45


chinwe.ifejika.speranza [at] giub.unibe.ch


References I

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References IV

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