British Banking System

8/8/2019 British Banking System

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Description

This section is from the book "Banking And Business", by H. Parker Willis, George W.

Edwards. Also available from Amazon: Banking and Business .

II. Central Banking System Of Great

Britain

In the case of the central banking systems there has been developed a nucleus which

represents practically the combined banking strength or the pooling ofbankreserves of

the community. Other banks are then offshoots from such an institution, such as the Bank

of England, not in the sense that they are owned or directed by it, but simply in that they

look to it for guidance and direction, shape their policies in accordance with its doings

more or less, and count upon its aid under certain given conditions. Before the opening of

the European War it was believed that the Britishbanking system was perhaps the best

type of organization. That banking system included a number of large, strong institutions

organized for the performance of regular commercial banking operations in England.

These banks had themselves in many cases been developed out of a considerable number

of other banks, so that each of them represented a pooling of interests. Each such bank

had a considerable number of branches scattered throughout the United Kingdom, while

the main office of each was in London. The Bank of England was thus surrounded by a

group of strong commercial institutions. At other points in the United Kingdom were

situated the headquarters of other banking systems. Thus in Scotland and Ireland

independently organized institutions existed, each with its set of branches, and such

banks usually had a branch in London for the purpose of transacting business with theBank of England or of participating in the general financial market at that place. In all,

there were in the United Kingdom probably about ninety banks with interlacing systems

of branches; but the whole banking structure was practically dominated by a few strong

banks with headquarters in London, to which reference has already been made. The Bank

.of England, as the result of long practice and custom, was the holder of the bulk of the
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demands of the community in which they are situated, and other factors. So, in

developing a system of banking the essential test of its satisfactori-ness is found in

adaptation to conditions. It is, therefore, true that banking systems throughout the world

differ very widely from one another, and they must be judged by their adaptability and

success in practice.

From a broad general standpoint, however, it is possible to recognize several types of

banking systems. Looked at from the point of view of the legal basis or status in the

matter of organization, three chief groups may be recognized, as follows:

(1) The central banking systems, of which the banks of England, France, and others of

similar kind are the best examples;

(2) The independent-charter banking systems, of which the Canadian bank is probably

the best known; and

(3) The free banking systems, best represented by the national banking system of the

United States.

II. Methods Of Settlement

In another important way the practices of the business community establish a foundation

for, or limit to, those of the bank. This is seen in connection with the kind of settlement

which is habitual between individuals. For instance, if it is customary, when A sells

goods to B, for B to give A a promissory note , then it is evident that A's bank may

expect to have a great many promissory notes of customers presented to it for discount,and will be in position to require A to indorse such notes, thereby making them what is

sometimes, though erroneously, called two-name paper. On the other hand, ifcommercial

custom is such that B will regard it as somewhat of an affront or reflection if A asks him

for a note, the result will be that A's assets will consist of open book accounts or "charge
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accounts,' and that when A goes to his bankto borrow he will usually be able to offer the

banker simply his own note, representing, of course, the fact that he owns bona-fide

claims upon a large number of customers who are solvent and will presumably pay for

the goods when their credit period has expired. In this case the business practice of the

community dictates that the bank's loans shall be largely single-name paper, or "straight"

notes.

This is the case, although in a somewhat different way, when A has offered B a discount

for payment in cash, instead of payment at the close of, say, sixty days. In such cases the

buyer B will have to arrange for the financing, and to the extent that his own funds are

insufficient, will borrow from his bank and take the cash discount. Inasmuch as the cash

discount is usually higher than the customary rate of interest, buyers will borrow as muchas they are able from their own banks in order to pay the seller cash and receive a

discount. Where this is the case, they will give their bank their own promissory note,

either straight or indorsed, or, less frequently, secured by collateral of one kind or

another. Those buyers who are unable to borrow will be carried by the seller in the

manner indicated above, and thus the cash discount serves to divide buyers into two

classes and to provide a different manner of financing each.

I. The Bank Of England

The oldest among banking systems in anything like their present form is the Bank of

England, which dates from 1694, and which as operated to-day finds its fundamental

charter in the Bank Act of 1844, which superseded earlier statutes. The bank, although

owned by individualstockholders, is to all intents and purposes a public institution whosemost important functions are the general direction and control of the money market , the

handling of government finances, and the supplying of a uniform note circulation.

Great Britain was the earliest country to develop banking upon the modern highly

specialized and differentiated basis. At the close of the seventeenth century England had
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already advanced far toward a recognition of the special functions performed by the issue

of bank notes and of the necessity of centralizing a certain proportion of the banking

resources of the country in the hands of one institution. At that time there was in

existence a considerable number of banking houses operating in competition with one

another and controlled by no single policy; owing, moreover, no obligations to the

government save those owed by any good citizen.

Under the Act of 1844 the issue department of the bank was permitted to put out notes

only when protected pound for pound by coin or bullion, except that a basic issue of

14,000,000 sterling might be placed in circulation upon a basis of the

government debt. Other banks of issue were to transfer their note-issue privilege from

time to time to the Bank of England , and such transfers were to bring about an increasein the issues of the Bank of England to the extent of two-thirds of the independent bank

circulation so retired. Before the war the note issue secured by government bonds had

thus risen to the equivalent of about $90,000,000, the total outstandings being about

$150,000,000.

The function of the Bank of England in controlling the market is exerted by the

performance of a very conservative commercial banking business based upon the

discounting of short-term paper, partly for banks and partly for individuals, the bank,where necessary, going out into the open market and buying such paper of specified

amounts as might be available. Before the European War the handling of government

finances consisted largely of the receiving of public funds and the disbursing of them

upon suitable check or warrant, or from time to time conversion operations in the long-

term debt when necessary, accompanied occasionally by short-term advances. The war

changed England's financial structure to a great extent, bringing about alterations which

may or may not be permanent. In the Currency and Bank Notes Act of 1914,

convertibility of currency and bank notes into gold was provided for, but for several

reasons has never been really effective. The government had issued, early in the war,

treasury notes which varied in amount from time to time, and at the time of the armistice

probably amounted to about 1,600,000,000. Under the Currency and Bank

Notes Act both currency notes and Bank of England notes were made legal tender for any
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amount, and both kinds of currency have continued to circulate in large volume, the total

in currency notes outstanding at the close of 1921 being 423,000,000. It may be

assumed that eventually the currency notes will be retired and the Bank of England may

succeed in getting back to a basis of actual convertibility of notes into gold.

The war, however, has made but little change in the actual practice of banking in Great

Britain. For a long time it has been the custom of other banks to carry their reserves in the

form of deposits with the Bank of England. In the United Kingdom as a whole there are

to-day about seventy-five institutions, and while the Scotch and Irish banks are in a sense

more or less independent of the Bank of England, they do in practice carry considerable

balances with the latter, while the so-called English joint-stock banks, with head-quarters

in London, have been in the habit of carrying the bulk of their reserves with the headoffice of the bank. While the Bank of England has at the present time eleven branches

here and there, these are merely for the purpose of convenience, the English joint-stock

banks having much more numerous branches which serve as the actual medium of

communication with the public at large. The Bank of England has of recent years,

although carrying a certain number of deposit accounts for private individuals and also

doing a discount business for such customers, tended to become more and more a

bankers' bank, dealing largely in bankers' acceptances and confining its operations so far

as practicable to liquid paper. During the war, like all other banking institutions, the Bank

of England was, however, obliged to make very large advances to the government on the

strength of the treasury notes or short-term bonds issued by the latter. Such issues were

not a satisfactory basis for the creation of deposit credit or the issue of currency, and the

level ofprices, partly as a result of this method of banking, accordingly advanced about

100 per cent between 1913 and a date soon after the armistice. Effort was made by

British financiers of the more conservative group to obtain a cessation of government

short-term borrowing from the Bank of England, but without any material success,although the total volume of suchloans has in the aggregate fallen off. There has been a

steadily declining movement of government obligations toward the banks and a steady

increase in the amount of government obligations absorbed and held by individuals. One

of the important features of postwar development in Great Britain has been the tendency
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of the larger banks to consolidate, there being at the present time five outstanding

institutions of great size. Both in the case of the Bank of England and in that of other

European banks, it seems that a restoration of convertibility of paper and deposits into

gold can be effected only in case the foreign balance of the country's trade is restored to a

suitable level, and such a result can be accomplished only through increased exportation

and reduced importation, associated probably with the borrowing of considerable

amounts in actual gold from foreign countries. It is as yet uncertain how or under what

conditions so extensive a reform as is indicated can be brought about.

www.britishbankingnews.com

The Bank of England

The Bank of England was founded in 1694, primarily to raise money

for the war with France. Its founders were to provide the Government

with a loan of 1,200,000 and the interest was to be 100,000 per

year. In exchange the bank was to have a Royal Charter and the loan

was not to be repaid before 1706.

The founders intended to do no more than the kind of business

goldsmiths were doing already. Like the pioneer goldsmiths the Bank

of England was a bank of issue, printing their own notes and lending

money of their own creation. The power granted to the Bank of

England in respect of note issue drove others out of circulation until

they remained the only bank of note issue. However, other English
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bankers found that it was possible for deposit banking to be profitable

with the right of note issue.

In 1708 the Charter was renewed for further finance for the

Government. The most far-reaching consequence of the Charter was

the clause prohibiting note issue to any group of people exceeding six

in number. This "monopoly" did not hinder the goldsmith bankers,

who worked as individuals, but prevented the establishment of joint-

stock banking in England for more than one hundred years. The Bank

of England became the Government's bank and also the bankers'

bank, due to the convenience of depositing their surplus balances.

During the eighteenth century as private banks developed, the Bank

of England continued to dominate the scene, although not knowing it

would become the central bank as we know it today.

In 1883, the Bank of England sought to have their full monopoly

confirmed and failed. Joint-stock banking became permissible

throughout the United Kingdom, and the rest of the century saw a long

struggle for survival; the private bankers with the Bank of England on

their side against the new joint-stock bankers. Private bankers

enjoyed comfortable living and saw the new joint-stock banks

threatening their own business, for it was these men who fought

against joint-stock banking in Parliament in the early 1880s. In 1854,

new bankers were admitted to the Clearing House, a London institution

for exchanging bills, cheques, and settling balances, and this gave

them greater strength.

In 1890 the Bank of England organised joint action to save the

bankrupt Barings Bank. This showed the Bank of England had accepted

responsibility for the financial well-being of the country and had


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emerged into its adult status as one of the world's central banks.

Throughout the century its importance as a pivot of the banking

system had been growing, and by 1900 it had moved a long way from

the earlier years of bigoted opposition to the joint-stock banks.


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Descrierea

Aceast seciune este de la cartea ", bancare i de afaceri", de H. Parker Willis, George

W. Edwards. De asemenea, disponibile de la Amazon: Servicii bancare i de afaceri.

II. Central Sistemul bancar al Marii Britanii

n cazul sistemelor de bnci centrale nu a fost dezvoltat un nucleu care reprezint, practic,

puterea combinat bancar sau punerea n comun a rezervelor bancare ale comunitii.

Alte bnci sunt apoi offshoots de la o astfel de instituie, cum ar fi Banca Angliei, nu n

sensul c acestea sunt deinute sau regizat de ea, dar pur i simplu n care se uita la el

pentru orientare i direcie, forma politicile lor, n conformitate cu ei comportare mai

mult sau mai puin, i conta pe ajutorul su n anumite condiii date. nainte de

deschiderea rzboi Europene se credea c sistemul bancar britanic a fost probabil cel mai

bun tip de organizare. Acest sistem bancar a inclus un numr de mare, instituii puterniceorganizat pentru ndeplinirea regulat operaiuni bancare comerciale n Anglia. Aceste

banci au avut ei nii, n multe cazuri a fost dezvoltat dintr-un numr considerabil de alte

bnci, astfel nct fiecare dintre ele a reprezentat o punerea n comun a intereselor.

Fiecare astfel de banca a avut un numr considerabil de sucursale rspndite pe ntreg

teritoriul Regatului Unit, n timp ce la biroul central din fiecare a fost la Londra. Banca

Angliei a fost astfel nconjurat de un grup de puternice instituii comerciale. La alte

puncte n Regatul Unit s-au situat sediul central al altor sisteme bancare. Astfel, n Scoiai Irlanda n mod independent a organizat existau instituii, fiecare cu un set de sucursale,

precum i bncile de obicei, a avut o astfel de sucursal la Londra, cu scopul de a

tranzacionarea de afaceri cu Banca Angliei sau de participare la general a pieei

financiare la acel loc. n total, au existat n Regatul Unit, probabil, cam nouzeci de bnci

cu ntreesere sisteme de filiale, dar ntreaga structur bancare a fost practic dominat de

o puternic cteva bnci cu sediul la Londra, de referin la care a fost deja fcut. Banca.

Angliei, ca rezultat al practicii lungi i particularizate, a fost titularul cea mai mare parte a

rezervelor de aceste banci. La ori nainte de rzboi mai mare parte a numerar deinute de

ctre bncile au sczut nivel ct mai sczut 3 sau 4 la suta din datoriile restante, precum i

diverse autoriti bancare au fost nclinai pentru a vizualiza acest cu unele de alarm.

Banca Angliei, cu toate acestea, prin meninerea unei rezerve puternic i un portofoliu

de lichid, se pstreaz n poziie n mod constant pentru a veni n ntmpinarea cerinelor


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altor bnci i, n consecin nici o banc britanic, care a fost n posesia unor eligibile

hrtie pentru reduceri sau salable n aer liber de pia a fost vreodat, fr mijloace de a

oferi bani cu care s ndeplineasc cerinele deponenilor sale. n timpul rzboiului, astfel

cum a artat n alt parte, a existat o schimbare n aceast stare de lucruri, bncile

britanice fuzionrii ntr-un numr tot mai mic de instituii. O atenie limiteaz, cu toate

acestea, la situaia de dinainte de rzboi, putem spune c sistemul bancar britanic a fost,

practic, o organizaie pur bncii centrale.

I. Banking Systems grupate n funcie de Organizare

Din ceea ce sa spus n capitolele de mai sus, va fi fost vzut c experiena bancar n

diferite ri ale lumii a evoluat mai multe tipuri de sisteme bancare. Scriitorilor privind

serviciile bancare, uneori, vorbesc ca i cum ar exista un fel sau caracterul sistemuluibancar, care este mai "tiinific" dect alta, sau ca n cazul n care evoluia bancar a

indicat, n mod sigur s unele singur tip de organizaie, care a fost considerat ca fiind cea

mai de dorit sau perfect . O mare parte din acest tip de sugestie a fost adesea oferite

publicului, n cursul bancar "reforma" sau monetare "educaie" micri. Nu exist nici o

baza pentru presupunerea c un tip de organizare bancare este n mod necesar mai bun

dect altul. Bancare, ca i alte faze de organizare a afacerii, este strns legat de

comunitatea de afaceri n care acesta exist, i depinde de mult pentru eficiena isuccesul su la adaptarea la obiceiurile locale. Nici mcar nu este adevrat c aa-

numitele principii bancare referitoare la lichiditate, creditele pe termen scurt, a rezervelor,

etc, au orice for universal. Ele depind n ntregime de condiiile generale pe care

bncile opereaz, cererile comunitii n care acestea sunt situate, i de ali factori. Deci,

n dezvoltarea unui sistem de servicii bancare testului esenial al satisfactori sa-Ness este

gsit n adaptarea la condiiile existente. Este, prin urmare, adevrat c sistemele bancare

din ntreaga lume difer foarte mult de la un altul, iar acestea trebuie s fie judecai de

ctre adaptabilitatea i la succesul acestora n practic.

Dintr-un punct de vedere al larg generale, cu toate acestea, este posibil s se recunoasc

mai multe tipuri de sisteme bancare. Privit din punctul de vedere al temeiului juridic sau

statut n materie de organizare, trei grupuri ef pot fi recunoscute, dup cum urmeaz:

(1) Sistemele bncilor centrale, din care bncile din Anglia, Frana, i altele de acest gen


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similare sunt cele mai bune exemple;

(2) independent de sistemele de Carta bancar, din care banca canadian este, probabil, cel

mai cunoscut i

(3) Sistemele de liber bancare, cel mai bine reprezentat de sistemul bancar naional din

Statele Unite.

II. Metode de soluionare a

ntr-o alt modalitate important de practici ale comunitii de afaceri stabilirea unei baze

pentru, sau limita la, cele ale bncii. Acest lucru este vzut n legtur cu tipul de

decontare, care este obinuit ntre indivizi. De exemplu, n cazul n care se obinuiete,

atunci cnd o vinde bunuri la B, pentru B de a da o not un ordin, atunci este evident c

banca O pot atepta s aib un multe note mari la ordin de clienti a prezentat-o pentrudiscount, i va s fie n poziia de a solicita de la A la indorse astfel de bancnote, astfel

facandu-le ceea ce este uneori, dei n mod eronat, numit cu dou nume de hrtie. Pe de

alt parte, n cazul n care personalizate comercial este de aa natur nct B, va considera

ca fiind oarecum de un afront adus sau de reflecie n cazul n care o cere pe el pentru o

not, rezultatul va fi c activele O va format din contabilitatea carte deschis sau conturi

"tax," i Un c, atunci cnd merge la banca sa de a mprumuta de obicei, el va fi n

msur s ofere bancher pur i simplu nota lui, care reprezint, desigur, faptul c le deinecreane-bona fide, la un numr mare de clienii care sunt cu solvent i va plti probabil

pentru mrfuri atunci cnd perioada lor de credit a expirat. n acest caz, practicile de

afaceri ale comunitii dicteaz c mprumuturile bncii trebuie s fie n mare msur de

hrtie-un singur nume, sau "drept" note.

Acesta este cazul, dei ntr-un mod oarecum diferit, atunci cnd un B, a oferit un discount

pentru plata n numerar, n loc de plat la aproape de, s zicem, aizeci de zile. n astfel

de cazuri n care cumprtorul B va avea de a asigura finanarea, i n msura n care

fondurile sale proprii sunt insuficiente, va imprumuta de la banca lui i s ia discount de

numerar. n msura n discount de numerar este de obicei mai mare dect rata obinuit

de interes, cumprtorii vor mprumuta la fel de mult cum sunt n msur de la bncile

lor, pentru a plti vnztorului n numerar i a primi o reducere. n cazul n care acest caz,

ele vor da banca lor not propriile lor la ordin, fie drept sau indorsed, sau, mai puin


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frecvent, garantate printr-o garanie de un fel sau altul. Cei cumparatori care nu sunt

capabili de a mprumuta va fi efectuat de ctre vnztor n modul indicat mai sus, i,

astfel, de numerar de scont este folosit pentru a mpri n dou clase cumprtorilor i

pentru a oferi un mod diferit de finanare fiecare.

I. Bank of England

Cea mai veche dintre sistemele bancare n ceva de genul forma lor actual este de la

Banca Angliei, care dateaz din 1694, i care, ca operate cu zi gsete carta sa

fundamental n Legea Bncii din 1844, care a nlocuit statut mai devreme. Bancar, cu

toate c deinute de acionari individuali, este din toate punctele de vedere o instituie

public cele mai importante ale cror funcii sunt direcia general i controlul pe piaa

monetar, de manipulare a finanelor publice, i de furnizare de o circulaie notuniform.

Marea Britanie a fost prima ar pentru a dezvolta servicii bancare pe baza moderne

extrem de specializate i difereniate. La sfritul secolului al aptesprezecelea Anglia au

avansat deja departe spre o recunoatere a funcii speciale efectuat prin emiterea de

bancnote i de necesitatea de a centralizator o anumit parte din resurse bancare din ara

n minile de o singur instituie. La acel moment nu a existat n existena unui numr

considerabil de case bancare care opereaz n concuren unii cu ceilali i controlat denici o politic unic; din cauza, de altfel, nici obligaii fa de guvern cu excepia celor

datorate de ctre orice cetean de bun.

n conformitate cu Legea din 1844 problema departament al bncii a fost permis de a

pune n note numai atunci cnd lira protejate pentru jumtate de kilogram de monede sau

lingouri, cu excepia faptului c o problem de baz a unui 14000000 sterlin ar

putea fi puse n circulaie pe o baz a datoriei publice. Alte bnci de emisiune au fost de a

transfera nota lor de-privilegiu problem din timp n timp la Banca Angliei i, astfel de

transferuri au fost de a determina o cretere a problemelor de la Banca Angliei, n msura

n a dou-treimi din banc independent circulaie aa pensionat. nainte de rzboi,

problema nota garantate cu titluri de stat au crescut astfel la echivalentul a aproximativ

90,000,000 dolari, outstandings total fiind de aproximativ 150000000 dolari.

Funcia de la Banca Angliei n controlarea pieei este exercitat de ctre performana unei


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afaceri foarte conservator bancare comerciale bazate pe actualizarea de hrtie pe termen

scurt, n parte pentru bnci i n parte pentru persoane fizice, banca, acolo unde este

necesar, ieind n pia deschis i cumprarea de hrtie astfel de sume specificate, astfel

cum s-ar putea fi disponibile. nainte de rzboi european de manipulare a finanelor

publice a constat n mare parte din primirea de fonduri publice i pltitoare de ele la

check adecvate sau mandat, sau din timp n timp operaiuni de conversie n datorii pe

termen lung atunci cnd este necesar, nsoite uneori de pe termen scurt avansuri. De

rzboi a schimbat structura Anglia financiar ntr-o mare msur, aducand cu privire la

modificrile care pot sau nu pot fi permanente. n moneda i Banca ia act de Actul din

1914, convertibilitatea monedei i a bancnotelor n aur a fost prevzut, dar pentru mai

multe motive nu a fost niciodat cu adevrat eficient. Guvernul a emis, la nceputul

rzboiului, note de trezorerie, care a variat n sum din timp n timp, i n momentul dearmistiiu, probabil, sa ridicat la aproximativ 1600000000. Sub Moneda i

Banca ia act de Actul att note moned i Bank of England note au fost fcute mijloc

legal de plat pentru orice sum, i ambele tipuri de valut au continuat s circule i n

volum mare, n total, n notele moneda n curs la aproape din 1921 fiind un

423000000. Se poate presupune c n cele din urm notele moneda va fi pensionat i

Banca Angliei, poate reuim s revin la o baz de convertibilitii reale de note n aur.

De rzboi, cu toate acestea, a fcut, dar prea puine schimbri n practicile actuale debancare din Marea Britanie. Pentru o lung perioad de timp n care a fost personalizat

ale altor bnci s i rezervele lor sub forma de depozite la Banca Angliei. n Regatul

Unit, n ansamblu, exist cu zi despre aptezeci-cinci instituii, i n timp ce Scotch i

bncile irlandeze sunt ntr-un sens mai mult sau mai puin independente de Banca

Angliei, o fac, n practic, s solduri considerabile cu acestea din urm, n timp ce aa-

numita limba englez joint-bnci stoc, cu capul sferturi din Londra, au fost n obiceiul de

a transport cea mai mare parte a rezervelor lor, cu sediul central al bncii. n timp ce

Banca Angliei are la ora actual, unsprezece sucursale aici i acolo, acestea sunt doar n

scopul de comoditate, englez-bnci n comun de valori care au sucursale mult mai

numeroase, care servesc ca mediu real de comunicare cu publicul larg. Banca Angliei a

din ultimii ani, dei care transport un anumit numar de conturi de depozit pentru

persoane private, i, de asemenea, face o afacere cu discount pentru astfel de clieni, au


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avut tendina s devin mai mult i mai mult o banca bancheri ", care se ocup n mare

parte n accepturile bancare i limiteaz sale operaiuni de msura n care este posibil s

hrtie lichide. n timpul rzboiului, la fel ca toate celelalte institutii bancare, Banca

Angliei a fost, totui, obligat s fac progrese foarte mari pentru guvern cu privire la

puterea a notelor de trezorerie sau de obligaiuni pe termen scurt emise de acestea din

urm. Astfel de chestiuni nu au fost satisfctoare o baz pentru crearea de credit depozit

sau emiterea de moned, precum i nivelul preurilor, parial ca urmare a acestei metode

de servicii bancare, n consecin avansate de aproximativ 100 de procente ntre 1913 i o

dat la scurt timp dup armistiiu . Efortul a fost fcut de finantatori britanic al grupului

de mai conservatoare pentru a obine o ncetare de guvern pe termen scurt mprumut de la

Banca Angliei, dar fr succes material, dei volumul total de astfel de credite are n total

czut. Nu a fost o micare n continu scdere de obligaiile guvernului fa de bnci i ocretere constant a numrului de obligaiile guvernului absorbite i deinute de ctre

persoane fizice. Una dintre caracteristicile importante ale dezvoltrii postbelice n Marea

Britanie a fost tendina de bncile mai mari de a consolida, acolo fiind la ora actual cinci

instituii restante de dimensiuni mari. Att n cazul Banca Angliei i n cel al altor bnci

europene, se pare c o restaurare a convertibilitii de hrtie i depozite n aur poate fi

efectuat numai n cazul n care balana comercial extern a rii este readus la un nivel

adecvat, i un astfel de rezultat se poate realiza numai prin intermediul a crescut exportuli importul a redus, asociate, probabil, cu mprumuturi de sume considerabile n aur reale

din ri strine. Este ca i cum nc incert cum sau n ce condiii att de extins o

reform dup cum este indicat poate fi adus.

www.britishbankingnews.com

Bank of England

Banca Angliei a fost fondat n 1694, n primul rnd pentru a strange bani pentru rzboiul

cu Frana. Fondatorii acesteia au fost de a oferi guvernului cu un mprumut de 1200000

i a dobnzii a fost de a fi 100.000 de lire sterline pe an. n schimb banca a fost de a avea


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o Cart regal i de mprumut nu a fost de a fi rambursate nainte de 1706.

Fondatorii destinate s fac nu mai mult de tipul de aurari de afaceri au fost fac deja. Ca

pionier aurari Banca Angliei a fost o banca de emisiune, imprimare note proprii i bani de

creditare de creare a lor. Puterea acordate la Banca Angliei, n ceea ce privete eliberarea

nota alungat altele din circulaie, pn cnd acestea au rmas singura banca de emisiune

not. Cu toate acestea, alte bancherii limba englez a constatat c a fost posibil ca

bancare de depozit s fie profitabile, cu dreptul de a emite nota.

n 1708 Carta a fost rennoit pentru finanare suplimentar pentru Guvern. Consecina cea

mai de anvergur din Carta a fost clauz de problema not la orice grup de persoane mai

mare de ase la numr. Acest monopol "" nu a mpiedica bancheri Goldsmith, care alucrat ca indivizi, dar mpiedicat nfiinarea bancare pe aciuni n Anglia pentru mai mult

de o sut de ani. Banca Angliei a devenit banca Guvernului i, de asemenea, banca

bancherilor ", ca urmare a depunerii de confortul de a soldurilor excedent lor. n timpul

secolului al optsprezecelea ca bncile private dezvoltate, Banca Angliei a continuat s

domine scena, cu toate c nu tiind c ar deveni banca central aa cum o tim astzi.

n 1883, Banca Angliei a cutat s aib monopolul lor deplin a confirmat i a euat.Joint-bancar a devenit stoc admisibil pe ntreg teritoriul Regatului Unit, i restul din

secolul vzut o lupt ndelungat pentru supravieuire; bancherii privat cu Banca Angliei

de partea lor mpotriva bancherilor din nou pe actiuni. Bancheri private bucurat de trai

confortabil i am vzut noul joint-bnci stocul pun n pericol propria afacere, pentru ca a

fost aceti oameni care au luptat mpotriva bancare pe aciuni n cadrul Parlamentului, n

anii 1880 devreme. n 1854, bancherii noi au fost admii la casa de compensaie, o

instituie de la Londra pentru schimbul de facturi, cecuri, precum i soldurile decantare,

iar acest lucru le-a dat puterea mai mare.

n 1890, Banca Angliei a organizat o aciune comun pentru a salva n stare de faliment

Barings Bank. Acest lucru a demonstrat Banca Angliei a acceptat responsabilitatea pentru

bunstarea financiar a rii i au aprut n statutul de adult, fiind una dintre bncile


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centrale din lume. De-a lungul secolului al importanei sale ca un pivot din sistemul

bancar a fost n cretere, iar prin 1900 acesta s-au mutat un drum lung de la primii ani de

opoziie prefcut n comun pentru a-bnci stoc.

British Banking System

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