Brain

Major parts of brainMajor parts of brain1.1. Brain stemBrain stem – continuous with spinal – continuous with spinal

cord; controls heart rate, breathing, cord; controls heart rate, breathing, reflexes: vomiting, coughing, swallowing, reflexes: vomiting, coughing, swallowing, hiccupping, sneezing, tracking, startling; hiccupping, sneezing, tracking, startling; includes:includes:

– Midbrain– Pons– Medulla oblongata

2. 2. cerebellumcerebellum: : regulates posture regulates posture and balance. and balance.

3. 3. thalamusthalamus – connects brainstem to cerebrum – connects brainstem to cerebrum

4. 4. hypothalamushypothalamus –major regulator of –major regulator of homeostasis (monitor glucose levels, homeostasis (monitor glucose levels, hunger/thirst, control of body temp, sleep hunger/thirst, control of body temp, sleep patterns, drives/emotions)patterns, drives/emotions)

5. 5. cerebrumcerebrum ““seat of intelligence”; speech, seat of intelligence”; speech, memory, logical and memory, logical and emotional response, emotional response, interpretation of sensation, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movementsvoluntary movements

Lobes: parietal, temporal, Lobes: parietal, temporal, frontal, occipitalfrontal, occipital

Protection of the brainProtection of the brain1. Cranium1. Cranium

2. Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, 2. Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia materpia mater

3. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) – tight junctions 3. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) – tight junctions of brain capillary cells preventing of brain capillary cells preventing permeability of many substances (lipid permeability of many substances (lipid soluble substances – O2, CO2, alcohols soluble substances – O2, CO2, alcohols can cross)can cross)

4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): shock-4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): shock-absorbing medium and allows exchange of absorbing medium and allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between the nutrients and waste products between the blood and nervous tissueblood and nervous tissue

What are the parts of the What are the parts of the brainstem?brainstem?

a.a. Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrainMedulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

b.b. Diencephalon, pons, cerebellumDiencephalon, pons, cerebellum

c.c. Thalamus, hypothalamus, Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamusepithalamus

d.d. Pineal body, pituitary gland, cerebral Pineal body, pituitary gland, cerebral aqueductaqueduct

What is the overall What is the overall function of the function of the brainstem?brainstem?

a.a. Processing/interpreting Processing/interpreting informationinformation

b.b. Timing of skeletal Timing of skeletal muscles/coordinationmuscles/coordination

c.c. Producing CSFProducing CSFd.d. Controlling vital signsControlling vital signs

What is the order of meninges What is the order of meninges from CLOSEST to the brain to from CLOSEST to the brain to the skull (from deep to the skull (from deep to superficial)?superficial)?

a.a. Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura matermater

b.b. Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura matermater

c.c. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia matermater

d.d. Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid matermater

What is the overall What is the overall function of the cerebrum?function of the cerebrum?

a. Processing/interpreting informationb. Timing of skeletal

muscles/coordinationc. Producing CSFd. Controlling vital signs