Brain Development Nutrition

8/9/2019 Brain Development Nutrition

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Running head: NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 1

Nutrition & Brain Develo!ent

"P#$%OLO'$ ()) REVIE* PAPER+

DENIELLE #AITTA


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT ,

Nutrition & Brain Develo!ent

Ade-uate nutrition .or regnant !other/ and 0a0ie/ i/ e//ential .or nor!al 0rain groth

and develo!ent2 Pregnan34 and in.an34 are /igni.i3ant eriod/ .or the develo!ent o. the

0rain5 /etting the .oundation .or the develo!ent o. 3ognitive5 !otor5 and /o3io6e!otional /7ill/2

Inade-uate 3an in.luen3e 0rain develo!ent 04 dire3tl4 altering 0rain ro3e//e/ or indire3tl4 04

a..e3ting 3hildren8/ 0ehavior/ and e9erien3e/2 *hen a 3hild i/ /u..i3ientl4 nouri/hed during

ge/tation and in.an345 e//ential energ45 rotein5 .att4 a3id/5 and !i3ronutrient/ needed .or 0rain

develo!ent are o0taina0le during thi/ eriod5 la4ing the groundor7 .or a li.eti!e o. 0rain

er.or!an3e2 Overti!e there have 0een nu!erou/ /tudie/ and rogra!/ i!le!ented to hel

revent or i!rove the/e health 3ondition/2 The ai! o. thi/ /tud4 i/ to a//e// the a//o3iation

0eteen nutrition and 0rain develo!ent in 3hildren during the .ir/t , 4ear/ o. li.e2

During a 3hild8/ .ir/t 4ear/ it i/ a ti!e o. raid and 3ru3ial 0rain develo!ent5

.unda!ental a3-ui/ition o. 3ognitive develo!ent5 !e!or45 and attention2 There have 0een

.eer u0li/hed /tudie/ that e9a!ine the role o. nutrition in 0rain and !ental develo!ent

Ro/ale/5 Re;ni375 & 2 #eeing a/ ho thi/ i/ /u3h a 3ru3ial ti!e o. groth during a

3hild8/ li.e there i/ a need .or .urther /tud4 on the toi32 Other /tudie/ have e9a!ined variou/

nutrient/ at di..erent level/ in rat/ and other la0 ani!al/2 Rat/ are o.ten u/ed 0e3au/e the4 are

/!all and ea/4 to !aintain5 rerodu3e -ui37l45 and are 3hea2 Another rea/on rodent/ are u/ed in

te/ting i/ 0e3au/e their geneti35 0iologi3al and 0ehavior 3hara3teri/ti3/ 3lo/el4 re/e!0le tho/e o.

hu!an/ De #ou;a5 ?ernande/5 & Tavare/ do %ar!o5 ,)11>2 Previou/ /tudie/ er.or!ed on

0rain develo!ent and nutritional /tatu/ are onl4 done .or a /hort eriod o. ti!e and do not

a33ount .or ti!e /ent during regnan34 and a.ter2


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT (

Thi/ /tud4 ill !ea/ure the a//o3iation 0eteen nutrition and 0rain groth in 3hildren

during the .ir/t 4ear/ o. their li.e2 ?olloing a 3orrelational /tud4 de/ign5 thi/ /tud4 ill .ollo

!other/ during their regnan34 and 3hildren .or , 4ear/2 To 0e eligi0le .or the /tud45 e9e3ting

!other/ !u/t 0e 0eteen the age/ o. ,@6(@2 *o!en !u/t 0e ithin the .ir/t ( !onth/ o. their

regnan34 and have no other !edi3al 3ondition/2 The4 ill al/o need to veri.4 ith their do3tor

that it i/ /a.e .or the! to arti3iate in the /tud42 %hildren !u/t 0e 4ounger than , 4ear/ o. age

rior to entering the /tud4 and have no hi/tor4 o. a !edi3al 3ondition2 Re3ruit!ent ill 0e on a

volunteer 0a/e and ill ta7e la3e in !an4 .or!/5 in3luding letter/5 o/ter/5 and internet ad/

0eing a .e e9a!le/2 I. eligi0le5 arti3iant/ ill 0e enrolled into /tud42 There ill 0e no a45

hoever 3o!en/ation ill 0e !ade to arti3iant/2

#in3e e are intere/ted in loo7ing at the nutritional /tatu/ the /tud4 ill 0e 0a/ed on the

dietar4 inta7e o. tho/e enrolled in the /tud42 Thi/ ill 0e done 04 having arti3iant/ 3o!lete a

,6hour .ood re3all ever4 ( !onth/ during the /tud42 A .ood re3all5 al/o 7non a/ .ood diar45 i/ a

detailed re3ord o. hat the arti3iant ha/ eaten or drun7 over a eriod o. ti!e2 An4 !edi3ation/

or /ule!ent/ /hould al/o 0e noted2 Being re3i/e i/ i!ortant hen .illing out the diar4 to

allo .or an a33urate a//e//!ent to 0e !ade2 Tho/e enrolled in the /tud45 ill have to rite

don the a!ount o. .ood and .luid inta7e the4 had over a ( da4 eriod2 A re3all ill need to 0e

3o!leted 1 ti!e ever4 ( !onth/ and then /ent 0a37 to tho/e in 3harge o. the /tud42 The .ood

diar4 /hould de/3ri0e , da4/ during the ee7 and 1 da4 during the ee7end2 On3e a diar4 ha/

0een returned and a//e//ed5 a .ollo u 3all ill 0e !ade to the arti3iant2 I. a 3hild i/ enrolled

in the /tud45 a arent or guardian ill need to 0e in 3harge o. do3u!enting the 3hild8/ inta7e

hile al/o letting the! a//i/t i. o//i0le2 Tho/e ho are regnant5 !a4 .ill out the re3all/

the!/elve/2 I. a o!an give/ 0irth during the trial5 the4 ill no longer need to .ill out a .ood


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

diar4 .or the!/elve/5 0ut 3ontinue one .or the ne0orn2 The .ood re3all 3an 0e do3u!ented

an4a4 the arti3iant ele3t/5 either ith aer5 on a hone5 or 3o!uter a/ long a/ it i/ a0le to

0e /ent 0a37 to 0e a//e//ed2

Di..erent te/t/ ill 0e 3o!leted and er.or!ed to a//e// ho the 0rain i/ develoing in

0oth 3hildren and o!en ho are regnant2 ?or the 3hildren in the /tud45 the4 ill arti3iate in

an intelligen3e te/t2 The te/t u/ed .or 3hildren ill 0e the Ba4le4 #3ale/ o. In.ant Develo!ent2

The Ba4le4 #3ale/ !ea/ure/ !otor develo!ent5 3ognitive develo!ent5 and language

develo!ent o. in.ant/ u to ( 4ear/ in age2 A arent or guardian al/o 3o!lete/ a -ue/tionnaire

that reort/ on the 3hild8/ /o3ial and e!otional !anner/ Ro/ale/5 Re;ni375 & 2 A

/erie/ o. develo!ental la4 ta/7/ are er.or!ed and ta7e/ around an hour to 0e ad!ini/tered2

#3ore/ are then 3o!iled and 3o!ared ith nor!/ ta7en .ro! t4i3all4 develoing 3hildren o.

their age2 ?or 4oung 3hildren5 intelligen3e te/t/ are 0a/ed on highl4 ro0a0le age6related 3hange/

in /e3i.i3 relevant 0ehavior/2 The te/t ill 0e ad!ini/tered ever4 C !onth/5 at variou/ lo3ation/2

?or tho/e ho are regnant5 a di..erent te/t ill 0e 3ondu3ted to a//e// the 0a048/ 0rain groth

and develo!ent2 An ano!al4 /3an i/ hat ill 0e u/ed to e9a!ine the groth o. the 0a04

during the !other8/ regnan342 An ano!al4 /3an ta7e/ a 3lo/e loo7 at a 0a04 hile in the

!other8/ uteru/2 The !ain uro/e o. the /3an i/ to 3he37 that the 0a04 i/ develoing nor!all42

The /3an e9a!ine/ all the 0a048/ organ/5 re3ord/ !ea/ure!ent/5 and evaluate /tre// level/ .or

0oth the !other and 3hild2 Ro/ale/5 Re;ni375 & 2 The /3an ill 0e er.or!ed ,

ti!e/ throughout the o!an8/ regnan342 Parti3iant/ ill 0e noti.ied hen and here the te/t/

ill 0e 3ondu3ted and 3an 3hoo/e a ti!e and lo3ation that or7/ 0e/t .or the!2 Parti3iant/ ill

need to /3hedule the te/t .ro! the li/t given2 I. una0le to attend5 then arti3iate/ ill need to

3onta3t the /tud4 leader/ .or a ne date2


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT @

*hen .ood re3all/ are turned in the4 ill 0e a//e//ed and anal4;ed2 Do3u!entation ill

0e !ade a0out ea3h arti3iant8/ 3alorie inta7e5 !i3ronutrient level/5 and rotein a!ount/2

#e3ial note/ ill 0e !ade i. the arti3iant ta7e/ a /ule!ent2 A.ter the intelligen3e te/t/ and

ano!al4 /3an/ are 3o!leted the/e te/t/ ill 0e anal4;ed and noted2 *o!en and 3hildren ill

0oth 0e /earated and a//e//ed di..erentl42 A 3o!ari/on 0eteen the .ood re3all/ and 0oth the

te/t and /3an ill 0e !ade on the nutritional /tatu/ a/ ell a/ 0rain develo!ent2 Thi/ ill 0e

3ontinued and reeated throughout the 3our/e o. the , 4ear /tud42

?ro! thi/ /tud45 the redi3tion/ that ith in3rea/ed 3on/u!tion o. .ood/ high in iron5

right !i3ronutrient/5 and e//ential .att4 a3id/ the 0rain ill develo to hel 3hildren rea3h

3ognitive5 /o3ial5 and lingui/ti3 a3hieve!ent/2

There are !an4 /trength/ that !a7e thi/ a !ore de/ira0le /tud4 than reviou/ one/2 One

advantage to thi/ /tud4 i/ the length o. ti!e it run/2 Thi/ 3over/ the !an4 o. the di..erent 3riti3al

/tage/ and 4ear/ o. a 3hild8/ li.e hi3h ill hel to give a 0etter under/tand o. develo!ent2

Another advantage5 i/ that it i/ done on hu!an/ in/tead o. rat/2 Though rat/ and hu!an/ do /hare

!an4 /i!ilar -ualitie/5 having the /tud4 er.or!ed on hu!an/ hel/ to give a 0etter redi3tion

on the e..e3t/2 Another /trength o. the /tud45 i/ that there are .e /tudie/ er.or!ed that are

/i!ilar to thi/ de/ign2 %an hel /erve a/ a 0en3h!ar7 and 7e4 in.or!ation in .uture

re3o!!endation/ and other /tudie/2 #in3e there are !an4 di..erent a//e//!ent !ar7/ through the

/tud45 arti3iant8/ nutrition !a4 in3rea/e due to the a//e//!ent revie/ and er.or!an3e/2 The

,6hour .ood re3all i/ another advantage o. the /tud4 de/ign 0e3au/e it i/ over a longer eriod o.

ti!e and 3an hel 3reate a !ore a33urate nutrition a//e//!ent o. the arti3iant2 Another .a3tor

that !a7e/ thi/ /tud4 /trong i/ the age /tudied2 ?o3u/ o. the /tud4 ill 0e on thi/ age range

0e3au/e thi/ i/ a ti!e o. raid and dra!ati3 3hange/ in the 0rain and it i/ a ti!e .or a3-ui/ition o.


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT C

.unda!ental 3ognitive and /o3ial /7ill/ .or 3hildren2 Thi/ i/ al/o the 0e/t oti!u! ti!e .or a

o!an to 0e3o!e regnant2

The /tud4 doe/ have /everal li!itation/ hoever2 Due to .ood re3all 3overing onl4 ( da4/

out o. a ( !onth eriod5 the entrie/ !a4 not rere/ent a t4i3al da4 .or a arti3iant2 Thi/ ould

not hel rodu3e an a33urate reading and a//e//!ent .or the arti3iant and ould not give

3orre3t .inding/ in the /tud42 Al/o5 a arti3iant !a4 not 0e hone/t in reorting hat the4 ate

along ith ho !u3h the4 ate during the da42 *arranting the /a!e a//e//!ent ro0le!/ .or the

/tud4 re/ult/2 Another .a3tor5 !a4 0e a high droout rate 0e3au/e o. the length o. the /tud42 A ,

4ear 3o!!it!ent !a4 not 0e a o//i0ilit4 .or /o!e arti3iant/ and 3ould 3au/e /everal to dro

out during the eriod2 The data 3olle3ted .ro! tho/e that do dro out hoever ill /till 0e u/ed

0ut ill not have a/ /trong o. a 3orrelation2

A!le nutrition during regnan34 a/ ell a/ .ir/t to 4ear/ o. a 3hild8/ li.e i/ ne3e//ar4

.or nor!al 0rain develo!ent5 the .oundation .or 3ognitive and /o3ial a0ilit45 /3hool

a33o!li/h!ent5 and e..i3ien34 later in li.e2 Nutrient/ are re-uired .or !an4 0iologi3al

ro3e//e/2 ?or e9a!le5 the4 are needed .or the 3reation o. ne neuron/5 groth o. a9on/ and

dendrite/5 and the .or!ation o. /4na/e/ Lo;o..5 ,)11>2 Nutrient/ are al/o i!ortant .or 0rain

.un3tion throughout 3hildhood /u3h a/ !aintenan3e o. 0rain ti//ue and neurotran/!itter

/4nthe/i/ Murra46ol05 ,)1(>2 Malnutrition 3an al/o a..e3t a 3hild8/ h4/i3al groth5 !otor

develo!ent5 and i!!une /4/te!2 The/e 3hildren al/o tend to 0e le// h4/i3al a3tivit4 hi3h

3ould al/o lead to oor 0rain develo!ent2 Mi3ronutrient de.i3ien34 i/ a 3riti3al 3on3ern .or

!other/ and 3hildren throughout the orld2 Brea/t!il7 3ontain/ nutrient/5 groth .a3tor/5 and

hor!one/ that are i!ortant .or 0rain in.ant develo!ent5 in3luding 3riti3al 0uilding 0lo37/ /u3h

a/ do3o/ahe9aenoi3 a3id DA> and 3holine I/aa3/ et al25 ,)1)>2 Al/o5 the h4/i3al a3t o.


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

0rea/t.eeding hel/ enhan3e 3ognitive and /o3ioe!otional develo!ent in 0a0ie/2 %ertain

nutrient/ have greater e..e3t/ on 0rain develo!ent than do other/2 The/e in3lude rotein5 energ45

3ertain .at/5 iron5 ;in35 3oer5 iodine5 /eleniu!5 vita!in A5 3holine5 and .olate2 Iron i/ an

e//ential /tru3tural 3o!onent o. the he!oglo0in !ole3ule5 hi3h tran/ort/ o94gen .ro! the

lung/ to the re/t o. the 0od4 'eorgie..5 ,))>2 Iodine i/ ne3e//ar4 .or the /4nthe/i/ o. th4roid

hor!one5 e//ential .or the develo!ent o. the 3entral nervou/ /4/te! Mel/e6Boon/tra &

ai/al5 ,)1)>2 2 Preventing

the/e 3ondition/ o. oor health5 !alnutrition5 and nutrient inta7e are 3ru3ial in roer 0rain

develo!ent o. 3hildren2

Thi/ /tud4 e9a!ine/ the nutritional /tatu/ o. 3hildren during the .ir/t , 4ear/ o. their li.e

a/ ell a/ o!en ho are regnant in order to a//e// 0rain develo!ent2 Through a ,6hour

dietar4 re3all the nutritional /tatu/ o. arti3iant/ i/ a3hieved and anal4;ed2 Along ith

intelligen3e te/ting on 3hildren and 0od4 /3an/ on !other/ to a//e// the develo!ent o. the

0rain2 The/e di..erent ie3e/ are then 3o!ared and u/ed to hel /ho the i!li3ation/ o.

nutrition and 0rain develo!ent2 It i/ 3ru3ial that 3hildren are given the 3orre3t a!ount o.

nutrient/ to hel the! !ature to a3hieve /o3ial5 h4/i3al5 and 3ognitive groth and develo!ent2

A ell 0alan3ed diet hel/ 4our 3hild8/ 0rain to !a7e 3onne3tion/ and roerl4 develoed2


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NUTRITION & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT F

Re.eren3e/(de Souza, Fernandes, & Tavares do Carmo, 2011; Georgief, 2007; Isaacs et a!,2010; "ozof, 2011; #ese$%oonstra & ais'a, 2010; #urra$)o*, 201+; osaes,eznic-, & .eise, 200/; Stein, 201

de Souza, ! S!, Fernandes, F! S!, & Tavares do Carmo, #! d! G! (2011! 3fects o4materna manutrition and 5ostnata nutritiona re6a*iitation on *rain 4attacids, earning, and memor! Nutr Rev, 69(+, 1+2$1! doi 10!111189!17:+$7!2011!00+7!1S$>20S!Isaacs, 3! %!, Fisc6, %! !, ?uinn, %! T!, C6ong, @! )!, Gadian, A! G!, & "ucas, !(2010! Im5act o4 %reast #i- on Inteigence ?uotient, %rain Size, and @6ite#atter Aeveo5ment! Pediatr Res, 67(, +:$+>2!

"ozof, %! (2011! 3ar Iron AeBcienc as %rain and %e6avior 3fects Consistent'it6 Ao5aminergic As4unction!J Nutr, 141(, 70S$7>S! doi10!+/:89n!110!1+11>/

#ese$%oonstra, !, & ais'a, =! (2010! Iodine deBcienc in 5regnanc, in4anc andc6id6ood and its conseDuences 4or *rain deveo5ment! Best Pract Res ClinEndocrinol eta!, "4(1, 2/$+! doi 10!101>89!*eem!200/!0/!002

#urra$)o*, "! 3! (201+! Iron and *rain 4unctions! Curr #$in Clin Nutr eta! Care,16(>, 70+$707! doi 10!10/78#CE!0*01+e+2+>:+e4

osaes, F! !, eznic-, ! S!, & .eise, S! ! (200/! nderstanding t6e roe o4 nutritionin t6e *rain and *e6aviora deveo5ment o4 todders and 5resc6oo c6idrenidenti4ing and addressing met6odoogica *arriers! Nutr Neurosci, 1"(:, 1/0$202! doi 10!117/817>+00/2+:

Stein, ! A! (201! =utrition in ear i4e and cognitive 4unctioning! Am J Clin Nutr,99(1, 1$2! doi 10!+/:8a9cn!11+!07>2

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