Proceedings of the

2nd African International Symposium

ECOHYDROLOGY FOR WATER, BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND RESILIENCE IN AFRICA

7-8 November 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

&

Advanced Training Course

ECOHYDROLOGY AND SYSTEMIC BIOTECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS

FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICA

10-11 November 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Organizers

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE), Ethiopia UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Ecohydrology Programme,

France European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences,

Poland

Supporting Partners

Elsevier Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology journal

Hosting Institution

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE), Ethiopia

Photograh on cover: Title - Blue Nile Falls, Source - flickr.com, Author - Jarjan / photo on flickr, https://visualhunt.com/f/photo/15670724848/cd61654762/ PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND AFRICAN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND THE ADVANCED TRAINIG COURSE IN ECOHYDROLOGY Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Ecohydrology Programme European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Lodz, Poland ©2016 ISBN: 978-83-928245-3-4

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Aims

With this symposium we aim at building a strong network of cooperation and collaboration between research institutes, universities, NGOs and central and local governments all around Africa to boost research and implementation in the field of Ecohydrology. In the face of increasing climatic instability, demographic growth and human migration, there is an urgent need to gather better knowledge of the role of different types of water-related ecosystems in coastal, urban or agricultural areas, and share it on the use and integration of innovative ecohydrological technologies for restoration of modified landscapes. Development of effective policies and practices for Integrated Water Resources Management in the context of ecohydrology deals with land management, climate change mitigation and adaptation, resilience of urban, wetland, coastal and agroecosystems and bio-based green economy. Moreover, as it was suggested by the title of UNESCO-IHP Theme 5 “Ecohydrology, engineering harmony for a sustainable world”, technical infrastructure should be harmonised with ecosystems’ requirements. The advanced training course (ATC) will give the professionals some examples of ecohydrological biotechnologies solutions implemented in practical case studies in Africa and Europe as an incentive for proliferation of the ideas and inspiration for the own knowledge based ecohydrological solutions. As an integral part, the Advance Training Course will take place after the symposium.

Rationale

In September 2015, Member States have agreed that biodiversity (UN Sustainable Development Goals 14 and 15) and water (UN SDG 6) are key ingredients for sustainable development, which cuts across several of the sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda. This Agenda needs a sound problem-oriented scientific background dealing with hydrology and biodiversity sustainability in an integrated manner and a solution-oriented approach – and that approach is Ecohydrology, which seeks firstly to understand the underlying water-biota interactions and then to use the ecosystem processes as management tools from molecular to river basin scales. Ecohydrology also calls for maintaining notions of conservation for pristine ecosystems and expands efforts for regulation of ecohydrological processes at novel ecosystems (human modified) in order to reinforce the sustainability potential (carrying capacity) and to achieve sustainability of water-related ecosystems in terms of Water resources, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services and Resilience to global change and anthropogenic stress (WBSR). To be fully completed, each region’s respective water Culture should also be taken into account. Develop and implement systemic solutions as integrative management tools aims both to harmonise societal needs with biosphere potential and to consider problem-solving informed decisions. This symposium and the associated advanced training course will be an important knowledge sharing and networking event related to the establishment of the African Regional Centre for Ecohydrology under the auspices of UNESCO in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The two days of symposium lectures will be followed by a field trip to Asella, Oromia, Ethiopia on the 9th of November, to present the successful ecohydrological solutions implemented on site. The Advanced Training Course participants will be provided with practical training concerning development and application of ecohydrological biotechnologies, and will also be present for the symposium lectures and the field trip.

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Participants and speakers

The symposium and training course event will gather researchers of environmental and sustainability sciences, engineers, practitioners, decision makers and funding institutions from around Africa and the rest of the world. We aim at inviting well recognised worldwide and experienced speakers and also scientific committee members from different countries, including leading professionals from African countries.

Symposium topics

• Agroecosystems sustainability and resilience • Arid ecosystems and ecohydrological interventions • Catchment scale ecohydrology and systemic solutions • Climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience • Climate resilient Green Economy for Africa • Coastal ecosystems ecohydrology • Cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge for ecohydrology implementation • Ecohydrology of reservoirs and running waters • Ecosystem biotechnologies and systemic solutions • Hydropower and ecosystems harmonisation • Integrated Water Resources Management • Urban ecosystems and water for resilient cities • Water resources quality and quantity • Wetlands and riparian ecosystems

Advanced Training Course topics

• Ecohydrology concept, theory and its implementation for sustainability • Biotechnologies for improvement of water quality in different types of catchments • Catchment scale integrated water resources and land management for compensation

and adaptation to climate change • Integrative coastal zones management from catchment perspective

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Honorary Patronage

H.E. Motuma Mekasa, Minister of Water Irrigation and Electricity, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ato Motuma Mekassa is a member of the parliament and has been serving as Minister for Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity since October 2015, and as Chairman to the National WaSH Steering Committee. He was a head of the Oromia Water Resources Bureau for 7 years. His first degree was from Addis Ababa University followed by Masters in Statistics from Patiala University, India. He joined the

government sector as expert in the Oromia Water Bureau. He was a member of the Oromia Regional Cabinet and is Chairman and Board member for several development Agencies in Ethiopia. He also worked as Addis Ababa City Government Mayor’s office head and cabinet affaires for about 3 years Since the start of his professional career he has accumulated experience in water supply and sanitation projects, hydro projects, large irrigation projects, wind projects, solar projects, energy efficiency projects, rural electrification project, mineral exploration project and sector coordination of emergency preparedness and response assignments in different part of Oromia region. He was responsible for the planning, supervision and monitoring of various water supply, sanitation and hygiene (integrated) projects in Oromia region in very diverse socio-economic settings: Rural, urban, pastoralist, emergency prone areas and so on. He organized and led teams of government experts and planners, community leaders, promoters and technicians in knowledge exchange in development and emergency response areas. Promoted improved knowledge management in areas ranging from planning, management, monitoring & evaluation, gender, community and uniform costing and tariff systems, peri- urban water supply and community organization, municipal and district planning, community participation, water resource management and environment, appropriate technologies, Public-Private Partnerships development, preparation of international agreements.

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Scientific Committee

H.E. Deputy Prime Minister, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Honorary Scientific Committee Member H.E. Motuma Mekasa, Minister of Water Irrigation and Electricity, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Honorary Scientific Committee Member

Maciej Zalewski, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Poland, Head of the Scientific Committee

Maciej Zalewski is a Professor of Applied Ecology at Lodz University, Director of the UNESCO European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and founder of the ecohydrology concept under the framework of the UNESCO-IHP program. Professor Zalewski’s research interests evolved from fish

bioenergetics towards river ecosystems ecology, to which he proposed a concept of an abiotic-biotic hierarchy of factors determining water communities. Based on scientific experience gained during a scholarship with the Canadian government and work for UNESCO MAB Programme, he proposed a new paradigm in water related sciences–ecohydrology–based on the requirement for regulation of ecological and hydrological processes to reach sustainability. He works closely with UNESCO-IHP, as well as other United Nations’ and European Commission’s programs and institutions. Professor Zalewski is author and co-author of numerous scientific articles in prestigious scientific journals, as well as book chapters concerning the ecohydrology concept. He has been chair and/or keynote speaker of more than 70 international scientific conferences and symposia around the world. He is founder and editor-in-chief of international journal Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, and a member of editorial boards of Ecological Engineering, Brazilian Journal of Biology, Wetlands Ecology and Management, Fisheries Management and Ecology, and Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management. Professor Zalewski is a member of environmental scientific committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and member of the Polish Advisory Board of Ministry of Environment for Water Resources Management. He has served as national representative for the Polish government in the OECD Export Credits and Environment treaty negotiations and the Scientific Council of Regional Office for Science and Technology for Europe (ROSTE) and chair of the working groups “Fish and Land/Inland Water Ecotones” (UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme) and “Physical Habitat Modification and Freshwater Fisheries” (FAO EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission)). He is a member of the Council of the National Centre for Research and Development Poland, representative of Poland at the Thematic Working Group in Environment of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI ENV TWG), chair of the Steering Committee of Programme “Ecohydrology” of the UNESCO-IHP and a member of the drafting task force for the EU Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) for water and UNESCO-IHP programmes. He was a leader of numerous research national and international projects, including the five years (2008-2012) Polish Aid Programme funded development project in Ethiopia.

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Yohannes Zerihun Negussie, Head of Ecohydrology Projects Coordination Office; Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Convenor of the Symposium

Giuseppe Arduino, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Division of Water Sciences, Ecohydrology Programme, France

Giuseppe Arduino works for UNESCO in Paris as Chief of the Ecohydrology, Water Quality and Water Education Section in the Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, since 2013. Before that he spent 12 years in the UNESCO Regional Bureau for Sciences in Jakarta Indonesia where he was

responsible for programmes and projects within the water and geosciences programmes in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Before UNESCO he worked in private consulting firms in the field of environmental sciences (hydrogeology and geo-technical engineering) and spent 6 years in Southern Africa working in the Ministry of Natural Resources of Lesotho. G. Arduino has published 15 scientific papers and is author of the first Hydrogeological Map of Lesotho, 1994.

Luis Chícharo, University of Algarve, Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

Luis Chícharo is Professor of Ecohydrology at University of Algarve, Coordinator of the UNESCO Chair in Ecohydrology: water for ecosystems and societies at the University of Algarve, Director of the International Master Course in Ecohydrology, and Director of the International Centre for Coastal Ecohydrology under the auspices of UNESCO. He is author of 82

scientific papers and is co-author and editor of three international books on Ecohydrology. He is editor of the two scientific journals: Estuarine Shelf and Coastal Science, and Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. His interests evolve over the integration of river basin ecohydrological processes with ecosystem services provided to coastal areas.

Michael E. McClain, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands

Prof. McClain is Chair Professor of Ecohydrology and Head of the Hydrology and Water Resources Chair Group at UNESCO-IHE in The Netherlands. His interests lie broadly in hydrology and the science and practice of ecohydrology to support integrated water resources management (IWRM) and sustainable development. His research focuses on catchment hydrology and water quality, flow-ecology relationships, environmental

flows, and land-water interactions. He routinely advises governmental authorities in a science and management context and leads major research and development projects in Africa and South America.

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Prof. McClain received his PhD from the University of Washington (USA) in 1996. In 1997-1998 he was an NSF International Research Fellow at Peru’s National Agrarian University. In 1999 he became an Assistant Professor of Watershed Science at Florida International University, Miami; he became a tenured Associate Professor in 2005. From Aug 2005 until Feb 2006 he was a Fulbright Research and Teaching Fellow at the National Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In 2005 he also became director and principle investigator of the USAID Global Water for Sustainability Program, supporting sustainable water resources development and management in South America, East Africa, and South Asia. In 2008 he joined UNESCO-IHE and from 2009-2011 served as Head of the Department of Water Science and Engineering. He became Professor of Ecohydrology in 2012. Prof. McClain is an active participant in the international scientific community, beginning as a contributing scientist to UNESCO-IHP’s Ecotones Programme in the mid 1990’s and continuing today on the Scientific Steering Committee of its Ecohydrology Programme. He participated in ICSU’s International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and was principle investigator of two collaborative research networks of the Inter American Institute for Global Change Research. He regularly serves on the organizing committees of international conferences, convenes or chairs sessions, and gives keynote lectures. He also serves on the editorial board of the journal Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology.

Erik E. Wolanski , TropWATER and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Australia

Professor Eric Wolanski is an estuarine/coastal oceanographer and an ecohydrologist at James Cook University, Australia, and a Visiting Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the interaction between physical and biological processes determining

ecosystem health in estuaries, coastal wetlands, and coral reefs, and on the ecohydrology of African savannah ecosystems. He has 390 publications including the books “Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: Physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef”, “The environment in Asia Pacific harbours”, “Coastal Wetlands. An integrated ecosystem approach”, “Estuaries of Australia in 2050 and beyond”, and “Estuarine Ecohydrology. An Introduction”. Eric is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, the Institution of Engineers Australia (ret.), and l’Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer (Belgium). He was awarded an Australian Centenary medal, a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the catholic University of Louvain, and a Lifetime Achievement Award by ECSA. Eric is an Editor-in-Chief of Wetlands Ecology and Management and the Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science and the Honorary Editor of Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. He is a member of the ARC College of Experts, ACSRF, and of the Scientific and Policy Committee of EMECS. Eric presently mentors a postdoc from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 PhD students (3 in Australia, 1 in Tanzania, 1 in The Netherlands and 1 in Belgium), and 2 mechanical engineering students.

Stefano Fazi, Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Italy

Stefano has a University Degree in Biology (University of Roma La Sapienza, Italy) and a Doctorate in Aquatic Ecology (University of Parma, Italy). At the University of Roma he lectured (Ecology and Applied Ecology) and held a temporary position as assistant researcher. Afterward, Stefano worked for almost five years at the UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia in Jakarta (Indonesia) as

specialist for Coastal Zone and River Basin Management. Since 2002 he has been working at the Italian Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), holding a permanent position as Researcher in Microbial Ecology and carrying out researches on the Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystems.

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Since 2008 he has been Adjunct Professor of Aquatic Microbial Ecology at the University La Sapienza (Roma, Italy). He is currently involved in numerous EU and international projects. Fields of interest: - Ecological processes and the role of microbial communities in rivers and coastal environments - Ecohydrology - Biodiversity of aquatic systems - Impact of anthropogenic activities and climate change on riverine and coastal systems. - Degradation of dissolved and particulate organic matter - Integrated coastal and river basin management

Pascal Breil, National Research Institute of science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, Irstea, France

Dr Pascal Breil carries out research since 1990 at IRSTEA, a French public research Institute devoted to Environmental Sciences and associated Technological developments. He got a PhD in civil engineering with a main competence in hydrological modeling. His research has focused on urban development consequences on flood risk

and aquatic ecosystem functioning. He is now involved in researches based on the Eco-Hydrological principle, aiming at proposing sustainable strategies for balancing human activities with the aquatic ecosystem preservation, in the context of urban development. His work is recognized through more than 40 international publications, contribution to book chapter, the organization of the Ecohydrology’2015 conference in Lyon (France) and his present position in the editorial board of the international journal “Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology”.

Edyta Kiedrzyńska, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Poland

Edyta Kiedrzyńska is an Associate Professor and a Deputy Director of the European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection of the University of Lodz in Poland.

Her research is focused on the following areas: • Ecohydrology and Biotechnologies • River hydrology and nutrients transportation • Flood sedimentation processes on the river floodplain • River floodplain hydrology, ecology and management • Phosphorus cycle in the ecosystem of the river valley • Modelling of river valley processes • Point sources pollution of nutrients • Analysis of catchment river processes

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Magdalena Urbaniak, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Poland

Magdalena Urbaniak is an Associate Professor at European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and at University of Lodz. Her research has been focused on the land-water transport of selected priority hazardous substances in the field of water policy, which include, among others, PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs. Her

study concerns hydrological processes and ecological determinants of transport, deposition and conversion of above micropollutants in water and land ecosystems. The purpose of these studies is optimization of the bioremediation technologies, reduction of micropollutants transport from land to water ecosystem and prevention of its biomagnification in trophic chains. The performed studies fit into the system of integrated approach to the protection and rehabilitation of water and land ecosystems, and contribute to the implementation of environmental directives of the European Commission.

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Organizing Committee

Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy (MoWIE), Ethiopia:

Yohannes Zerihun Negussie, Head of Ecohydrology Projects Coordination Office; Convenor of the Symposium

Wondwesen Abije, Coordinator, Lake Tana and Assela Ecohydrology Projects, Ecohydrology Projects Coordination Office Mequanint Tenaw, Coordinator, Rift Valley Lakes Basin Ecohydrology Projects, Ecohydrology Projects Coordination Office Missa Bekele, Executive Secretary to the Minister Lakech Haile, Director of the Women Affairs Directorate and UNESCO Representative in the Ministry Semunesh Golla, Director of the Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate and UNESCO-IHP National Committee member Seyoum Bergena, Director, Facilities and Service Management Directorate Taddese Mengistu, Project Finance Team Leader, Finance, Procurement, and Property Administration Directorate Daniel Eshete, Project Finance Team Leader, Finance, Procurement, and Property Administration Directorate

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European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland:

Kamila Belka, Assistant Editor of Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology journal Paweł Jarosiewicz, PhD Candidate, University of Łódź, Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Małgorzata Łapińska, Erasmus Mundus Master Programme in Ecohydrology Vice-Coordinator, University of Łódź.

Hosting Institution

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE ), Addis Ababa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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Organizing Institutions

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE ), Addis Ababa, Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia

The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has ever since been engaged in achieving the target set in the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP CRGE) for the

water and energy sector, of which major goals are: potable drinking water and sanitation programs, irrigation and drainage development studies, design and construction, river basin and master plan studies development, and energy development such as hydropower and alternative energies from solar, wind and bio-fuel as well. The Ministry mission is to play a significant role in the socio-economic development of Ethiopia through development and management of its water and energy resources in a sustainable manner, through provision of quality and equitable supplies in the entire country and by contributing significantly to the food security and foreign currency earning.

UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Ecohydrology Programme, France

The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is the only intergovernmental programme of the UN system devoted to water research, water resources management, and education and

capacity building. Since its inception in 1975, IHP has evolved from an internationally coordinated hydrological research programme into an encompassing, holistic programme to facilitate education and capacity building, and enhance water resources management and governance. IHP facilitates an interdisciplinary and integrated approach to watershed and aquifer management, which incorporates the social dimension of water resources, and promotes and develops international research in hydrological and freshwater sciences. UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme, founded in 1975 and implemented in six-year programmatic time intervals or phases, is entering its eighth phase to be implemented during the period 2014-2021.

Ecohydrology Programme, as one of the priorities of UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, France

The Ecohydrology programme aims to advance the integration of social, ecological and hydrological research, and to generate outcomes that enable the development of effective policies and practices for integrated water resources management. The International Hydrological Programme (IHP)

supports research, networking and capacity building initiatives aimed at improving the understanding of the interlinkages of ecohydrological processes at the catchment scale. Objectives include improving the understanding of the role of different types of terrestrial and wetland ecosystems, sharing knowledge on the integration of ecohydrological technologies with good agricultural and environmental practices, promoting model development to reduce hydropeaking impacts on ecosystems by integrating specific environmental science knowledge, as well as developing catchment scale ecohydrological early warning systems. Guidelines will be developed for the integration of various types of biological and hydrological regulations to improve water quality, biodiversity and freshwater systems. Regional ecohydrological solutions on the impact of global changes on hydrologic cycles and coastal ecosystems to address the increasing vulnerability of aquatic resources will be shared and improved.

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European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

The European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (ERCE PAN) is an international research institute. Its fundamental mission concerns the national environmental policy with special

consideration of the international initiatives, such as the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP) and the European Commission’s environmental policy. Ecohydrology, as a scientific paradigm, is based on the assumption that water is the common denominator and regulator of many types of ecological processes, such as nutrient circulation and energy flow, and this determines the degree of biodiversity, bioproductivity, availability of ecosystem services for society and resilience of ecosystems to climate change; conversely, the hydrological cycle is also modified to a great extent by biota. Both forms of interaction act as a background for ecosystem processes to be used as innovative management tools for harmonisation with technical measures. The European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology carries out transdisciplinary ecohydrological research on the sustainable management, protection and restoration of declining water resources, as well as the enhancement of ecosystem services and biodiversity in agricultural and urban catchments, and the development of systemic solutions for adaptation to climate change. The scientific approaches developed in ERCE PAN are based on process-oriented thinking and integration of environmental sciences – Ecology, Hydrology, Hydrobiology, Hydroacoustics, Environmental Chemistry, Landscape Ecology, Soil Ecology, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Phytotechnology, Ecological Engineering, Ecotoxicology, Genetics, Population Studies, Socio-ecological studies, and Modelling. The integration of these fields of study in the framework of Ecohydrology allows the development of ecosystem biotechnologies and systemic solutions to enhance the ecological potential of catchments and sustainable development for society. The educational activity includes close cooperation in the Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Ecohydrology, Advanced Study Courses in Ecohydrology (in 2010 in Łódź, and in 2016 in Ethiopia), UNESCO fellowships, and dedicated knowledge dissemination, research and education, as well as a training programme in Ethiopia (with support from Polish Aid Programme, 2008-2012) that has led to the establishment of the UNESCO African Regional Centre for Ecohydrology. The strategic goals of ERCE PAN are: • Develop a comprehensive scientific methodology for harmonization of the needs of

society with an enhanced natural potential to achieve environmental sustainability. The natural potential of a catchment can be enhanced through the multidimensional goal of Water, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services, Resilience and Cultural heritage (WBSRC).

• Advance international cooperation and provide a platform for the dissemination and exchange of scientific knowledge in Ecohydrology and sustainable river basin management (e.g. IWRM) between institutions worldwide, in agreement with and shaping international and European policies.

• Promote Ecohydrology as the basis for the development of the integrative sustainability science fundamental to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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Supporting Partners

Elsevier, World’s leading provider of science and health information

Elsevier, the modern publishing company, was founded in 1880. As the world’s leading provider of science and health information, Elsevier serves more than 30 million scientists, students and health and information professionals worldwide. The company partner with a global community of 7,000 journal editors, 70,000 editorial board members, 300,000 reviewers and 600,000 authors to help customers

advance science and health by providing world-class information and innovative tools that help them make critical decisions, enhance productivity and improve outcomes. The company is a founding publisher of global programs that provide free or low-cost access to science and health information in the developing world. Elsevier's roots are in journal and book publishing, where we have fostered the peer-review process for more than 130 years. Today we are driving innovation by delivering authoritative content with cutting-edge technology, allowing our customers to find the answers they need quickly. Elsevier is committed to making genuine contributions to the science and health communities by providing: world class information, global dissemination and innovative tools. Elsevier works in partnership with the communities to serve to advance scholarship and improve lives. This interrelationship is expressed in our company’s Latin motto, Non Solus, "not alone".

Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, an official journal of European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, has been established in the framework of UNESCO International Hydrological Programme in 2001. As a response to serious degradation of evolutionarily established global water and nutrient cycles and energy flows through ecosystems and an urgent call for sustainability, this journal aims to advance Ecohydrology as the study of the interplay between ecological and hydrological processes from molecular to river basin scales, to develop innovative ecosystem biotechnologies (e.g. dual regulation, phytotechnologies, microbial regulators, etc.) and

systemic solutions, and to promote their implementation as an integrative management tool to harmonize societal needs with their enhanced sustainability potential. Hydrobiology understanding coupled with catchment's hydrology and other ecosystem properties, dynamics and functions, and their anthropogenic modifications should be a part of problem-solving sustainability science. Journal's prime interest are the following sustainability and problem-solving research topics:

• Interactions of water, nutrient and pollutant cycles with biotic components of ecosystems;

• Modeling of ecohydrological processes; • Translation of transdisciplinary knowledge into decision-support tools; • Ecosystem biotechnologies and nature-based solutions engaging 'dual regulation'

water-biota mechanism, and their integration with engineering infrastructure into system solutions;

• Holistic catchment scale sustainability assessment approaches and management strategies incorporating key ecohydrological components.

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Programme of the Symposium

MONDAY 7 th NOVEMBER

08:00 REGISTRATION

09.00 WELCOME

H.E. Motuma Mekasa, Minister of Water Irrigation and Electricity, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Alaphia E. Wright , Director of UNESCO Liaison Office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Jacek Jankowski, Ambassador of the Republic of Poland

OFFICIAL INAUGURATION

H.E. Deputy Prime Minister, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

10.00 PLENARY SESSION Session Chair: Giuseppe Arduino

10:00 ECOHYDROLOGY AS THEORY AND TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT – FRAMEWORK FOR LOW COST, LOW ENERGY, SYSTEMIC AND BIOTECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Maciej Zalewski, Director of the European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Poland

10:20 ECOHYDROLOGY AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA Yohaness Negussie, Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Ethiopia

10:40 UNESCO ECOHYDROLOGY PROGRAMME: ENGINEERING HARMONY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD DEMONSTRATION SITES – ECOHYDROLOGY WEB PLATFORM APPLICATION AND RELATION TO SDG 6 Giuseppe Arduino, Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Paris, France

11.00 COFFEE BREAK & POSTER SESSION

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11.30 I st SESSION Harmonization of Ecohydrology with hydrotechnical solutions in the face of climate change Session Chairs: Michael McClain, Ghislain Madjiki Adjia

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11:30 UNESCO GREEN ACADEMIES Benno Böer, Edwin Kumfa , UNESCO Liaison Office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

11:50 BALANCING USES OF WATER BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES: THE ROLE OF ECOHYDROLOGY Luis Chicharo, University of Algarve, Portugal

12:10 HARMONIZATION OF THE NEEDS OF THE SOCIETY WITH THE ENHANCED ECOSYSTEM POTENTIAL OF MEGECH RIVER SUB BASIN, LAKE TANA CATCHMENT Ayalew Wondie Melese1*, B. Sibhat1, M. N. Atnafu1, B. Mohammed1, A. Zeleke1, B. A. Seyoum1, B. Asfaw1, H. Andargie1, W. Beyene1, G. Gebeyehu1, 1 Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia

12:30 ECOHYDROLOGY FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF LAKE HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA Girma Tilahun 1, Meskelu Tumiso2, Andualem Gezahagh3, 1. Hawassa University, Ethiopia, 2. SNNP Water Bureau, Ethiopia

12:50 ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE, TROPHIC LINK AND FUNCTIONING OF LAKE ZIWAY, ETHIOPIA Mathewos Hailu1*, S. Mengistou2, T. Fetahi2, 1 Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Center, Ethiopia, 2 Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

13:10 TOWARDS WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE TO COMMUNITIES’ LIVELIHOODS IN LAKE MANYARA CATCHMENT, INTERNAL DRAINAGE BASIN, TANZANI A Robert K. M. Sunday1, 1 Internal Drainage Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Tanzania

13.30 LUNCH

14.30 2nd SESSION Ecohydrology for sustainability of agroecosystems and wetlands Session Chairs: Benno Böer, Makarius C. Lalika

14:30 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF INCIDENCE OF KIDNEY AND FLOODING PROBLEMS IN THE HADEJIA-NGURU WETLANDS AREA IN NIGERIA AND THE NEED FOR ECOHYDROLOGY SYSTEMIC SOLUTIONS Ahmed D. Sani1, M. Deinmodei1, V. Chikogu1, 1 National Water Resources Institute, Nigeria

14:50 APPLICATIONS OF AN AFRICAN SAVANNAH ECOHYDROLOGY MODEL TO MANAGING THE SERENGETI ECOSYSTEM, ANIMALS ACCESS TO WATER, AND HYDROELECTRICITY-TILAPIA FISHERIES-PAPYRUS WETLANDS IN LAKE VICTORIA Eric Wolanski , James Cook Univeristy, Australia

15:10 PROSPECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: AGROECOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN GUDER SUB-BASIN Mosisa Tujuba1, A. W. Michael2, T. Alamirew 3, 1 Ambo University Institute of Technology, Ethiopia, 2 Hawassa University Institute of Technology, Ethiopia, 3 Water and Land Resource Center, Ethiopia

15:30 IMPACT OF USANGU WETLANDS RESTORATION ON RUAHA NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA Emilian S. Kihwele1, Eric Wolanski2, 1 Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, 2 James Cook University, Australia

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16:10 HUMAN-ECOHYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN INNOVATIVE MOPANE WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF ZIMBABWE Tendayi Gondo1, Agnes Musyoki2, Aina T. Adebayejo3, 1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 2 Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, University of Venda, South Africa, 3 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria

16.30 COFFEE BREAK & POSTER SESSION

17.30 3rd SESSION Ecohydrology for the blue-green city Session Chairs: Maciej Zalewski, Ahmed D. Sani, Rosemary Joshua Maskini

17:30 ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF POROUS SEDIMENT TO MANAGE UNCONTROLLED URBAN DISCHARGES INTO INTERMITTENT STREAMS Pascal Breil, IRSTEA, France

17:50 EUTROPHICATION STATUS AND PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS OF AN URBAN HYDROSYSTEM: CASE STUDY OF EBOLOWA MUNICIPAL LAKE (SOUTH REGION OF CAMEROON, CENTRAL AFRICA) Ghislaine Madjiki Adjia 1, Annie-Claude Pial2, 1 Hydrological Research Centre, Institute of Geological and Mining Research, 2 Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Environment, University of Yaounde, Cameroon

18:10 THE IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON SUSTAINABILITY OF WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN SMALL RURAL TOWNS OF SOUTH AFRICA Emaculate Ingwani1, F. Dowelani1, F. Dondofema1, 1 University of Venda, South Africa

18:30 CHARACTERIZATION AND VALORIZATION OF HUMAN WASTE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN SANITATION IN ETHIOPIA Abebe Beyene1, Tamene Hailu2, Esubalew Tesfahun3, Abitie Getaneh2, Kebede Faris4, 1 Jimma University, Ethiopia, 2 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Ethiopia, 3 Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 4 Water & Sanitation Programme, the World Bank, Ethiopia

18:50 APPLICATION OF URBAN ECOHYDROLOGICAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES SOLUTIONS FOR THE REHABILITATION ALONG THE AWETU-KITO RIVERS IN JIMMA, ETHIOPIA Alemayehu Haddis, Jimma University

19:30 WELCOME EVENT (Invited Guests)

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TUESDAY 8th NOVEMBER 9.00 4th SESSION

Ecohydrology for water resources resilience and development Session Chairs: Luis Chicharo, Ayalew Wondi Melese

9:00 ECOHYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW REGIMES TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF EAST AFRICAN RIVER RESOURCES Michael E. McClain, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands

9:20 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES IN MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES TO FLOW DRIVEN CHANGES IN HYDRAULIC AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN THE MARA RIVER, KENYA Frank O. Masese1*, Gordon C. O’Brien2, F. N. Kilonzo3, Michael E. McClain4, 1 University of Eldoret, Kenya, 2 University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 3 Kenyatta University, Kenya, 4 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, the Netherlands

9:40 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF MACROINVERTABRATES ASSEMBLAGES AND THE INFLUENCE OF ECOHYDROLOGICAL VARIABLES ALONG SIGI RIVER, TANZANIA Rosemary J. Maskini1, L. T. Kaaya2, Luis Chicharo3, 1 Wami-Ruvu Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Tanzania, 2 University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 3 University of Algarve, Portugal

10:00 RESERVE ASSESSMENT IN THE TRANSBOUNDARY MARA RIVER BASIN, KENYA AND TANZANIA Kelly Fouchy1*, John Conallin1, Michael E. McClain1, 1 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands

10:20 HOLISTIC REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE WATER QUANTITY, QUALITY AND OTHER STRESSORS IN AFRICA USING PROBFLO Gordon C. O’Brien1, C. Dickens2, 1 University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2 International Water Management Institute, South Africa

10:40 QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF SAND-MINING AND ASSOCIATED DYNAMICS ON WATER SOURCES IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA Tendayi Gondo1*, H. Mathada2, F. Amponsah-Dacosta3, 1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 2 Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, 3 Department of Mining and Environmental Geology, University of Venda, South Africa

11.00 COFFEE BREAK & POSTER SESSION

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Ecohydrology for the enhancement of self-purification potential of rivers and lakes Session Chairs: Eric Wolanski, Abebe Beyene

11:30 MICROBIAL BIOFILMS AS ONE OF THE KEY ELEMENTS FOR SELF-PURIFICATION PROCESSES IN RIVERINE ECOSYSTEMS Stefano Fazi, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy

11:50 PAPYRUS AS A TOOL IN ECOHYDROLOGY Nic Pacini1, Petra Hesslerová, Jan Pokorný, David Harper, 1 University of Calabria, Italy, 2 Naivasha Basin Sustainability Initiative, Kenya, 3 ENKI o.p.s., Czech Republic, 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Services Ltd., Great Britain

12:10 HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION BY AQUATIC MACROPHYTES FROM LAKE HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA: PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND MITIGATING DOWNSTREAM POLLUTION Girma Tilahun 1, T. Ashagre1, 1 Hawassa University, Ethiopia

12:30 ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF WETLANDS IN LAKE TANA AREA Ayalew Wondie Melese1, 1 Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia

12:50 COMPARATIVE INFILTRATION ROLE OF DIFFERENT LAND USE LAND COVER: OPTING FOR POTENTIAL RECHARGER IN AFRICAN WATER ROOF BASINS Dechasa Jiru, Zero Hunger Project Ethiopia

13:10 ECOHYDROLOGICAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES AS A KEY TO THE PESTICIDES CONTAMINATION REDUCTION Paweł Jarosiewicz1,2, Maciej Zalewski1,2, 1 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, 2 University of Lodz, Poland

13.30 LUNCH

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14.30 6th SESSION

Institutional challenges and Ecohydrological integrative problem solving Session Chairs: Pascal Breil, Yohannes Zerihun Negussie

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14:30 LINKING ECOHYDROLOGY AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN PANGANI BASIN, TANZANIA T. Msuya1, Makarius C. Lalika 2, 1 Tanzania Forest Fund, Tanzania, 2 Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

14:50 LAKE NAIVASHA ECOHYDROLOGY UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC STRESS. PAST, CURRENT CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE Silas W. Wanjala 1, Nic Pacini2, 1 Lake Naivasha Riparian Association, Kenya, 2 University of Calabria, Italy

15:10 DRY SPELLS IN THE ICHKEUL BASIN: DIAGNOSIS OF DROUGHTS USING DAILY DATA Majid Mathlouthi 1*, F. Lebdi2, 1 Research Laboratory in Sciences and Technology of Water at National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Tunisia, 2 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Tunisia

15:30 WATER BUDGET CLOSURE HYPOTHESIS AND ET ESTIMATION AT THE BASIN SCALE Wuletaw Abera1,2, R. Rigon1, 1 University of Trento, Italy, 2 Mekelle University, Ethiopia

15:50 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIP IN ADDRESSING INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ECOHYDROLOGY FOCUSED ON UPPER AWASH RIVER Daniel Tiruneh, Vitens Evides International, East Africa Country Representative

16:10 ENHANCEMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY POTENTIAL OF A FLOODPLAIN RESERVOIR THROUGH MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH Kamila Belka, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

16.30 COFEE BREAK

17.00 7th CLOSING SESSION

THE WAY FORWARD DECLARATION Scientific Committee SYSTEM INTEGRATION BEST PRACTICES – ASSELA BIOFARM PARK Yohannes Zerihun Negussie1, Getachew Tikubet2, 1 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Ethiopia; 2 Bio-economy Africa, Ethiopia

WEDNESDAY 9th NOVEMBER

FIELD TRIP

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Programme of the Advanced Training Course

THURSDAY 10th NOVEMBER

09:00 INTRODUCTORY LECTURE UNESCO-IHP WEB PLATFORM AND DEMONSTRATION SITES

Giuseppe Arduino, Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, France

09:45 LECTURE 1 10:30

ECOHYDROLOGY – MULTIDIMENSIONAL SUSTAINABILITY GOAL FOR HARMONIZATION OF CATCHMENT POTENTIAL WITH SOCIOECONOMIC DEMAND BY ‘DUAL REGULATION’, BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMIC Maciej Zalewski, Director of the European Regional Center for Ecohydrology, Lodz, Poland; University of Łódź, Poland DISCUSSION

11.00 COFFEE BREAK

11:30 LECTURE 2 12:15

ECOHYDROLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS IN ETHIOPIA. CASE STUDIES, DEMOSITES AND LESSONS LEARNED Yohaness Zerihun Negussie, Ecohydrology Coordination Office, Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia DISCUSSION

12.45 LECTURE 3 13:30

COASTAL ECOHYDROLOGY – A SOLUTION TO SOLVE AND PREVENT COASTAL DEGRADATION Luis Chicharo, University of Algarve, Portugal DISCUSSION

14:00 LUNCH

15:00 LECTURE 4 15:45

URBAN ECOHYDROLOGY AND SYSTEMIC BIOTECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS: GOOD PRACTICES, RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION Pascal Breil, IRSTEA, France DISCUSSION

16:15 LECTURE 5 17:00

RIVER ECOHYDROLOGY AND THE NILE BASIN ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS FRAMEWORK Michael McClain, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands DISCUSSION

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FRIDAY 11 th NOVEMBER

09.00 LECTURE 1 09-45

THE UNESCO ESTUARINE ECOHYDROLOGY MODEL: APPLICATIONS TO THE GUADIANA ESTUARY IN PORTUGAL, DARWIN HARBOUR IN AUSTRALIA, CHILIKA LAGOON IN INDI A, AND THE BOHAI SEA IN CHINA Eric Wolanski , James Cook Univeristy, Australia DISCUSSION

10:15 LECTURE 2 11:00

MICROBIAL PROCESSES AND SELF-PURIFICATION POTENTIAL OF RIVERS AND LAKES AS TOOLS FOR ECOHYDROLOGY Stefano Fazi, Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Italy DISCUSSION

11.30 COFFEE BREAK

12.00 LECTURE 3 12.45

WRITING SCIENTIFIC IN ECOHYDROLOGY. FROM RESEARCH PROJECT TO PUBLICATION. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE Kamila Belka, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Science, Poland DISCUSSION

13.15 LUNCH

14.15 LECTURE 4 15.00

GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES, SAFETY MEASURES AND QUALITY OF DATA FOR ECOHYDROLOGY RESEARCH Paweł Jarosiewicz, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Science, Poland; University of Lodz, Poland DISCUSSION

15.30 WORKING GROUPS HOW ECOHYDROLOGY-BASED SOLUTIONS CAN BE INTEGRATED

IN PROBLEM SOLVING OF MY AREA OF EXPERTISE? Participants from participating African regions

16.15 PRESENTATION OF GROUR WORKING RESULTS

16:45 CLOSING AND CERTIFICATES

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List of Posters

Spatial and temporal analysis of runoff, nutrients and physical parameters in seven watersheds of the Northern German Lowland .......................................................... 69

Ecohydrological biotechnologies for mitigation of nutrient fluxes from catchment into river systems ...................................................................................................... 70

The assessment of vegetated river banks for stream restoration in the Naivasha Basin .................................................................................................................................. 72

Wetland Restoration at Varenheuvel-Abroek ........................................................... 73

Water quality assessment of Lake Hawassa for multiple designated water uses ...... 75

Integrated assessment of ecosystem services for sustainable management of natural resource, a case of Lake Hawassa basin, Ethiopia .................................................... 76

Efficiency of vetiver grass for the treatment of coffee processing wastewater ......... 77

Characterization of isolated bacterial strain capable of microcystin molecule degradation ............................................................................................................... 78

The importance of hydrological processes and biotic interactions in limiting of toxic cyanobacterial blooms .............................................................................................. 80

Dynamics of accessing water in rural local municipalities of South Africa ............. 81

Climate change impact on livelihood, vulnerability and coping mechanisms: a case study of Boricha District, Sidama Zone, Ethiopia .................................................... 82

Maximizing food feed and wood with minimum amount of water: Alternative initiative in adopting technologies towards ending the water crisis era .................... 83

How to share ecosystem basin management (EBM) of major national basins in Central Africa? Case of the Sanaga basin in Cameroon and Ogooué basin in Gabon .................................................................................................................................. 84

Opportunities for and challenges of implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Plans in Tanzania, the case of Internal Drainage Basin ......................................................................................................................... 85

Towards advancing a united eastern Africa: an interdisciplinary networking catchment based development approach ................................................................... 86

Comparison of Polish and Ethiopian pesticides market and the mitigation approach within the Ecohydrological framework .................................................................... 87

Long-term social-ecological research – building capacity for African ecohydrological research and beyond ....................................................................... 88

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Symposium Abstracts

Ecohydrology as theory and tool for sustainable catchment management – framework for low cost, low energy, systemic and

biotechnology solutions

Maciej Zalewski

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz Water has been a driver of biosphere functioning, major determinant of biodiversity and bio-productivity and consequently well-being of the society. Following the global UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG) where improvement of globally declining availability of water resources has to be reversed as a key for sustainable future, the major problems to be urgently solved are appearing in agricultural and urban areas. The dynamic development of intensive agriculture can create the opportunities for increase of yields, however usually done on traditional way it creates all range of long-term intermediate strength environmental impacts, especially for water resources, which are not mitigated. The dynamically growing cities become overcrowded, which negatively effects health and quality of life of city dwellers. That is why there is an urgent need for the new way of creating the healthy urban space. Both types of the problems have been solved inefficiently because traditional water management, often based on over-engineering, overuses energy and materials and lacks of consideration of the necessity of mitigation of intermediate impacts, which can generate more than a half of cumulative impact in catchment scale. To achieve sustainable future we want, all this traditional engineering methods have to be modified and integrated with the innovative ecohydrological solutions. The question to be answered is what important new input has been done by Ecohydrology (EH) for the Sustainability Science and its implementation. EH paradigm has been based on an integrative understanding of the hydrological and ecological processes from molecular up to catchment scale. The major body of theory of Ecohydrology is based on the use of ecosystem processes as management tools (called in other words: nature based solutions) for enhancement of the sustainability potential of the catchment, by dual regulation and ecosystem biotechnologies, which provide the framework and methodology for low-cost and low-energy regulation of all range of the processes for the enhancement of sustainability potential of a given catchment. The condition to achieve concordance of EH with UN SDG and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) strategies is that a catchment management plan have to consider the five key elements: Water resources, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services for society, Resilience to climate change and Cultural heritage (WBRS+C). This is important as far as the freshwater ecosystems situated in the lowest areas at catchment are exposed on all range of impacts, which are function of the of the intensity of the catchments resources use and modifications of hydrological cycle. From the point of view of IWRM the major three degrees of the impacts can be distinguished: 1/ LOW, when the occasional small concentration of nutrients or biodegradable pollutants are highly diluted entering the aquatic systems do not exceed its absorbing capacity; 2/ INTERMEDIATE, when the intensity of emissions of nutrients or pollutants is permanent at low or intermediate level or periodically appears as a pulse of high concentration. In such case during long term processes cumulative effect has been observed. As a consequence, it can negatively change biodiversity, bioproductivity, water quality, ecosystem services and resilience of ecosystems (e.g. eutrophication, bioaccumulation of heavy metals or, non-biodegradable pollutants);

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3/ HIGH, when the emission of high concentrations of pollutants, BOD or soil erosion often amplified by drastic modification of hydrological cycle dramatically degrades the biotic structure of ecosystems and fundamental processes. Following that Ecohydrology provides methods and systemic approach for solving intermediate impacts such as nutrients, pesticides, pathogenic bacteria’s and supporting tool for reduction of high impact. The examples of implementations are e.g. sequential biofiltration systems below sewage treatment plants. Recent progress in ecohydrology and ecosystem biotechnologies reduces environmental risks and amplifies socioeconomic opportunities for sustainable development by providing low energy, low costs, advanced solutions, postulated by UN agencies such as UNESCO IHP or European Commission, and scientific bodies, e.g. EcoSummit 2013 “Columbus Declaration”. The cases studies of harmonization of ecohydrological and biotechnological solutions with hydroengineering for sustainable water ecosystem services and enhancement of resilience from Europe, Africa, Asia will be introduced.

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Applying Ecohydrology as a new IWRM tool for ensuring Water security, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services and Resilience in Africa

– a case of Ethiopia

Yohannes Zerihun Negussie

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Haile G/Selassie Road, P.O. Box 5744/ 5673, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, yhnnszerihun@gmail.com The African continent is characterized by an abundance of renewable and non-renewable resources though unevenly distributed. African nations with natural resource-based economies are projected to grow more rapidly than those without significant natural resources. Yet Africa’s ecological footprint, the aggregate demand on natural resources, has increased by 240 percent between 1961 and 2008; thus managing and sustaining the continent’s natural wealth will represent important challenges for Africa. Likewise, Africa’s rate of deforestation is about twice the world rate, and the continent is losing more than 4 million hectares of forest cover every year. To worsen this situation, the continent is among the regions of the world most vulnerable to climate change (IPCC 2007). The prevalence of weather- and climate-related disasters, such as the famine in Ethiopia witnesses the same. Policies and investments to sustain and enhance natural capital assets – the soils, forests and fisheries on which many

poor communities depend for their livelihoods – can be instrumental. With this in mind, afforestation, soil and water conservation practices are underway in the context of IWRM in Ethiopia; on the top of that, the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has therefore initiated the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green economy that will help realize its middle income ambition by 2025. This path-breaking strategy acts as a trailblazer across Africa for climate resilient and low carbon development pathways. However, success to date with respect to managing water ecosystems are limited when it comes to the basin scale. Water related problems related with sedimentation, pollution, eutrophication, decline of aquatic life notably fish, infestation of invasive species are growing threatening water security of the country. Without an effective climate resilient water strategy, much of Ethiopia’s climate resilient and green growth will progressively become constrained. Ecohydrology offers a methodology whereby sustainability, in the face of global climate change and variability as well as in conditions of the increasing demographic pressures becomes an achievable goal by addressing regulation of the whole range of water biota interactions from molecular-to landscape-scales in order to enhance the carrying capacity, The new paradigm-Ecohydrology has been introduced and being applied in Ethiopia for water related problem solving since 2008. The demonstration sites developed in the country includes but not limited to: Integrated constructed wetland for protection and restoration of the Burkitu water supply reservoir, applying biodegradable geotextile for rehabilitation of degraded agricultural land and for protecting crop land from sheet erosion, construction of shelter belts-agroforestry for restoration of hydrological cycle and for creation of micro climate and enhancement of crop yield, ecotone for the transformation of nutrients into biomass that would have otherwise been transported to the receiving water bodies, Restoration of papyrus at lake Tana shore for the restoration of self-purification capacity of the Lake. the results obtained results inspired decision makers, professionals, practitioners and Ecohydrology has been institutionalized in the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity. Moreover, the establishment of the African Regional Center for Ecohydrology (ARCE) u/a of UNESCO in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, will create great opportunity mainly for development of a network of research based demonstration sites for the implementation of the ecohydrology concept to improve water resources quantity and quality, restoration and protection of biodiversity, create positive socio-economic feedback and provide relevant ecosystem services and resilience against drivers of changes. Adoption of ecohydrological interventions

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as a new IWRM tool for attainment of enhanced carrying capacity (water, biodiversity, ecosystem services and resilience) of water and agroecosystems for attainment of water and food security and sustainable green economy development. Key words: Ecohydrology, water security, biodiversity, ecosystem services, resilience, ARCE, Green economy

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UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme: engineering harmony for a Sustainable World Demonstration Sites – Ecohydrology Web

Platform application and relation to SDG 6

Giuseppe Arduino

Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Paris, France e-mail: g.arduino@unesco.org UNESCO’s Ecohydrology programme aims to advance the integration of social, ecological and hydrological research, and to generate outcomes that enable the development of effective policies and practices for integrated water resources management. The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) supports research, networking and capacity building initiatives aimed at improving the understanding of the interlinkages of ecohydrological processes at the catchment scale. Since 2011 UNESCO-IHP promotes the establishment of various demonstration sites around the world to apply Ecohydrology solutions in watersheds at all scales integrating the concept of enhanced ecosystem potential with ecohydrological strategies to achieve sustainability of ecosystems closely related with water to improve IWRM on specific areas. This is termed WBSR (w-water, b-biodiversity, s-ecosystem services, and r-resilience) containing the four elements that should be taken into consideration while trying to improve the ecosystems potential. The results obtained by the demonstration sites are seen as key milestones for the monitoring of indicators to comply with the 2030 Agenda, with reference to SDG 6 on water, with particular reference to targets 6.5 and 6.6. The Ecohydrology Web Platform is the interactive environment that will enhance the dissemination of the ecohydrological concept within different objectives, and to address scientists, general public, different stakeholders and policy makers. The web-platform contains information about the current demonstration sites, their main description, outcomes and results obtained; it also shows how to apply to the Ecohydrology network. Application to become a UNESCO EH Demonstration site will be done through the web platform and “demo cards” will be constructed through an automatic user friendly process.

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UNESCO Green Academies

Benno Böer, Edwin Kumfa

UNESCO Liaison Office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The first ever UNESCO Green Academy globally has been inaugurated inside the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Lake Tana, inside the city of Bahir Dar, in April 2016, supported by UNESCO in partnership with the African Union Commission and others. UNESCO and the African Union Commission are advocating Best-Environmental-Practices and Education-for-Sustainable-Development since decades. Both of these important issues are inter-connected with food-security, water-security, availability and access to renewable energy, health and sanitation, economic development and peace. The necessity to involve the youth and communities is clearly reflected in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, as well as in the Africa Vision 2063. Concerted action is required in order to achieve relevant impact, with a view to establish sustainable communities in support of all 17 SDGs, especially several targets stated in the SDGs 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. With the above in mind, UNESCO and the African Union Commission have embarked on an innovative initiative called UNESCO Green Academies, which are places to establish physical infrastructure and provide training for climate resilience, environmental education, and peace development. They can be kindergartens, schools, colleges, and universities. UNESCO Green Academies focus on practical and replicable climate-action, via training and Youth-Mobilization of girls and boys, as well as women and men. We hope that our partnership and hard and focused work will trigger a practical Pan-African action, establishing at least one replicable demonstration site in each African Member State, as suggested during the UNESCO Science Retreat in September 2015 (Paris), as well as presented in November 2015 in Accra, during the 4th Session of the General Assembly of the African Network of Biosphere Reserves (Afri-MaB), and during the 4th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves in Lima, in March 2016. The term UNESCO Green Academies has been suggested by representatives of Rotary Club, and accepted and endorsed by UNESCO and the African Union Commission. This is of great significance, in order to clearly differentiate from numerous individual and laudable efforts of establishing Green School or Eco-Schools. The young students will learn about climatic patterns and zones, dry and wet seasons, precipitation and evaporation, water harvest and storage, waste-water-recycling and waste-management, sanitation and hygiene, production of food-crops, availabilities and application of clean energies, as well as root-causes of migration, conflict-management, and peace-development, in an economically realistic and achievable context. The initiative is indeed so designed that it will benefit from a multiplier-effect by providing training and communicating knowledge from schools to neighborhoods, from students to parents, from religious leaders to communities, so that large numbers of people can be reached, learn and apply their new knowledge inside their own communities. Moreover, the initiative is really inter-sectoral, touching on natural science issues, such as water, ecosystem, renewable energy, climate change, and supporting the functioning of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. It also touches on educational issues, such as environmental education, educational for sustainable development, as well as cultural issues such as culture of peace and supporting World Heritage Sites. It also offers opportunities for the Social & Human Sciences and Communication & Information sectors via training on peace development, learning how to live together, and via fostering the free flow of information. The planning, establishment and inauguration of the first UNESCO Green Academy has been achieved in partnership between UNESCO and the development arm of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC-DICAC), supported by the African Union Commission. More UNESCO Green Academies are currently being planned in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Mozambique,

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Sierra Leone, South Sudan, and Tanzania. Outside Africa, there are already additional efforts being carried out in Indonesia, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. A document ‘Guidelines for UNESCO Green Academies in Africa – globally applicable’ is currently being produced, and intended to synchronize these important efforts, to exchange lessons learnt, and to provide the guidelines needed for Pan-African and international application of this initiative. It will show that the suggested modules are realistic, affordable, replicable, simple, functioning, and already in existence. The editors and authors have simply arranged a mélange of puzzle-pieces that, when put together logically, will provide guidelines for climate resilience based on science and education. This innovative programme initiative is currently being developed and it will be tested in a number of selected pilot projects. The test will be conducted after some time, and it will include data collection on behavioral change of the involved people (youth and adults), enhanced knowledge on climate resilience and science-based urban ecosystem management, as well as peace development. The test will also include data on practical climate resilience of the concerned properties, including water-security, food-security, and renewable energy.

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Balancing uses of water between ecosystems and societies: the role of ecohydrology

Luis Chícharo

University of Algarve, Portugal; International Centre for Coastal Ecohydrology under the auspices of UNESCO Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal, e-mail: ichichar@ualg.pt Water is allocated for many different uses and services by societies, affecting ecosystems functioning, and even reducing other ecosystem services. In the south of Portugal, the construction of a large dam created a reservoir of water that aimed to support the increase in irrigation agriculture. The decrease or river flow affected the downstream wetland area and also the coastal fisheries. The paper highlights the need for considering the trade-offs between different services provided by water, both to society and to the ecosystems.

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Harmonization of the needs of the society with the enhanced ecosystems potential of Megech River sub basin, Lake Tana

catchment

Ayalew Wondie*, Babeyew Sibhat, Mitiku, Negash Atnafu, Birhan Mohammed, Abebaw Zeleke, Berlew, Abera Seyoum, Bikesegn Asfaw, Habtamu Andargie,

Wondewosen Beyene, Getachew Gebeyehu

Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia; *e-mail: ayaleww2001@yahoo.com; ayalewyelfe2015@gmail.com

The purpose of this project proposal is to use sustainably the Megech River sub basin freshwater resources and then to increase the ability of the environment to restore and to regulate water and nutrient cycling towards the enhancement ecosystem capacity, sufficient to absorb human impact. Lake Tana catchment is known by its 4 major river sub basins, namely Gelgel Abbay, Rib. Gumara, Megech and Dirma. Among the total catchment area of Lake Tana (15,000 km2), Megech River basin accounts an area of 990 km2 (smaller next to Dirma River sub basin). A population nearly one million people inhabit the catchment area. The river sub basin is located mainly in Dembia and Gondar Zuria woredas of North Gondar Zone. The river sub basin is exposed to changes in land uses. Current land use/cover shows that Over 50% of the land use/cover is intensively or/and moderately cultivated land including highland areas and floodplains. The remaining 15, 10, 5, and 3 percent belong to pasture land in floodplains, plantation forest as riparian vegetation, open lake water, Gondar City and wetlands of riverine and lacustrine types, respectively. Deforestation and soil erosion in mountains, municipal and industrial pollution from Gondar city directly enter to the dams of Angereb and Megech through runoff and inflowing rivers that results eutrophication, sediment load and flood in floodplains and river mouths from the whole catchment area, and over all declining of biodiversity and ecosystem services are sever challenges in the river sub basin. Therefore in a situation where advancing climate change and against the background of existing demographic trends, there is an urgent need for large scale integrative scientific solutions. For our project, we will try to follow eco-hydrological approach that is the use of ecosystem processes as a tool for integrated water resource management (e.g. wetland creation, use of phytotechnology and trophic structures as a bio-filtering system, etc.). These include mapping of the functional ecosystem groups (upstream areas including the riparian, urban areas, floodplains, dams, river mouths and lakeshore areas) using GIS technology; Assessment and Monitoring of the sub basin on water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services; and enhancement and restoration activities in buffer zones. Positive impacts of the project will include water quality and quantity improvement, diversified livelihoods (fishery, tourism, dairy farm, value addition on wetland products, organic farming, etc.), enhanced ecosystem services and over all sustainable development in the project area.

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Ecohydrology for Sustainability of Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

Girma Tilahun 1, Meskelu Tumiso2, Andualem Gezahagh3

1 Vice chair of the ecohydrology team 2 Chair of the ecohydrology team, e-mail: meskelutu@yahoo.com 3 Secretary of the ecohydrology team, Ethiopia Recently a transdisciplinary team of professionals and practitioners from different institutions was formed by the initiation of the ecohydrology coordination office of the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity of Ethiopia. The establishment of the team was aimed at identifying and solving the causes of the sedimentation, pollution and water depletion problems faced by Lake Hawassa, Abijata and Ziway through ecohydrological approach. The team has made consecutive meetings, reviewed researches and conducted field observations. This paper reviews the results of hydrological and ecological researches and field observations on Lake Hawassa and its watershed in relation to social, economic and environmental issues. The objective of the study was to understand the hydrological and ecological system of Lake Hawassa region for integrated water resource management in improving the sustainability of the quantity and quality of freshwater resources in the catchment. Lake Hawassa is one of the lakes in the rift valley region of Ethiopia. It is a closed lake situated in a calderal depression. River TikurWuha is its only tributary connecting Lake Hawassa to the upstream Cheleleka wetland (formerly Cheleleka lake). The city of Hawassa is located at the western shore of the lake. The lake has different economic and recreational functions for the people of the catchment. In Lake Hawassa region population pressure and poverty have led to more intrusive activities, which have damaged the overall natural resources. The most outstanding threats of the lake stability are agriculture, industrial pollution, drainage activities and overfishing. Management strategies should comprise both biophysical and socioeconomic aspects with emphasis on issues like adoption of watershed/ecosystem approach, integration of income generation in conservation activities, sharing of responsibility/ benefits among local stakeholders, institutional strengthening for environmentally and socioeconomically sustainable development of lakes. Knowledge gaps were identified and future research needs were recommended along with suggestion of some potential ecohydrological and phytotechnologies to be applied in the study area. Key words: Ecohydrology, ecosystem functions, lake level fluctuations, point source pollution, sediment loads, knowledge gap, buffer zone, habitat alteration, mitigation measures, water quality, policy, waste management.

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Ecosystem structure, trophic link and functioning of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

Mathewos Hailu 1*, Seyoum Mengistou 2, Tadesse Fetahi 2

1Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Center, P.O. Box 229, Ziway, Ethiopia 2Addis Ababa University, Department of Zoological Sciences, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *e-mail: geniware1@gmail.com A trophic model was constructed for Lake Ziway ecosystem using Ecopath with Ecosim application software. This model was used to evaluate and analyze the food web structure and other properties of this ecosystem and to assess the impacts of different fishing simulations. The model consisted of 12 functional groups, each representing organisms with a similar role in the food web. The trophic levels of Lake Ziway ecosystem were between 1.0 and 3.29. It was found that the biomass flow of the ecosystem was highly restricted to I and II trophic levels which contributed 99.76%. The mean transfer efficiency was only 4.4%. The fishery catch consumed 2.5% of the primary production in the lake. Low ecotrophic efficiency (EE) of 0.47 was noted for the phytoplankton showing that most of the production remains within the system unutilized. In Lake Ziway all fish groups were highly constrained by a combination of fishing and predation mortality explained by high EE. Management scenario using Ecosim analysis indicated that moderate decrease in the beach seine effort could be helpful for the thriving of carp abundance. Carps in Lake Ziway are under the pressure of beach seine with high harvest rate (EE=0.9). Decrement of fishing effort by beach seine in half would increase their biomass to six times the current biomass during ten years’ period. The food web of Lake Ziway is consumer exercised top-down control with low EE of primary producers and herbivore zooplankton. Key words: Ecopath with Ecosim, Ethiopia, Lake Ziway, Species introduction, Transfer efficiency, Trophic modeling

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Towards water resources management and climate change resilience to communities’ livelihoods in Lake Manyara

catchment, Internal Drainage Basin, Tanzania

Robert K.M. Sunday

Internal Drainage Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, P.O. Box 1673, Singida, Tanzania

e-mail: robert.sunday@maji.go.tz, rkituha04@yahoo.com, rkituha04@gmail.com Internal Drainage Basin Water Board is one of the nine Water Basins in mainland Tanzania. It is located between Latitude 1.9°S and 6.9°S and Longitudes 32.5°E and 37.5°E from the central to northern part of the country with an area of 143,099 square kilometres. The frequency and severity of extreme climatic events in the last 40 years, notably drought and floods have been demonstrated and more than 70% of all natural disasters in Tanzania are hydro-meteorological, and are linked to droughts and floods. The environmental and ecological impacts of these on agriculture, livestock, wildlife, infrastructure, industry, human settlement and social services such as, energy and water are demonstrated. In Lake Manyara catchment, change of rainfall intensity, erratic and unreliable rainfall patterns have been evident in recent years. These events have been inducing frequency of droughts, extended dry spells and flush floods, and therefore decrease of water quantity in the catchment and enormous effects to communities’ livelihoods. Other effects associated with the change of climate patterns have been shift of communities’ activities which result into deforestation, unplanned settlement, encroachment of water sources and low water use efficiency in irrigation networks. In many parts of the catchment, as river flow is increasingly declining; some perennial rivers have turned seasonal while others have dried up completely. These effects coupled with other institutional dysfunctions have influenced local communities to find other unsustainable means of coping and adapting to the impacts of the changing climate. However, this short term coping and adapting mechanisms lack strong economic base to most of the people. Hence, the adapting capacity of the community is weak and their resilience is low. Although the government have been intervening in addressing the situation through influencing best practices such as mixed farming, planting drought resistant crops and use irrigation; the initiatives and efforts are hampered by effects of the changing climate. The effects have disrupted the adaptive capacity of the local communities. In order to respond to these challenges, this paper investigates ways of developing projects targeting to implement activities which will enhance resilience of water and other land based resources as well as local communities’ livelihoods in the context of climate change. The projects will support conservation and management of water resources in order to enhance resilience of water resources and water users such as farmers, livestock keepers and biodiversity in Lake Manyara sub Basin. It will engage local government authorities in addressing effects of climate change. Major proposed interventions include restoration of water sources, land use planning, establish monitoring and early warning system, soil conservation and manage siltation, and strengthen institutions. Key words: Climate change, adaptive capacity, Lake Manyara catchment, Internal Drainage Basin

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Preliminary investigation of incidence of kidney and flooding problems in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands area in Nigeria and the

need for ecohydrology systemic solutions

Sani Dauda Ahmed*, Maxwell Deinmodei and Vivien Chikogu

National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria *e-mail: sanidaud@yahoo.com The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands is an extensive area of floodplain located on the confluence of Hadejia and Jama'are rivers in the Komadougou-Yobe basin of north-eastern Nigeria. The Wetlands play a major role in the economy of the region. However, increasing cases of kidney disease and flooding problems in the region present a cause for concern especially due to the enormous cost of treatment of the disease and damage to properties by flood. This paper presents outcome of a preliminary investigation carried out in the affected states of Jigawa and Yobe. The aim of the investigation was to identify potential causal agents that may need to be fully investigated. Results of the investigation carried out in the region shows that majority of the inhabitants’ communities experience considerable loss of both human and financial resources due to the problems. Records from health centres close to the communities show that 40% of patients admitted suffered from Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and 70% of them were from Gashuwa, Nguru and Jakusko towns in Yobe with few from Jigawa State. Contamination of drinking water sources particularly by industrial effluents and use of large scale pesticides and herbicides to improve agricultural production from sources within and outside the Wetlands area are implicated. While the flooding problem is believed to be as a result of the low lying topography of the area and infestations of Typha dominguensis on every available open water space in the area which often cause prolonged inundation of farmlands during wet periods. Some of the Communities worst affected by the incessant flooding of the wetlands especially in Jigawa State are Hadejia, Ganruwa Kuka, Yamidi, Hago, Tage, Sabon Gida, Madaci, Marma, Dawa, Guri, Anyo, Gamsarka, Mallam Madori, Tashena, Arki and Zugo. Although fishermen in the region rely on the recession and flooding pattern of the Wetlands for their livelihood however measures to mitigate the flooding problems is advocated by farmers. Despite the results, establishing cause-and-effect relationships demands proper understanding of the environmental and socio-economic changes occurring in the Wetlands area. However, findings reveal some promising possibilities for establishing targets and intervention programme. Recommended is the need for ecohydrological systemic approaches to identify cause-and-effect link and provide sustainable solutions to the problems. Key words: Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Kidney disease, Flooding, Ecohydrology, Sustainable solutions

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Applications of an African savannah ecohydrology model to managing the Serengeti ecosystem, animals access to water, and

hydroelectricity-tilapia fisheries-papyrus wetlands in Lake Victoria

Eric Wolanski

TropWATER and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. email: eric.wolanski@jcu.edu.au Water is an increasingly a scarce and vital resource in the semi-arid regions of East Africa. This is the case of the Serengeti National Park where once perennial surface waters, essential for the fauna and flora, are increasingly threatened by human activities. To quantify the magnitude of the problems and provide answers for management, a simple, yet realistic, ecohydrology model has been developed for the Serengeti ecosystem. The model formulates the predator-prey relationship using the Lotka-Volterra equation by recognizing a priori that there are lower and upper limits of the population. This reduces the number of parameters in each predator-prey relationship from 10 to 3, and these parameters can be estimated from long-term, monitoring field data. This allows the development of a simple but practical African savannah ecosystem model. The model is forced by monthly rainfall data and it predicts the spatial and temporal fluctuations of grass, herbivores and their migration, and the carnivores, as well as the human impacts on the availability of surface drinking water. The model reproduced well the observations over the last 50 years of the population of herbivores and carnivores. The model was used to assess the impact of diverting riverine water and it suggested that this would lead to the collapse of the herbivore population. This model also suggested that providing drinking water to the animals at artificial water holes spread throughout the ecosystem would lead to decadal time-scale booms and busts of the herbivore population. The model demonstrated that the Serengeti ecosystem stability is maintained by the annual migration that partitions the ecosystem in seasonally used compartments. The model has now be extended to assess the seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations, and their spatial distribution, of grassland and bush cover around individual water holes and rivers and seasonal water holes used by resident cattle or wildlife, and the important role of bushfire.

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Prospects of climate change: agroecological challenges and opportunities in Guder sub-Basin

Mosisa Tujuba Wakjira 1, Tena Alamirew 2 and Abraham Woldemichael 3

1 Ambo University, Ambo Ethiopia, mosisatujuba@gmail.com 2 Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, tena.a@wlrc-eth.org 3 Hawassa University, Hawassa Ethiopia, abrhamwm@yahoo.co.uk Anthropogenic interference with climate system has affected the stability of the global climate resulting in multi-sectorial challenges all over the world. The impacts of climate change is magnificently observed affecting the agroecology. This study focused on analysis of climate change during the 21st century and its impacts on the agroecology of Guder sub-basin, the southern part of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin. Climate scenarios were developed to extrapolate data that was used for detecting trends in climatic series. Climate projection was made for five stations in and around the study area by downscaling the HadCM3 output for A2a and B2a emission scenarios using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) calibrated with the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. The SDSM performed in very good manner to produce synthetic climate data for precipitation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The synthesized climate data was tested for long-term annual trend using Mann-Kendall statistical test and the magnitude of the trend was quantified by Sen’s slope estimator. The result showed that precipitation in the sub-basin may significantly (α = 0.05) increase at a rate of 0.283 mm/year under scenario A2a and slowly increase at a rate of 0.022 mm/year under Scenario B2a during the year 2001-2099. Maximum temperature also showed significant increase at annual rate of 0.022 oC for A2a and 0.017 oC for B2a whereas minimum temperature exhibited increase at 0.006 and 0.004 oC per year under scenario A2a and B2a respectively in this century. Precipitation showed progressive increase (2020s-2080s) during Autumn (SON) and Winter (DJF) seasons. This increase in precipitation during the dry season favors agricultural production in the area. However, as per the IPCC warning that increase in precipitation may be characterized by heavy storm of short duration, such heavy precipitation may cause severe soil erosion and hence nutrient loss. Increase in temperature may cause soil moisture loss through intensive evapotranspiration. Therefore, appropriate land and water management strategies including water harvesting, soil and water conservation activities and agroforestry need to be implemented to adapt to the change. Key words: Agroecology, Climate change, Precipitation, SDSM, Mann Kendall

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Impact of Usangu wetlands restoration on Ruaha National Park, Tanzania

Emilian S. Kihwele1, Eric Wolanski2

1 Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, kihwele@gmail.com 2 James Cook University, Australia, eric.wolanski@jcu.edu.au The Great Ruaha River (GRR) in Tanzania used to be perennial started drying out in 1992 and since then it has been drying out during nearly each dry season. Similarly, the Usangu wetlands that are the source of the GRR were also previously perennial dried out in 2000 and 2002 in the dry season and its areal extent has been shrinking. Livestock grazing in the Usangu wetlands as well as both dry and wet season irrigated agriculture upstream of the wetlands are the main reasons for this water crisis that has severely degraded not only the Usangu wetlands and the GRR but also and the sustainable conservation of Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem, including the Ruaha National Park, as well as hydropower generation at Mtera power plant – which in turn affects the economy of Tanzania. In 2006, the Government of United Republic of Tanzania approved the proposal to restore the wetlands and GRR by removing livestock from the Usangu wetlands. From 1992 to 2013 we used satellite altimetry, and HOBO pressure loggers in 2011-2013, to quantify the volume of water within the Usangu wetlands in-order to quantify the changing hydrology regime before and after the decision of removing cattle from the wetlands. In addition, we used time series photographs to monitor changes over time that occurred in the wetlands and the GRR. Following the removal of cattle in 2006 from the Usangu wetlands by the Government and inclusion of the wetlands into Ruaha National Park, perennial wetlands had reestablished and by 2011 the vegetation had recovered and covered about 95 % of the wetted surface mainly as floating vegetation. The decision to evict cattle with ultimate vegetation recovery has nearly doubled the volume of water into the wetlands and extending the flow duration of water entering the Great Ruaha River by approximately two months. These wetlands are the source of water of the Great Ruaha River. We suggest that the increase in volume of water may be due to the shading effect of the floating vegetation reducing the loss of water through net evaporation to about 0.3-0.4 cm day-1 as opposed to about 1 cm day-1 for open water evaporation in this tropical climate, a result that agrees well with that for the Sudd wetlands in the Sudan. This suggests the important role of the biology in controlling the water budget. As a result of this physics-biology feedback, we also suggest through modelling that the period of zero flow in the GRR during the dry season could be readily reduced by about one month by the construction of a low-level V-notch weir at the outlet of the Usangu wetlands. Water however is limiting for the river catchment and water governance upstream of Usangu wetlands, including a tight management of rice irrigation, is urgently required because present water yields are insufficient to meet the hydrological needs of the water users all along the river and well as the water needs of the important coastal wetlands in the Rufiji River delta during a drought year. Key words: Evapotranspiration, Wetlands Management, Livestock grazing, Irrigation, Water budgets, Physics-biology links, Ecosystems

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Preliminary assessment of ecohydrological potential of Cheleleka wetland in southern Ethiopia: a semi-quantitative approach

Mulugeta Dadi Belete

Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia, e-mail:mulugeta.belete@gmail.com The idea of ecohydrological assessment has been conceived by the ever diminishing size of open water surface area of Cheleleka wetland locating in the upstream of Lake Hawassa (South Ethiopia). Analysis of series of satellite images revealed that the open water portion of the wetland surface area in 1972 had been 12 km2, and subsequently vanishes into 5 km2 (in 1986); 3 km2 (in 1995); 1km2 (in 2000) and few square meters in 2007. Triggered by the above fact, this paper attempts to assess the contemporary potential performance of wetland function based on a semi-quantitative approach. The method uses a finite set of observable field indicators including the relative sizes of the wetland and its catchment; stream width and length with respect to the corresponding wetland morphology; infiltration capacity of the soil; density of vegetation; the extent of understory coverage and pH of the water in the wetland. The approach is built on the premise that variables and their indicators are linked to the positive performance of a wetland function. A wetland that has more of the appropriate variables performs a function better than one that has fewer. Prior to performance assessment, hydrogeomorphic classification of the wetland was made and it was found that Cheleleka is identified as 'riverine flow-through' type of wetland. Accordingly, assessment of functional performance of the wetland indicates that the wetland has a high potential performance of reducing peak flows; followed by high potential for removing sediment and nutrients; moderate potential for removing metals and toxic organic compounds; and low potential for ground water recharge. The method would be more reliable if we can validate by actual direct measurement of performance of functions which of course involve more time and cost. For this research, professional judgment was used for visual validation. The importance of this research for the locality in particular and for Africa in general can be considered as part of the pre-restoration intervention for wetland management. Due to the fact that the concept of ecohydrology is relatively new to Africa, this research shows one of the possible techniques to conduct wetland function assessment in developing countries. Key words: Cheleleka, Lake Hawassa, wetland function, performance, indices

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Human-ecohydrological responses to changes in innovative mopane woodland management practices in semi-arid regions

ofZimbabwe

Tendayi Gondo1, Agnes Musyoki2, Aina Thompson Adebayejo3

1Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa, e-mail: gondotee@gmail.com 2Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa, Agness.Musyoki@univen.ac.za 3Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria We know with a high degree of certainty that the removal of vegetation in arid and semi-arid landscapes results in a reduced efficiency of water and nutrient capture and reduced overall function and productivity of such landscapes. Innovative vegetation management practices are also known to be an effective measure to deal with negative eco-hydrological consequences associated with changes in vegetation and loss of associated ecological processes linked to the well-being of communities occupying arid and semi-arid regions. We can however only speculate the human- Eco hydrological responses to changes in such innovative resource management practices. It is therefore not surprising that at present, we lack coupled evaluations at both plant-level (crop genetics) and plot-level (conservation agriculture), which assess the environmental, ecological, and social conditions under which technical advances in the management of mopane woodlands offer higher or more sustainable productivity gains in terms of the ecosystem services offered. In this analysis, show that a human-Eco hydrology lens can be applied to understand how eco-hydrologic conditions that characterize mopane woodlands in a sample of five villages drawn from rural Zimbabwe can point to appropriate, creative approaches that forge more beneficial feedbacks between landscapes and livelihoods. We begin by tapping onto a synthesis that explores eco-hydrological principles and published literature to identify what this analysis refers to as human – Eco hydrology issues critical to mopane woodland ecosystems. We then use the resultant characterization to predict the human- Eco hydrological responses to changes in innovative mopane woodland management practices. We adopted an experimental research design that employed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the binary logistic regression model to test the hypothesis ‘eco hydrological consequences that are beneficial to rural households in mopane woodlands are significantly affected by actual use and the behavioural intention to use innovative resource management practices and that such relationship is moderated significantly by spatial, environmental and social conditions.’ Our analysis confirmed the hypothesis. In the end we conclude by recommending the creation and nurturing of appropriate environmental, ecological and social conditions that will promote and sustain positive human –ecological responses to potential technical advances in the management of mopane woodlands. Key words: Human-Eco hydrology, dryland Eco hydrology, arid and semi-arid ecosystems, innovative resource management, sustainable

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Artificial system of porous sediment to manage uncontrolled urban discharges into intermittent streams

Breil Pascal1, Mahamoutou Doumbia1, Marie-Noëlle Pons2

1Institut national de Recherches en Sciences et Techniques pour l’Environnement et l’Agriculture, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France, Pascal.breil@irstea.fr; dmahamoutou@yahoo.fr 2Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés Nancy, France, marie-noelle.pons@univ-lorraine.fr The urban development in a watershed often results in a greater quantity of runoff that induces more intense and more frequent flooding of the little streams which are draining these areas. This often results in stream bed erosion accompanied with the collapsing of river banks, which in combination with urban water pollution, has a detrimental effect on the ecological functions and related services provided. This research presents the results of an experiment aiming to rehabilitate and / or enhance the self-purification potential of seasonal or intermittent rivers which are exposed to that kind of threats. The presented results can be applied in arid or tropical regions of Africa. The main idea remains to amplify the natural self-purification capacity of a natural river system and to promote the aerobic processing of the organic biodegradable pollution to the detriment of the anaerobic when this is possible. The periurban development of the west side of Lyon city (France, continental to Mediterranean climate) is used for the purpose of this study. This area of 150 km2 is drained by the Yzeron river which is fed by a dense natural system of tributaries. On average, it is observed that most of these tributaries dries up during the low flow season (summer season in the north hemisphere) while being impacted by pulses of urban flows during intense rainfall events. The whole picture of the ecological quality of the main rivers, which are mostly perennial, clearly indicates the impact of the tributaries, showing an ecological degradation at each confluence. To study how the pollution could be trapped and processed by the river sediment of these intermittent rivers, a full year experimentation has been implemented on an experimental site, located just downstream an urban overflow device. This site is made of a sequence of three small porous weirs behind which there has been a natural filling by sandy material. A full year of weekly samplings, of surface (when available) and of sediment waters has been performed, giving a complete view of the nitrogen forms evolution into the trapping systems. Also, a continuous recording of the dissolved oxygen consumption has been performed in the surface waters and sediment waters to follow the aerobic biodegradtion activity. The sequence of three porous weirs, developed over a distance of 150 m for a little river of two meters in width, seems efficient to trap 95% of the pollution load and to process the stored pollution during the year. The results are encouraging, showing that the dynamic of the water flow paths and of the dissolved oxygen consumption for the biodegradation process can be represented by modeling approaches. This can be a low cost solution which can be implemented easily but needs some ecological engineering for its design. The perspective is to develop a dedicated model as to design several geometrical configurations, optimizing the performances of trapping and biodegrading organic matters, and then publish rudimental abacuses, allowing an easy design approach. Key words: Wet weather urban discharge, Intermittent rivers, pollution control, Ecosystem engineering

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Eutrophication status and phytoplankton populations of an urban hydrosystem: case study of Ebolowa Municipal Lake (south

region of Cameroon, Central Africa)

Ghislaine Madjiki Adjia 1, Annie-Claude Pial2

1 Hydrological Research Centre, Institute of Geological and Mining Research, PO Box 4110 Nkolbisson-Yaounde, Cameroon, crh@irgm-cameroon.org 2 Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Environment, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon, facsciences@uy1.uninet.cm

The degradation of surface waters’ quality is one of the major environmental issues faced by the entire humanity. Surface waters are freshwater resources (rivers, man-made lakes, reservoirs, wetlands), but are also at the mid-point of touristic and fishery activities which can stimulate economic growth. Due to an uncontrolled population growth and, human activities, water resources are under increasing pressure worldwide. Some are irreversibly damaged, particularly those located near large human agglomerations. In Cameroon, the most common form of aquatic ecosystem pollution is eutrophication, a natural slow ageing process of lakes, which can be greatly accelerated by human intervention in the natural biogeochemical cycle of nutrients within a watershed. This phenomenon is characterized by an accumulation of metabolic products (e.g. hydrogen sulphide in deep waters), discoloration (low Secchi depth), deterioration in the taste of water, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and occurrence of cyanobacterial bloom. In order to evaluate the eutrophication status and monitor the phytoplankton population of the Ebolowa Municipal Lake (EML), a study was initiated in 2012. Four main parameters (morphometrical, hydrological, physico-chemical and biological) were examined and it appears from our results that instead of its extreme productivity, the EML showed a low water transparency level, less than 1 meter, which is a characteristic of a hyper-eutrophic lake. Moreover, five phytoplankton branches divided into 7 classes, 17 orders, 24 families, 74 genera and 121 species were found. Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta were the three most representative phytoplankton branches in the lake, while Chroococcaceae and Oscillatoriaceae (Cyanophyta) families were the most common in terms of gender. Microcystis spp., Anabaena spp. and Aphanizomenon spp. found in this lake can produce different types of toxins (hepato-toxins, neuro-toxins, dermato-toxins and cyto-toxins) associated to various health problems such as skin irritations, severe gastroenteritis, destruction of liver and kidneys and even death of both humans and animals. We finally concluded that there is an urgent need to improve the management approaches of the lake in order to enhance its restoration. A scientific approach based on Ecohydrology (EH) can highly contribute to the pollution quantification in this lake and highlight the relationships between hydrological processes and biotic dynamics at the catchment scale.

Key words: Freshwater resources, Eutrophication, Phytoplankton, Ebolowa Municipal Lake, Ecohydrology.

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The impact of urban expansion on sustainability of wetland ecosystems in small rural towns of South Africa

Emaculate Ingwani, Faith Dowelani and Farai Dondofema

University of Venda, South Africa, ingwani@gmail.com, Faith.Dowelani@univen.ac.za, Farai.Dondofema@univen.ac.za Urban expansion into wetland ecosystems is on the increase in most Sub-Saharan cities. In South Africa, experiences of loss of wetland ecosystems as a result of migration and urbanization are vast. While most wetland ecosystems in South Africa are classified according to the Ramsar Convention (1997; 2010), most wetland ecosystems in small rural towns are not on the Ramsar Convention list. This makes the wetland ecosystems prone to change as a result of expansion urban boundaries into the rear. Yet, these wetland ecosystems are habitats for plant and animal species, and are important water sources, suppliers, and purifiers. This study problematizes the impact of urban expansion on wetland ecosystems focusing on the spatial analysis of urban development and the resultant impact on sustainability of wetland ecosystems using a case study of Thohoyandou – a small rural town situated in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The case study interrogates the impact over a 20-year period from 1994 to 2014 through mapping the spatial distribution of wetlands in Thohoyandou Town; highlighting the ecosystems services that characterize the wetland ecosystems in the precinct; unpacking the drivers of urban expansion into the wetland ecosystems; and digitizing polygons of the wetland ecosystems overtime. This research implemented a mixed methods approach. Data collection involved an extensive desktop review of literature on characteristics of small rural towns of south Africa, peri-urban zones, urban expansion, wetland ecosystems in South Africa, sustainability of wetland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems services more generally. We used Aerial photography; Google Earth Pro; ArcGIS; and AutoCAD to highlight changes in land use as a result of urban expansion into wetland ecosystems identified; as well as the Delphi Technique to conduct interviews or serious brainstorming with municipal and environmental experts in Thohoyandou Town. Both qualitative and quantitative data were generated. We used text description to analyse qualitative data, while quantitative data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. We embarked on ground truthing to triangulate evidence from photo interpretations on what is happening on the wetland ecosystems located in the periphery of Thohoyandou Town. We used Hoyt’s (1939) Sector Theory, and Burgess’ (1925) Concentric Zone theory to explain urban expansion of Thohoyandou Town into wetland ecosystems. Findings from the research reveal that urban expansion of Thohoyandou Town into the outlying suburban or peri-urban areas has been on the increase since 1994, and has produced both positive and negative impacts. The spatial form of urban expansion in Thohoyandou Town is largely characterised by settlement development on the town’s periphery where services and land prices are arguably cheaper. The zone also provides the much needed rural-urban linkages by the local residents. The local municipality has little control over the activities that take place in this peri-urban zone because of competing land administration structures. Thus, urban expansion onto wetland ecosystems in Thohoyandou Town is inevitable as a result of absence of physical planning; as well as anthropogenic activities such as human settlement and agriculture. These circumstances are not only interfering with processes that characterise wetland ecosystems, but are also moderating the sustainability of wetland ecosystems to continuously provide the natural ecosystems services and people’s livelihoods. These findings were used to develop an integrated ecosystems evaluation tool that can be used to implement development action as well as to regulate urban expansion into wetland ecosystems situated in the urban periphery. Key words: wetland ecosystems, urban expansion, urban periphery, sustainability

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Characterization and Valorization of Human Waste for Development of Sustainable Urban Sanitation in Ethiopia

Abebe Beyene1*, Tamene Hailu 2, Esubalew Tesfahun3, Abitie Getaneh2, Kebede Faris4

1 Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, P. O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia 2 Research and Development Directorate, Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Energy (MoWIE), P. O. Box: 5744, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 3School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 4Water & Sanitation Programme (WSP), the World Bank, Ethiopia Country Office P.O. Box: 5515, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *e-mail: abebe.beyene@ju.edu.et Access to improved sanitation with sustainable management of faecal sludge is the major challenge to prevent environmental pollution and promote public health in Sub-Saharan Africa where Ethiopia is the case in point. Onsite sanitation technologies can represent viable and more affordable options, but only if the entire service chain, including collection, transport, treatment and safe end-use or disposal is all managed adequately. Without faecal sludge management (FSM) structure in place and construction of dry toilets without due consideration of the environmental factors, human waste most likely ends up directly into the environment. This will result in the pervasive contamination of the environment by pathogens and eutrophication of the natural water sources. To tackle the alarming pollution and sanitation related health problems, first, we explored the level of environmental contamination related to faecal sludge management in the capital of Ethiopia. Secondly, we investigated the characteristics of the pit contents of dry toilets including fresh faeces with a goal to invent new sanitation technologies that are effective in containment, microbial inactivation and valorization of human waste. About 50 natural water samples were collected from the water sources (wells, spring and rivers) of Addis Ababa to detect the presence of faecal contamination. Average microbial enumeration of indicators of water contamination with human faecal origin was performed using Membrane Filtration technique. To scrutinize the occurrence and survival of pathogens in feacal sludge and surface soil, Ascaris lumbricoides were used as an indicator organism. For this purpose, we sampled 25 dry pit laterites of three different layer and 70 soil samples (50 yard or garden soil and 20 road bank soils). The samples were kept in a deep freezer immediately after sampling and until they processed and analyzed except samples for Ascaris ova analysis. The proximate analysis and solid content were determined using gravimetric and bomb calorimeter method following standard procedures. The ultimate analysis of the sludge was done using the PerkinElmer 2400 Series II (Series 2) CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer. The results revealed that all the soil and water samples were positive for faecal contamination indicating that environmental pollution is rampant in the city which can pose health risks to the city residents. The proximate analysis determines the calorific value, moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon content of the faecal sludge and it is a quick and practical way of assessing the fuels quality and its character for designing and implementation of faecal sludge management technology. The average calorific values (CVs) of the faecal sludge samples were ranged from 17.80 to 20.92 MJ/kg, which is above the minimum calorific value (18 MJ/kg) standard of a biomass to be used as energy source. We used a commercial pyrolytic process to produce a series of biochars from dried fecal sludge at varying temperatures. Finally, the energy content and the elemental composition of the biochar were determined. Both the proximate and ultimate analysis results revealed that human feces can be a favorable feedstock for biochar production. Fecal biochar made at 300 °C was found to have similar energy content as wood chars and bituminous coal, having a heating value of 25.14 ± 0.02 MJ/kg. The theoretical energy yields estimated using a predictive model was in good agreement (average SD = 0.307) with the measured higher

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heating values. In addition, nutrient-rich properties of biochar produced from fecal sludge may significantly enhance soil fertility when used as a soil additive, and the elemental composition of feces ash after energy recovery showed higher value of alkali elements (Ca, Mg and K), making it suitable for deacidification of soil. In general, our findings provide useful information for the development of sustainable sanitation technology that considers human waste as resource in the form of a closed loop recycling approach and that can completely inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and avoid environmental pollution. Key words: Human waste; Characterization; Valorization; Recycling; Sustainable sanitation

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Application of urban ecohydrological biotechnologies solutions for the rehabilitation along the Awetu-Kito Rivers in Jimma, Ethiopia

Alemayehu Haddis

Jimma University, Ethiopia *e-mail: a_had12@yahoo.com Awetu and Kito Rivers that cross city of Jimma from opposite directions are grossly polluted from different sources such as washing, dumping of solid wastes, sewer outfalls and open channels of liquid waste and open defecation. The two rivers join near Dedo bridge and form Boye Pond which is exhibited by eutrophic condition. The natural ecohydrology of these rivers is changing rapidly and the pond they form at the lower catchment, the Boye Pond, is dying which, otherwise, was a heaven for hippos, fish and birds. A study aimed at quantifying the pollution status of Awetu and Kito was conducted by Haddis A. et al. (2012) as part of a PhD project. 20 sampling stations were set and analyzed for organic and nutrient loading. From the study, contaminants like TN, BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates and chlorides were found to be much higher at the city center between stations 8 and 15. This showed active anthropogenic pressure on the rivers. This also suggests that the remediation effort should focus around this catchment. A retrospective analysis of the impact of urban population growth on surface water in Jimma, Ethiopia by the same authors (Haddis et al 2012) reveals that DO has been depleted nearly 5 times and the BOD5 load has been intensified 18 times in a span of 10 years at sampling point S8. The contribution of the pollution load of major institutions in Jimma Was estimated. The contribution of residential areas was assumed to be 23% of all sources. It is anticipated that this share is likely to increase significantly in the near future as institutional/ Industrial development is offset by urban population growth in Jimma. Currently Boye pond at the foot of Awetu and Kito is nearly dead and it will be completely dead in the future in the absence of interventions. Suggested Eco-Hydrological intervention strategies include: Buffer zone establishment, tree plantation, soil conservation, Development and use of low cost and efficient onsite wastewater treatment technologies on major point sources of pollution, Media filtration, flow manipulation, dredging, intensification of climate smart urban agriculture, and development of nature reserve and recreation areas along the catchment. To address these strategies, a 5 years intervention project having 4 phases of operation namely preparatory phase (10 months), Watershed management and construction phase (24 months); Dredging, filling and flow modification phase (18 months) and Sustainability phase (8 months). The overall estimated budget for this project which needs to be solicited is USD 750, 000.

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Ecohydrological assessment and implementation of environmental flow regimes to support sustainable development of East African

river resources

Michael McClain

UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands email: M.McClain@unesco-ihe.org African development plans over the coming decades call for a five-fold increase in water use for agriculture, industry and hydropower, with accompanying increases in constructed infrastructure. Comparably rapid resource development in other regions of the world during the last century was ecologically destructive, but countries today have committed to an agenda of sustainable development represented by 17 sustainable development goals and 169 targets. The protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems – including wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes – are targeted in the agenda both to conserve the ecological health of these systems as well as to ensure society benefits from the ecological services they provide. Policies to protect ecosystem functions and services are also increasingly evident in African water laws, beginning with the 1998 South African National Water Act and extending into East Africa. This perspective of coupled protection and use of water-related ecosystems is among the core principles of Ecohydrology, and ecohydrological science is making major contributions to the growing body of knowledge and practice in how to balance conservation and use in ways that complement and even enhance engineered approaches to resource development. One of the essential ecohydrological approaches is the assessment and implementation of environmental water allocations (eflows). These allocations constitute a variable flow regime to be preserved in free-flowing rivers or continually released from structures in regulated rivers. Eflows are set to meet specific resource management objectives and should be fully integrated into water management policies and actions. Key requirements for setting effective eflow levels are data on the natural hydrological regime of the targeted water body, knowledge of the relationships between different flow levels and ecological processes, and knowledge of the ecological consequences of altered regimes. Numerous methods have been developed for assessing eflow requirements, including methods specifically designed for southern and eastern African rivers. Assessments conducted across East Africa over the past decade have laid the foundation for new regional efforts to expand and harmonize the science and practice of eflows. The Nile Basin Initiative has recently taken a leading role in these efforts by launching an eflows strategy that includes development of an eflows management framework, capacity development activities, support to establish enabling national policy environments, and demonstration of best practice in eflows. Relevant national efforts are also underway in Kenya where the water resource management authority is developing water allocation plans including eflow protections for basins across the country and in Tanzania where efforts are underway to develop a desktop elfows model to rapidly set ecologically relevant eflow levels in rivers. Continued cooperation among researchers and practitioners of elfows is needed to further strengthen regional efforts. The new African Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, under the auspices of UNESCO and based in Addis Ababa, may also assume a leading role in these efforts.

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Structural and functional responses in macroinvertebrate communities to flow driven changes in hydraulic and physical

conditions in the Mara River, Kenya

Frank. O. Masese1, Gordon C. O’Brien2, Fidelis N. Kilonzo3, Michael E. McClain4

1University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya, email: f.masese@gmail.com 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, email:obrieng@ukzn.ac.za 3Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, email: fideliskilonzo@yahoo.com 4UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, email: M.McClain@unesco-ihe.org There is an increasing need for sustainable management of rivers to maintain ecological integrity in the face of escalating demands for water extraction. To address this challenge, determining minimum flows (the reserve) that should be maintained in streams and rivers for the environment after all extractive uses have been done is an important requirement. By having physico-chemical (water-quality related) requirements as well as habitat needs that relate to specific flow standards, aquatic organisms possess an indicator role for assessing water status and ecosystem function. For the Mara River, Kenya/ Tanzania, efforts are underway to protect environmental flows, but there is a need to improve on what is currently known about the relationships between flow characteristics and ecological components in the river. Flow patterns in the Mara River, Lake Victoria basin, Kenya have changed as a result of land use and forest cover changes in the headwaters resulting in reduced baseflows. As the only permanent source of water for people and wildlife in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem during the dry season, the land use and flow response changes pose challenges to the functioning of the Mara River system. In this study, aquatic invertebrates were sampled from riffles, runs and pools representing a range of physical and hydraulic conditions in the Mara River. The objectives of this study were, 1) to determine esponses in the structural (richness and abundance) and functional organization of invertebrates to hydraulic (depth, subsrate and velocity) and physical (mainly turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature) conditions of in the river, and 2) to identify macroinvertebrate taxa sensitive to flow variation and which can be used to monitor current and future flow variations in the river. A total of 91 different macroinvertebrate taxa were encountered. Dominance was high with the most abundant 12 taxa comprising more than 85% of all individuals counted, although this varied seasonally. The most abundant taxa, for all sites combined, were Simuliidae (Diptera, 20%), Baetis spp. (Baetidae, 13.3%), Tricorythus sp. (Tricorythidae, 10%), Afronurus sp. (Heptageniidae, 9.4%), Cheumatopsyche spp. (Hydropsychidae, 8.4%), Chironominae (Chironomidae, 5.5%) and Hydropsyche sp. (Hydropsychidae, 5.4%). There were inter-specific differences in the occurrence and distribution of taxa as influenced by prevailing hydraulic and physical and biotic (mainly predation) conditions in the river. Simuliidae, Centroptiloides sp. (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera), Baetis sp. (Baetidaea), Tricorythus sp. (Tricorythidae), Hydropsyche sp. and Cheumatopsyche spp. (Hydropsychidae) displayed similar hydraulic requirements by dominating on riffles, but predation by Centroptiloides sp. and Cheumatopsyche spp. probably reduced the abundance of Simuliidae at a number of sites. Afrocaenis sp. (Caenidae) and Simuliidae were negatively influenced by depth. During the rainy season, high turbidity levels reduced the abundance of scrapers while that of collector-filterers increased. During the dry period when turbidity levels were reduced, collectors and predators dominated pools while riffles and runs were dominated by scrapers. During the rainy season food webs were mainly dependent on allochthonous food resources as opposed to the dry season when autochthonous production was the main source of energy. Knowledge of the physical and hydraulic requirements of macroinvertebrates is a prerequisite for assessment of environmental flows and monitoring ecological consequences of altering the

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natural flow regimes of streams and rivers. Given that the flow requirements of different taxa of macroinvertebrates have not been determined for most African river systems, their use in environmental flow assessments is very difficult. Because of the shared climatic and ecological characteristics of the larger eastern Africa region, the findings of this study contributes the much needed data on these river systems by identifying key taxa that can be used in environmental flow studies in future. Key words: environmental flows, flow variation, flow-ecology relationships, macroinvertebrates, rheophilic taxa, water quality

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Spatial and temporal variability of macroinvertabrates assemblages and the influence of ecohydrological variables along

Sigi River, Tanzania

Rosemary J. Masikini* 1, LT. Kaaya 2 and Luis Chicharo3

1 Wami-Ruvu Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, P.O. Box 826, Morogoro, Tanzania, * e-mail: rmasikini@gmail.com, r.masikini@yahoo.com 2 Department of Aquatic Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es salaam, Tanzania 3 Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal Spatial and temporal variability of aquatic macroinvertebrates in relation to ecohydrological variables was investigated along the Sigi River in Tanzania during the end of dry (Early March) and wet (May) periods of 2012. The river was demarcated based on slope ranges and five river zones were identified as mountains streams (MS), upper foothills (UF), lower foothills (LF), rejuvenated foothills (REJ) and mature lower river (MR). Collection of macroinvertebrate samples and measurements of ecohydrological variables (discharge, depth, velocity, Froude number, pH, temperature, substrate and conductivity) were done in the five river zones. In characterizing the macroinvertebrate assemblages along the Sigi River, diversity indices which included number of taxa, total abundances, Margalef richness index and Shannon-Wiener index were calculated and the most representative species for the spatial and temporal variation were identified. Melanoides and Afronurous showed differences in abundance in the two samplings periods while Cleopatra, Potamonautes, Ephemerythus, Neoperla, Caenis, Ceratogomphus and Cheumatopsyche showed significant difference among the river zones. Spearman rank correlation and Distance Linear Model (DistLM) revealed that, variation of some ecohydrological factors like discharge, temperature, conductivity and pH have an important role in the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages along the river. Analysis further showed the life cycle of macroinvertebrate (Afronurus sp) is important in determining the temporal variability. Key words: Macroinvertebrates, Ecohydrological variables, River zonation, temporal variation, Sigi River Tanzania

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Reserve assessment in the transboundary Mara River Basin, Kenya and Tanzania

Kelly Fouchy1*, John Conallin1, Michael McClain1

1UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands *e-mail: k.fouchy@unesco-ihe.org The process of water allocation planning is important to efficiently and equitably satisfy competing demands on water resources. Water allocation planning is sensitive in that it requires overcoming issues of competing regions and users in a world where population is growing and water availability is erratic and unreliable. This is particularly relevant in developing nations with transboundary river basins. The Mara River Basin is a transboundary river basin that originates in Kenya and flows through Tanzania into Lake Victoria to form part of the greater Nile River basin. Cooperative water allocation planning at the catchment scale started with the project ‘Transboundary Water for Biodiversity and Human Health in 2006’, and evolved with (i) the development of a Legal and Institutional Cooperative Framework for water management (NBI 2008), (ii) the initiation of a Mara River basin-wide water allocation plan (LVBC 2013), and (iii) a Memorandum of Understanding between Kenya and Tanzania in September 2015. Under Kenya and Tanzania water legislation, the reserve is defined as the highest priority in terms of water allocation. It consists of the water quantity and quality required to support ecosystems and basic human needs. In theory, only after the reserve has been determined can other water uses have water allocated to them. When the reserve is in risk of not being met, restrictions on other water users can occur. Two environmental flow assessments have been carried out in 2007-2012 and 2015-2016, with the aim of determining the reserve requirements of the Mara River ecosystem. Both assessments followed the Building Block Methodology (BBM), a holistic environmental flow assessment methodology that addresses the structure and function of different components of the riverine ecosystem. Holistic approaches like the BBM have a whole-ecosystem focus and make use of interdisciplinary expert knowledge in a structured process of data collection and analysis. The outcomes of these assessments are predictions of the flows necessary to sustain the Mara River in a particular environmental (social and ecological) condition. There are five main “building blocks” for which predictions are made, namely low flows, freshets, annual floods, small flood and large floods, for average and drought years. This study aims to compare the results of the two environmental flow assessments that took place in the Mara River Basin, and critically evaluate the progress made toward implementing these recommendations. To undertake the comparison and evaluation, the following criteria are considered: 1) social-ecological management objectives, 2) survey sites, 3) surveying techniques, 4) contributors and stakeholders engaged, 5) results (recommendations), 6) implementation and 7) monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management. Preliminary results indicate that: 1) Management objectives were based on Kenyan and Tanzanian policies and expert knowledge in both assessments, and are therefore very similar. 2) Three survey sites were common to the two assessments. Differences included that the 2007-2012 assessment had a site in the Serengeti National Park whereas the 2015-2016 assessment included sites in the Talek and Sand tributaries. 3) Surveying techniques (both field, laboratory and data analysis) were significantly more advanced in the 2015-2016 assessment. 4) The projects and teams of experts have changed but the stakeholder groups engaged were similar, although the Kenyan Water Resources Management Authority was more strongly involved in the 2015-2016 assessment. 5) In both assessments, the reserve recommendations were determined based on understanding of ecohydrological processes occurring in the Mara River (water-biota and

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water-geomorphology-water quality relationships). For the sites in common, results of the 2015-2016 assessment significantly differ from the 2007-2012 assessment, with sometimes lower and sometimes higher flow recommendations depending on the site. 7) The likelihood of implementation of the reserve in Kenya is higher with the 2015-2016 assessment. 6) Environmental flow assessments are based on predictions of the likely effects of certain flows on the ecosystem, based on available data and expert knowledge. Through implementation and monitoring, these predictions can be tested. The 2015-2016 environmental flow assessment has focused much more on this aspect of environmental flows than the 2007-2012 assessment. This comparison will help highlighting the evolution of environmental flows determination and implementation in the Mara River Basin, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of this process. Key words: Environmental flows; reserve; ecohydrology; Kenya, Tanzania; Transboundary; Mara River Basin; Water Allocation Planning

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Holistic regional management of multiple water quantity, quality and other stressors in Africa using PROBFLO

Gordon O’Brien 1 and Chris Dickens2

1 University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, PO Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa. e-mail: obrieng@ukzn.ac.za 2 International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, South Africa. e-mail: C.Dickens@cgiar.org Best practice principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in Africa includes the need for robust holistic frameworks that address the risk associated with multiple stressors to social and ecological objectives on regional, trans-boundary scales. Recent rapid increases in water resource developments throughout Africa has resulted in widespread ecological impacts with associated socio-economic consequences. With regional regulators we have developed a regional IWRM Environmental flows framework that gives adequate consideration to non-flow stressors to describe the risk associated with sources in a holistic context. This regional scale ecological risk assessment approach incorporates Bayesian Networks to model the probable relationships between the flows and other driver variables, and socio-ecological indicators by assigning magnitudes and probabilities of adverse impacts of hazards to endpoints. In this paper we demonstrate the application of the PROBFLO approach in the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (Phase II) which includes the construction of the large Polihali Dam on the Senqu River, Lesotho and South Africa, and highlights from the Mara River application of PROBFLO as a part of the Water Allocation Plan for the Mara River Basin, Kenya and Tanzania. These case studies includes the establishment of Resource Quality Objectives for both case studies, the use of existing evidence, specialist solicitations and data generated through biophysical assessments to the study area. Outcomes included the establishment of a transparent, adaptable socio-ecological model to represent the risk relationships between sources, stressors, receptors and endpoints. A series of alterative management options and associated trade-offs were evaluated in the form of a range of scenarios with associated socio-ecological consequences. Scenarios were presented to stakeholders representing society who with the risk assessment outcomes contributed to the establishment of management plans for the use of the water resources. A range of mitigation measures were identified to minimise ecological consequences and monitoring. And adaptive management measures were designed to contribute to the implementation of the management plans. The PROBFLO approach has successfully allowed water resource use regulators to develop holistic plans to manage water quality, quality, habitat and other stressors on regional scales in Africa. Key words: Integrated Water Resource Management, Resource Quality Objectives, Ecological Risk, PROBFLO

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Quantifying the impact of sand-mining and associated dynamics on water sources in rural South Africa

Tendayi Gondo1* , Humphrey Mathada2, Francis Amponsah-Dacosta3

1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa, *e-mail: gondotee@gmail.com 2Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa, mathadah@yahoo.co.uk 3Department of Mining and Environmental Geology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa, francis.dacosta@univen.ac.za Estimating stream response to various pollutant loading scenarios is indispensable in Ecohydrology studies that seek to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities such as sand mining on water resources. Despite such need and the prevalence of sand mining activities along and near water sources in rural South Africa, it is unclear how water sources have been affected by sand mining activities and dynamics such as location, type of sand mining activity, method of extraction and amount of sand extracted among others. Such knowledge could go a long way in informing policies that seek to protect water sources from bad sand mining practices. Currently sand mining activities in rural South Africa remain unregulated as there are no specific guidelines regulating such activities. In this study we employed multiple regression analysis to estimate the impact of sand mining dynamics on water sources along Nzhelele River using observed morphological changes such changes in river depth and turbidity as dependent variables. Associated social impacts including observed changes in practices associated with water resource use and livelihood change related activities were also deciphered. The method of pattern matching was used to identify and explore patterns of relationships between the model constructs. To ensure reliability and validity of results, the model constructs were subjected to a number of statistical procedures and tests. Study constructs were first tested for normality. Data was characterized for location and variability through skewness and kurtosis. Reliability analysis was performed using Cronbach’s Alpha while Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to analyse validity related issues. The model best fit was confirmed using an ANOVA test. Results revealed that sand mining activities and associated dynamics such as location and method of extraction had a significant negative impact on water sources. Far reaching social and environmental negative impacts to the surrounding communities were also discerned. We concluded by recommending the enactment of explicit sand mining guidelines that seek to protect water sources from bad sand mining practices. We argue that such a legislative instrument should put emphasis minimum acceptable distance of sand mining activities from nearby water sources, the type of sand mining method and technological infrastructure to be employed. . Key words: impacts, sand mining dynamics, eco hydrology, guidelines, policy

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Microbial biofilms as one of the key elements for self-purification processes in riverine ecosystems

Stefano Fazi

National Research Council of Italy - Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR) - Rome, Italy *email: fazi@irsa.cnr.it Carbon and energy budgets in streams and rivers are dominated by processes associated with detrital organic matter, and mediated by microbes that mainly reside in biofilms. Microbial degradation of dissolved and particulate organic matter and the ensuing detritus based food webs are critical to rivers functioning and affect the overall ecology of freshwater systems. Microbial attached communities constitute, therefore, the major component for the uptake, storage and cycling of carbon, nutrients and anthropogenic contaminants. Biofilms contain bacteria and other heterotrophs (e.g. fungi and protozoa), and autotrophs (e.g. diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria), all of which are embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix. The mutual benefits and the close spatial relationships between organisms with distinct life-strategies closely mirrors the quality of the surrounding flowing waters, generating a complex micro-ecosystem in which specific cross-kingdom metabolic processes and interactions may occur. In this work, we discuss the effects of pollutants on the structural and functional descriptors of biofilm bacterial communities and vice versa the role of the biofilms in the degradation of organic pollutants and in the self-purification processes. We further suggest the integration of single-cell visualization techniques with other broad-scale approaches to better understand structure-function coupling in such complex microbial communities. This can then guide the development of ecohydrological approaches and management interventions to enhance the self-purification processes mediated by biofilms.

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Papyrus as a tool in ecohydrology

Nic Pacini1,2, Petra Hesslerová3, Jan Pokorný3, David M. Harper2,4

1 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy 2 Naivasha Basin Sustainability Initiative, Kenya 3 ENKI o.p.s., Třebon, Czech Republic 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Services Ltd., Aylsham, Norwich, Great Britain East African wetlands are naturally dominated by papyrus, the world's fastest growing herbaceous plant, reaching up to 5 m in height and 3 kg m-2 of standing biomass. Endemic to the Victoria Basin and to the Nile, it supported the livelihood of ancient civilization who used it extensively as fuel, as fiber, as fodder, as food, in navigation and in the production of paper. In tropical swamps, papyrus plays a key role in the control of the nutrient balance and in the provision of critical biotopes that are vital for the reproduction of insects, fishes and birds, including a small number of bird species considered to be endemic to papyrus swamps. Its regulatory ecosystem services include also carbon sequestration and water purification in natural treatment wetlands. Papyrus swamps are degrading due to direct exploitation, to agricultural encroachment up to the water edge, and to extensive damage caused by cattle. Agricultural drainage schemes are in the process of deliberately destroying papyrus swamps across East Africa. Claims are made condemning papyrus for enhancing water loss, however only few proper evapotranspiration studies were carried out, and with controversial evidence. Recent assessments show that papyrus swamp tend to moderate the water cycle controlling its extreme events. New evidence, such as the formation of an inverse temperature gradient within papyrus swamps, could be indicative of an optimized water retention capacity (less water loss). At the same time, the shape of papyrus umbels may be ideal for promoting early morning condensation (more water gain). Papyrus restoration should be promoted as an ecohydrological measure to improve water quality, to moderate local climate by regulating the water cycle, to provide base material for a variety of provisional ecosystem services, to enhance biotope structure and to support biodiversity. Restoration attempts at lake Naivasha included the creation of artificial floating islands and channel diversion for the enlargement of flooded swamps. Further effort is needed in the control of cattle and of wild herbivores that graze in the swamp, and in raising the awareness of local residents about the value of papyrus swamps.

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Heavy metals accumulation by aquatic macrophytes from lake Hawassa, Ethiopia: Phytoremediation for water quality

improvement and mitigating downstream pollution

Girma Tilahun*, Tigist Ashagre

Hawassa University, Department of Biology *Address for correspondence: P.O.BOX 556, Hawassa, Ethiopia; e- mail: girmati@yahoo.com; Assessment of heavy metals accumulation was carried out to ascertain the degree of contamination in Lake Hawassa. The study focused on evaluating the ability of common aquatic macrophytes (Schoenoplectus corymbosus and Typha latifolia) as bioremediants in comparison with water and sediments. The concentrations of all investigated metals were in the order: sediment > macrophyte > water. The accumulation of heavy metals both in sediments and macrophytes followed similar pattern, ie. Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg while concentration of heavy metals in water were sequenced: Zn > Pb > Cr > Cd > Hg. Although detected values of heavy metals in water and sediments of Lake Hawassa are in non – polluted and moderately polluted range according to international standards almost all values recorded at different sampling sites were much higher than the reference site. Typha latiflolia was found to be better candidate for phytoremediation, with most of the heavy metals accumulated more in the root part of the plant tissue than its shoot system. Results suggested that macrophytes can be used to improve water quality and mitigate downstream pollution by removing heavy metals from contaminated environments. Key words: Aquatic macrophyte, bioremediant, heavy metals, Lake Hawassa

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Ecological conditions and ecosystem services of wetlands in Lake Tana area

Ayalew Wondie Melese*

Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia *e-mail: ayaleww2001@yahoo.com Wetlands provide vital socio-economic, cultural and ecological services. Despite their values, ESs and their associated management issues of wetlands of African nations, particularly of Ethiopia are poorly documented and addressed. Moreover, there is no comprehensive study on wetlands̍ ecological state for their protection, restoration and management. Lake Tana is rich in different wetland types serving for multipurpose. As a result, wetlands such as Shesher/Walala, Yiganda/Enfranz springs and many other floodplain and river mouth delta wetlands, located in Lake Tana Biosphere reserve were degraded though they possess highly valuable resources. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the major ecological states and identify the main ecosystem services (ESs) along with the local people’s perception toward wetland management and to correlate biodiversity of flora-fauna along the environmental gradient. Eight wetlands (3 urban influenced, 3 agriculture influenced, and 2 references) were selected from pristine/references/, agricultural and urban land uses of Lake Tana area. A total of 240 local residents within a 3-km radius of each wetland were surveyed for assessing the ESs derived from wetlands. An additional 12 development agents and district experts were interviewed. Accordingly, various ESs were identified and then categorized into four main ESs (provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services). Then, the components of ESs were analyzed using the conceptual model adopted for this purpose. The ESs, and ecological conditions of the wetlands were assessed using different methods (interviews, Human Disturbance Score/HDS/, water quality parameters, and flora diversity assessments). The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for investigating the relationship between environmental variables and sampling sites (wetlands). The results revealed that the provisioning, cultural, regulating and supporting ESs were provided by all wetland types. However, the provisioning and cultural services were found to surpass the regulatory and supporting services of wetlands in agricultural and urban types compared to wetlands located in the pristine. Although most of the local residents positively viewed wetland regulation and supporting services, the majority of households (58%) were not interested in conserving wetlands due to small landholdings, large family size and the higher priority need to sustain their livelihoods. Thus, the vital regulatory and supporting services of agricultural and urban impaired wetlands are gradually becoming diminished. A total of 85 vascular plant species that belonged to 30 genera and 20 families were also identified. The family Poaceae and Asteraceae contributed the highest number of species. The highest richness were recorded in agriculture dominated wetlands. Hence, there were significant differences in species richness and diversity across the three wetland types (p < 0.05). The ranges of plant species diversity among the impaired wetlands were observed to be related to disturbance and competitive exclusion processes, and environmental heterogeneity. Disturbances reduced the plant diversity by removing disturbance-sensitive species; increased species diversity by creating open areas, resources and diverse habitats for invader species. The dominant and/or unique species characterizing each wetland were also identified, and found to be scattered around each wetland. The urban and agricultural wetlands were highly degraded compared to pristine wetlands. Consequently, more community similarities were scored between Shesher/Walala and Yitamo/Ras abbay due to their extensive anthropogenic activities resulting in diverse environmental heterogeneity. Moreover, these impaired wetlands were invaded by upland and exotic weeds through outcompeting socioeconomically and ecologically important native species. Furthermore, the water quality parameters analyses showed higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen in reference sites when compared with urban and agricultural wetlands. The overall results revealed that wetlands influenced by

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urban and agricultural activities were more seriously declined in their ecological integrities than the forested wetlands. Urgent action including monitoring tools is, therefore, required to design comprehensive strategies of wetland management that include full engagement of various stakeholders in order to protect and restore the wetlands through the promotion of alternative and livelihoods, improvement of diversified agricultural productivity for small landholders, and through awareness enhancement of the local residents about benefits and conservation of wetlands.

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Comparative Infiltration role of different land use land cover: Opting for potential recharger in African water roof basins

Dechasa Jiru

Zero Hunger Project, Ethiopia *e-mail: dechasa_j@yahoo.com The mountainous roof of Africa is divided by the rift to the eastern and the western highlands. The western roof is distinct in being larger in size and higher in elevation. It posse’s wetter soil, humid air and is covered by large tropical forest. The eastern highland despite being drier, posses few forest cover dominated by open woodland and grass. The amount of river water available (some of surface and underground) in the eastern high land will not positively correlate with the amount of rain and vegetation (forest) cover which will be comparatively highlighted with preliminary research result from low rainfall potential of the eastern and western basin in relative interception within Ethiopia. The conclusion extent on the volume of water discharge data and beyond the tropical deserts of South Ethiopia and Somalia can’t sustain water supply. Ecohydrology for water ecosystem and society in Ethiopia journal of 2010 from problem solving perspective in general and roles of trees and grasses since then in particular will be reviewed from water interception and infiltration perspective. The research paper will dwell on relative infiltration of major land use land cover to cumulatively elude at better understanding of different vegetation types role in water interception, recharge, discharge and water cycle ecohydrologic function from the past and current research findings are analyzed to influence policy makers land use planers and relevant stake holders. The current research information generation is based on farmers’ interview and it compares and contrast with the authors research result to be further dialogued in the symposium. Past soil and water conservation challenges and opportunities will be presented in the introduction and recommendation together with the research finding will be addressed in the conclusion. The study area is in the proximity of eastern highland but is located in the western highland 2000masl in the Omo Basin that empties into Lake Turkan of Kenya-the heart of the Rift Valley which links both the eastern and western highlands. Land us land cover has distinct variation in infiltration varying average from 5replication in each from 419 to 1895 millimeter square spread with an application of one liter of shower in a given time from a watering cane. Showering amount and intensity is adopted from rainfall frequency and intensity which is obtained from rain gauge information data that caused flood and it is further conformed by farmer’s observation experience through interview and demonstration. The first is the best and the second is the worst in terms of filtration. There are factors affecting soil water abortion such as wind and type of vegetation cover slope etc. Similar approach that will be discussed in the introduction has been indorsed by the national soil and water conservation research review. This paper focuses on relative infiltration based on farmers’ qualitative interview response base and quantifies by a quick research result. Major land use land cover are Enset* (false banana), tall grass, medium grass, overgrazed grass organic rich arable farm degraded arable and foot path. 30 farmers were interviewed for the relative interception potential of the different land use land cover. The average relative infiltration in descending order is Enset> properly plowed and manure>tall grass> overgrazed grass land> degraded arable>foot path. For Further conformation representative gentle slope of 5 percent in the farming community is selected. Five replications at random is used for each land use land cover. One liter of water was powered on each cover type by a watering cane that is used to water seedlings in the nursery. Wet soil surface area was measure. The average results are Enset 419 >Tall grass 473 > properly plowed and manure applied (Moringa planting) >914.75 >Medium grass 415.3 > Overgrazed grass 1015 >Wheat stable 1132.5 > and Foot path 1893.5. The result confirms farmer’s interview result except the tall grass position compared to properly cultivated and manure applied. This result with the previous interception gives clear evidence as what vegetation in land use land cover shall be opted to recharge the aquifers for sustainable water

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supply to the rivers. The same relative result is found in Upper Blue Nile, Awash river and the Central Rift valley. The authors will display a proper land use land model to be exhibited to the participants. Key words: Interception, different land use land cover Highland water recharge

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Ecohydrological biotechnologies as a key to the pesticide contamination reduction

Paweł Jarosiewicz1,2, Maciej Zalewski1,2

1European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ERCE PAS, 3, Tylna Str., 90-364, Lodz, Poland 2 University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Applied Ecology, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland e-mails: p.jarosiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl, m.zalewski@erce.unesco.lodz.pl Human population is geometrically growing since the industrial revolution era. Recent estimations show that by the 2050 number of people will reach the level of 9.5 billion. Among variety of factors contributed to this increment, agricultural productivity was one of the most important. Development of the food production industrial model was made possible by introduction of agrichemicals. Within this large group of compounds most popular become pesticides (known also as Plant Protection Products). Protection of crops from the insects, fungi and weeds promoted the large-scale crop fields. From the 1950s, the application rates has been growing exponentially with one of the milestones as the introduction of Genetically Modified Plants with resistance for the nowadays most broadly used pesticide - glyphosate. Rapidly expanding market devoid of sufficient restrictions results in the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. Toxicity of some pesticides was revealed after many years of research. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of 12 classified as most dangerous are organochlorine pesticides. Currently used compounds also pose severe threat for the non-target organisms. Among the undesirable consequences of pesticides, we can mention alteration of intracellular pathways with unpredictable outcomes such as cell death, endocrine disruption and cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. There are much evidences for adverse effects to the aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. In consequence pesticides can alter the trophic chain homeostasis and create conditions for the decrease of ecosystem resilience and an increase in symptoms of eutrophication. Nevertheless, application of pesticides is necessary to maintain food production at the optimal level. Ecohydrology (EH), within its systemic framework, provides background for the development of “nature-based solutions” for enhancement of carrying capacity of catchment and agricultural land and their harmonization with actual social needs. According to the dual-regulation principle of EH - water quality can be regulated by shaping biotic structures and communities in ecosystems as also the dynamics, productivity and biodiversity of the catchment can be determined by the regulation of hydrological mesocycle. Understanding the complexity of these processes has been fundamental for the agrichemicals impact mitigation and for the sustainable use of resources. Following this, undertaken EH implementations are designed as a continuum from terrestrial to aquatic habitats. Riparian buffer zones and wetlands are already existing natural maintaining structures with purifying potential confirmed in scientific studies. Nevertheless, by using ecohydrological biotechnologies we can amplify proper and impede unwanted processes in those ecosystems with specific hydraulic regime. By integrating disciplines like microbiology, geochemistry, biotechnology it will be possible to efficiently enhance the catchment sustainability potential. Regarding the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, it is extremely important to reduce the anthropopressure with the low-energy, low-cost but high-efficiency and environmental-friendly technologies. Ecohydrology provides such scientific framework for the development of innovative methodology and systemic solutions from molecular to catchment scale.

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Linking Ecohydrology and Integrated Water Resource Management: Institutional Challenges for Water Management in

Pangani Basin, Tanzania

Tuli S. Msuya1 and Makarius C.S. Lalika2

1Tanzania Forest Fund, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, P.O. Box 311004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania e-mail: tulikibi@gmail.com 2Department of Environmental and Physical Science, College of Environmental Sciences and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3038, Morogoro Tanzania e-mail: makarius.lalika@yahoo.com; lalika_2mc@suanet.ac.tz For quite sometime, integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been a paramount approach for effective water management and development. However, regardless of the reforms in water policy and water resources development programme and water resources management act to include provisions for IWRM, Tanzania is still facing several institutional challenges in the practical implementation of IWRM. In addition, linking up ecohydrology practices and IWRM is facing some institutional hurdles. This paper highlights institutional challenges endangering effective implementation of IWRM Pangani Basin in Tanzania. Structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, participant observations and review of secondary sources were used in during data collection. The results indicate that effective use of ecohydrology practices and institutions in water management are hampered by fragmented, loosely connected and poorly integrated institutions at different levels. Although guidance for IWRM implementation are in place, inadequate mechanisms for inter-sectoral coordination triggers fragmentation in institutions and stakeholders that are involved in the management of water and allied resources. At the basin level, the basin water boards, particularly the Pangani Basin Water Board is responsible for water resources management. However, there exist other institutions and authorities including NGOs, private sector, District Councils and Water Supply Authorities playing a great role in water management at basin level. These institutions overlap but do not coincide due to poor coordination. This is due to lack of basin level forum for coordinating multi-stakeholders and institutions with diverse interests and imbalanced power to water resources. As a result, the numerous stakeholders in water resources have interactions with local communities which take place in parallel and often contradicting one another. This arrangement generates a multitude of local level arrangements and institutions which work without coordination. This state of affairs will continue to hamper national aspirations to effectively implement IWRM in the Pangani basin. Successful IWRM implementation would allow the country to meet its obligations towards sustainable water management. Key words: IWRM, Institutional challenges, Pangani Basin, Stakeholders participation, Tanzania

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Lake Naivasha ecohydrology under anthropogenic stress – past, current challenges and options for the future

Silas Wanjala1 and Nic Pacini2

1Lake Naivasha Riparian Association, Naivasha Kenya, silwanjala@yahoo.com 2University of Calabria, Italy, nicopacini@gmail.com Since colonial times, Lake Naivasha became Kenya’s economic development hub dominated by Geothermal power production, cattle husbandry, a developing turism industry, Large scale Horticulture developed starting from the mid 1980s, providing incentive for the growth of the Hotel and hospitality sector and to small and medium enterprises around the lake, as well as to intensive smallholder cultivations and pastoralism. With advanced technologies and continued rise in human population, these developments have gradually expanded, continually exerting pressure and already scarce natural resources with land and water being the most affected. Conflicts between various interest groups often erupted amid fluctuations in the lake levels. Growers, pastoralists, the fisherfolk community, hoteliers, upper catchment and lower catchment communities often accuse one another of engaging in resource use malpractices. These conflicts opened partnership resource-management opportunities to help implement research-informed mitigation measures like the Integrated Water Resource Allocation Plan that governs water use, Payment of Ecosystem Services (PES), as well as ecohydrological interventions such as the use of constructed wetlands to clean flower farm effluents. Recent large scale development projects by both the National and the Nakuru County Governments bring new uncertainties for the lake’s future.Plan to develop an Industrial Park and an inland port for the new Standard Gauge Railway in Naivasha, together with the plan to develop and market Naivasha as an Ecotourism and Conferencing Destination, have influenced speculation on investment opportunities and demographic trends hence attracting investors and jobseekers. This leaves unanswered questions about the vitality of the lake’s ecosystem services that will continue to be degraded. The County Govt. plan is pushing for a green economy agenda while Industries are planning activities causing potential risks of pollution and related environmental challenges. How can we strike a balance? Several interest groups partnered to create a game/wildlife corridor connecting the lake’s riparian with the Eburru Forest in the upper basin, Mt. Longonot & Hell’s Gate N.P. Ecosystems. Lobbying has started for the adoption of clean technologies like use of water recycling and sulphur scrappers in geothermal power generation, together with the establishment of pollution monitoring systems. Finally, the papyrus fringe itself has been the target of research and management proposals. Key words: Ecohydrology, Resource use Conflicts, Partnership, Proactive mitigation, Sustainability

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Dry spells in the Ichkeul Basin: diagnosis of droughts using daily data

Majid Mathlouthi 1, Fethi Lebdi2

1Research Laboratory in Sciences and Technology of Water at National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia, Majid_Mathlouthi@yahoo.fr 2National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT), 43 av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis - University of Carthage – Tunisia, lebdi.fethi@iresa.agrinet.tn Drought is a natural phenomenon that can occur in all regions. Climate variability and climate change in the longer term consequences of economic, social and environmental. It is likely that climate change increases the frequency and duration of droughts, which could contribute to land degradation. This contribution focuses on an event based analysis of the dry spell phenomenon, according to a predetermined threshold, from series of observations of the daily rainfall. The case study is the Ghézala dam localized Northern Tunisia where the average seasonal precipitation is about 680 mm. A dry period is defined as a series of days with daily rainfall less than a given threshold. Unlike the dry period, a dry event may last only one day. Dry events are considered as a sequence of dry days separated by rainfall events from each other. Thus the rainy season is defined as a series of rainfall and subsequent dry events. Rainfall events are defined as the uninterrupted sequence of rainy days, when at last on one day more than a threshold amount of rainfall has been observed. The focuses here is on the evolution of dry events and longest spells in duration and frequency in the region under the influence of a changing climate. The identification of the longest dry and wet events on the history was carried out. For planning purposes, the longest dry spells associated with the various statistical recurrence periods are derived on the basis of the fitted GEV type probability distribution functions. The event-based rainfall analysis is used to calibrate precipitation models with little rainfall records, the study of the effects of climate change on water resources and crops and to generate long synthetic rainfall event time series. The synthetic sequences of rainfall events and dry events are used to define and calibrate simulation models for realistic planning of reservoirs or for estimating water demand irrigation. Key words: event-based analysis, dry period, rainfall event, climate vulnerability

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Water budget closure hypothesis and ET estimations at a basin scale

Wuletawu Abera2 and Riccardo Rigona1

1Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy 2Department of Geography and Enviromntal Studies, Mekelle University, Ethiopia *e-mail: wuletawu979@gmail.com Water resource management requires accurate water budget closure at various spatial and temporal scales i.e. J - Q - ET = ds=dt. While precipitation J and discharge Q can be observed /estimated with relatively high accuracy, evapotranspiration ET and storage change ds=dt are unknown at a basin scale. The physical model, such as Penman-Monteith equation are important to estimate ET at any space and time scale, but requires large data set (not available normally), and the simplified models such as Priestley-Taylor has important parameter needs to be calibrated. On the other direction, studies use assumption that storage change (ds=dt) can be negligible at long enough time scale, i.e. the Budyko hypothesis, and estimate ET from the water budget equation. However, this approach provides ET at large time (yearly) and space (large basin) scale. The estimation at annual time scale is not so useful hydrological information that can be used for water resource developments such as agriculture. To this end, We combined Priestley-Taylor (PT) equation and Budyko hypothesis to model ET and water budget closure at any space-time scale. The method is applied in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) river basin, where hydrological information on which informed decision is made is limited due to data scarcity. We used JGrass NewAge system, and the simulation is conducted at daily time-step for a duration between 1994 2009 (16 years). The uncertainty in this approach is much smaller than the value reported in literature. Key words: Evapotranspiration, water budget, JGrass-NewAge, Upper Blue Nile, simulation

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Multi-stakeholder partnership in addressing integrated water resource management in the context of Ecohydrology focused on

upper Awash River

Daniel Truneh

Vitens Evides International, East Africa Country Representative e-mail: Daniel.truneh@vitens.nl Water quality determines the suitability of the available water for human consumption, livestock, irrigation, industrial, aquatic life and wildlife. Thus, water quality information provides a crucial component of water availability for different uses. The use of water for different purposes requires an understanding of its quality and quantity that can be hampered by different factors: natural, anthropological or both. Hence, its understanding helps for further water resources development, utilization and monitoring. In addition, knowing the potential water quality threats/pollutants assists in developing the mitigation measure in ahead of time. Upper Awash is generally depicted as an area primarily affected by soil degradation and water shortage with significant pollution of water and soil from industrial, agricultural and other sources. However, a survey of water quality conducted in upper Awash area by different researchers and institutions revealed that water and soil pollution is becoming an important challenge, especially in streams running through urban and industrial region of Addis Ababa, Adama, Mojo and Bishoftu. Over the last three decades there has been a dramatic increase in population density in upper Awash area. This, in conjunction with the widespread and accelerating activities in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, floriculture, small and large scale industry, has brought about increased pollution of the rivers in this area. As an insight currently only 10% of the sewerage in Addis Ababa are collected, transported and disposed in a traditional treatment plant. The rest is directly discharged without any treatment to the surface water. 90% of the factories/industries in Addis Ababa and special Oromia zone lack waste treatment facilities; and they directly discharge their effluents into the nearby rivers/streams. 65% of over 2000 factories/industries in Addis Ababa and Special Oromia zone are located along river/stream banks. The limited capacity by involved parties to enforce regulations regarding the safety and protection of these rivers has aggravated the problem. A number of pollution related studies have confirmed that about 90% of industries in Addis Ababa, Special Oromia zone, Bishoftu and Mojo are simply discharging their effluent into nearby water bodies, streams and open land without any form of treatment. In the wastewater facilities master plan project study by AAWSSA, it was reported that out of 70 factories, 56 (80%) were dumping their untreated effluent into nearby watercourses and urban streams. In 2010 Addis Ababa Environmental protection Authority conducted a survey on the kinds of waste generated by industries and the number of factories with treatment plant. Out of the 40 industries that responded to the questionnaire only 3 (about 8%) of them have treatment plant. Ecohydrology oriented IWRM is a possible solution to Upper Awash´s many issues in regards to its water resources. Action has been taken to implement the Partnership for Water Resources Protection, aiming to facilitate the stakeholders in preparation of IWRM. It establishes stronger regional partnerships to create effective multi-stakeholder platforms, as well as stronger ties for collaboration between various stakeholders and institutions. This case study clearly illustrates the importance of ensuring participation by key actors to provide opportunities for restoration and enhancement of the absorbing capacity of ecosystems against human impacts.

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Enhancement of sustainability potential of a floodplain reservoir through multi-dimensional approach

Kamila Belka1*, Edyta Kiedrzyńska1,2, Marcin Kiedrzy ński3, Maciej Zalewski1,2

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Lodz, Poland; * e-mail: k.belka@erce.unesco.lodz.pl 2University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Applied Ecology, Lodz, Poland. 3University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Lodz, Poland, kiedmar@biol.uni.lodz.pl Construction of reservoirs for enhancement of available freshwater resources and increasing of catchment’s retention becomes indispensable in the face of climate change, to mitigate effects of droughts and floods intensification, to provide an easily available irrigation and potable water, and related ecosystem services. Although this hydroengineering practice is known from millennia, an increasing human population pressure in the catchment, amplified by neglected environmental considerations, often results in unsustainable aquatic ecosystems and depletion of natural resources. A good environmental design can result from a thoughtful consideration of underlying environmental, ecological, hydrological and ecohydrological processes as well as existing socio-economic context. As proposed by Zalewski (2015) and Zalewski et al. (2016) catchment management plans prepared under the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) have to consider the five dimensions – goals: Water, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services, Resilience and Culture (WBSRC). Here, we demonstrate, that also the particular water management objects and tools, like reservoirs, need to undergo this interdisciplinary analysis in order to account for their sustainability. A well-directed management of the natural resources towards regulation of ecohydrological processes harmonized with socio-economic processes, may lead to enhancement of the river valleys natural potential, and thus its sustainability. A conceptual design of a reservoir is proceeded by the deliberate research aimed at understanding the threats and opportunities of the study area and the planned reservoir. It hydrological dynamics, physico-chemical parameters of surface and groundwater, as well as flora and fauna assessment, including rare and endangered species and habitats, occurring in the river reach, its floodplain and the catchment. The existing and potential sources of water pollution are also analyzed. The investigation is accompanied by a general environmental analysis of catchment, including geological, geomorphological and soil conditions, as well as climate characteristics. The resulting conceptual framework consists of features and innovative solutions to enhance WBSRC goals through proper design integrated with ecohydrological biotechnologies. Cultural ecosystem services should be enhanced by proper management of human impacts in recreational and natural zones. Key words: water retention, Integrated Water Resources Management, Ecohydrology, conceptual design. References: Zalewski, M. 2015. Ecohydrology and Hydrologic Engineering: Regulation of Hydrology-

Biota Interactions for Sustainability. Journal of Hydrological Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000999, A4014012, 1-14.

Zalewski M., McClain M., Eslamian S. 2016. New challenges and dimensions of Ecohydrology – enhancement of catchments sustainability potential. Editorial. Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol 16(1), 1-3.

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Symposium Posters

Spatial and temporal analysis of runoff, nutrients and physical parameters in seven watersheds of the Northern German Lowland

Debebe Wondwossen1, Nichola Fohrer2, Hilmar Messal3

1 University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, beyene.wonde@gmail.com 2 University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, nfohrer@hydrology.uni-kiel.de 3 University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, hmessal@hydrology.uni-kiel.de Human economic and social activities in watershed extent regulate the water quality and quantity, the aquatic ecology, and energy flow within the system. A comprehensive GIS based analysis as well as statistical analysis was conducted on 7 watersheds in Northern German Lowland to investigate the distribution of runoff, physical and chemical parameters of the water quality and the dynamics with respect to the environmental predictors in space and time. Significant spatial variability of the water quality parameters was evident from west to east transect among the watersheds. While, seasonal variability was not sufficient for the overall change of the water quality indicators. It is found that there was uneven distribution of the chemical parameters through the watersheds and the pattern of the distribution of the chemical parameters was asymmetrical and also none of the watersheds have equal sample median. Land use/ land cover across 7 watersheds were correlated to 12 water quality parameters and Arable land was strongly correlated to Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentration in the water. Forest is also correlated inversely to the chemical parameters, thus watersheds with high Forest cover could exhibited better water quality through the watersheds. Arable land combined with WWTP dominated regions were identified as a hot spot area. Anthropogenic sources were found to be the prominent sources of the contaminants and both diffuse and point sources were identified as the main path and entry of pollutants to the rivers. In contrast, soil type across the watersheds revealed no correlation to the water quality, suggesting other influential factors to be considered. The mean concentrations of TP, PO4-P and NO3-N during 1990 – 2010 were identified in different LAWA class and TP and NO3-N concentration were above the threshold level of good ecological status in Hache and Hunte. An overall decreasing temporal trend of these parameters in Buckau, Ilmenau and Nuthe and also no temporal trend in Hache and Hunte was observed approximately for the past 21 years. Key Words: Water quality, Land use, Watershed, LAWA class, Ecohydrology

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Ecohydrological biotechnologies for mitigation of nutrient fluxes from catchment into river systems

Edyta Kiedrzyńska1,2, Marcin Kiedrzy ński3, Magdalena Urbaniak1,2, Maciej Zalewski1,2

1European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Lodz, Poland. *e-mail: edytkied@biol.uni.lodz.pl, mzal@biol.uni.lodz.pl 2University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Applied Ecology, Lodz, Poland. 3University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Lodz, Poland, kiedmar@biol.uni.lodz.pl Sustainable Development Goals define key challenges to achieve safety vision of the future. Good water quality is a one of the fundamental challenges to humanity as defined by SDGs. According to data of the United Nations by 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water. Moreover, as statistics show at least 1.8 billion people globally use a source of drinking water that is faecally contaminated. This is due to the fact that more than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged into rivers, lakes or seas without any pollution removal. To address these challenges there is an urgent need to reduce nutrient loads from point and nonpoint sources, which are the main causes of eutrophication and pollution of water resources, including sources of drinking water. It can be done by a systemic approach to water and wastewater management in the basins and by regulation of catchment processes by using ecohydrological biotechnologies. The concept of regulating ecosystems, the key assumption of Ecohydrology (Zalewski et al., 1997; Zalewski, 2011), is an important part of the management of water resources, intended to reduce the outflow of nutrients and other pollutants into river systems to prevent degradation of water bodies and also for protection of human health. In accordance to the assumptions of Ecohydrology, the systemic approach of water and wastewater management should contain the following three elements: (1) Identification and quantification of the anthropogenic threats of water quality in the catchment, and an analysis of cause-effect relationships concerning the sources and mechanisms of the spread of anthropogenic pollution in the catchment scale and their impact on the deterioration of the quality of river water (Kiedrzyńska et al. 2014a; Kiedrzyńska et al. 2014b). (2) Development of ecohydrological biotechnologies - low-cost, high-efficiency applications, for example Sequential Biofiltration Systems for enhancement of sewage treatment efficiency and reduction pollution loads from sewage treatment plants. (3) Development of sustainable water management plans in the catchment for achievement of good ecological status of waters and the sustainable development of society (Kiedrzyńska et al. 2015). Key words: River catchment, Anthropogenic pollution, Sewage, Ecohydrology, Biotechnologies, Sustainable water management. Acknowledgments The research was conducted within the framework of the National Science Centre, Poland, Project No. 2015/19/B/ST10/02167 (Use of artificial neural networks and methods in the field of pattern recognition for a complex catchment analysis of the impact of anthropogenic chemical and microbiological pollution on water resources) and of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Project No. NN305 365738. References Kiedrzyńska E., Jóźwik A., Kiedrzyński M., Zalewski M., 2014a. Hierarchy of factors exerting an

impact on nutrient load of the Baltic Sea and sustainable management of its drainage basin. Marine Pollution Bulletin 88: 162-173.

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Kiedrzyńska E., Kiedrzyński M., Urbaniak M., Magnuszewski A., Skłodowski M., Wyrwicka A., Zalewski M. 2014b. Point sources of nutrient pollution in the lowland river catchment in the context of the Baltic Sea eutrophication. Ecological Engineering 70: 337-348.

Kiedrzyńska E., Kiedrzyński M., Zalewski M., 2015. Sustainable floodplain management for flood prevention and water quality improvement. Natural Hazards 76: 955-977.

Skłodowski M., Kiedrzyńska E., Kiedrzyński M., Urbaniak M., Zielińska K.M., Kurowski, J.K., Zalewski M., 2014. The role of riparian willows in phosphorus accumulation and PCB control for lotic water quality improvement. Ecological Engineering 70: 1-10.

Kiedrzyńska E., Kiedrzyński M., Urbaniak M., Jóźwik A., Bednarek A., Gągała I., Zalewski M., (in preparation). Sequential constructed wetland for nutrient removal and PCBs control on municipal wastewater.

Zalewski M., 2011. Ecohydrology for implementation of the EU water framework directive. Proc. Inst. Civil. Eng. Water Manag. 164(8):375–385

Zalewski M., Janauer G. A., and Jolánkai G., eds. 1997. Ecohydrology: A new paradigm for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Conceptual background, working hypothesis, rationale and scientific guidelines for the implementation of the IHP-V projects 2.3/2.4, UNESCO, Paris.

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The assessment of vegetated river banks for stream restoration in the Naivasha Basin

Nic Pacini1,2, Silas W. Wanjala3, David M. Harper2,4

1 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy 2 Naivasha Basin Sustainability Initiative 3 Lake Naivasha Riparian Association 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Services Ltd., Aylsham, Norwich, Great Britain Vegetated river banks constitute a “riparian buffer”, i.e.: a structure able to intercept flows coming from the catchment directed towards the stream. Sediment deposition and nutrient uptake by the vegetation reduce the delivery of soluble and particulate pollutants protecting freshwater quality. At the same time, riparian vegetation prevents river bank erosion, offers refuge for wildlife, moderates local climate variability, and creates organic soils capable of retaining water by slowing down runoff. The multitude of ecosystem services that are provided by riparian buffers is linked to the composition, continuity and width of the vegetated belt. In the Naivasha Basin, a Stream Corridor Assessment methodology comprising 12 descriptive criteria was applied to evaluate stream corridor health and to identify the need for targeted interventions, such as tree planting and/or fencing to prevent access by cattle. Within the Upper Gilgil River catchment, some 18 sites were described and evaluated in detail highlighting causes of impact and opportunities for ecohydrological restoration. Beside stream banks, natural wetlands and small scale man-made dams provide further opportunities for the expansion of the riparian ecotone. Typical features are illustrated in the poster and will be discussed during the conference. Tree planting offered a number of lessons learned, in particular those related to the involvement of local farmers in sharing the management of young trees and the benefits of ecosystem services provided by riparian vegetated strips. Future advancement in riparian research is needed to better understand the potential functionality as well as ecosystem service value of different species of riparian trees and shrubs.

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Wetland Restoration at Varenheuvel-Abroek

Biniyam Sishah1,2, Yubraj Thapa1,2, Anna Roose1,2, Tereza Muhlhame1,2, Hector Mendieta1,2, Janik Kukral 1,2, Jihane Louise1,2, Evangelia Choudalaki1,2 Ann Van

Griensven1,3

1 Vrji University of Brussels (VUB), Belgium, binibobini@gmail.com 2 KuLeuven, Belgium, 3 UNISCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, the Netherlands, Ann.Van.Griensven@vub.ac.be This research work is in accordance to the redesigned Sigma plan and it examines the conditions and possibilities of creating a permeant Wetland in the areas of Verenheuvel-Abroek, Belgium. The rationale behind the study is, in 1976 a storm tide resulted in enormous human and material damages due to flooding from the Scheldt River and its tributaries. As a result, the Sigma plan was proposed by the Dutch Delta Works. The main objective of the plan was maximizing safety of local population by building high dikes and constructing artificial flood controlling areas in the catchment of the Scheldt. Since, the Scheldt River had already been widened, dredged and straightened for the sake of navigational purposes and has lost much of its water quality and Ecosystem values before, Implementations of the Sigma plan have negatively affected its course and behavior. These alterations in return have significantly changed the upstream parts of Scheldt and its tributaries, such as the Wetland in the areas of Verenheuvel-Abroek. The Wetland is currently a seasonal type (it ponds water during wet season and it dries up during dry seasons) because of insufficient amount of incoming water due to implementations of the Sigma plan. Consequently, many plant and animal species could not adopt to the water level changes and are now at the verge of extinction. Also most of the once Wetland area is capsized by settlers into agricultural farmlands, leading to a decrease in biodiversity potential and ecosystem values. Adoption of the Water Framework Directive by Europe on 2000 has put a strong link between Ecosystem preservation and watershed management practices. That is, implemented projects have to be designed considering Environmental, nature friendly and sustainable approaches to water management. Hence, the Sigma plan had to be redesigned and measures of safety already implemented have to be compensated with measures that include nature development. Such a project is the permeant restoration and conservation of the Wetland in the area of Verenheuvel-Abroek and River restoration works in the Kleine Nete basin. In the context of the above rational, the conditions and possibility for creating a permanent Wetland in the Verenheuvel-Abroek area have been examined in this paper. In this context, a water balance was made to verify the existence of adequate water to fill in the Wetland. Further investigation was carried out to check if inflow to the Wetland is sufficiently enough to keep it permanently wet throughout the year. The future impacts of the Wetland on groundwater table levels of surrounding areas, River flows of the Kleine Nete River, safety of local population, water quality, Ecosystem services, Agricultural productions and Economy were investigated. The effects of River restorations (meandering, more storage and dike improvement) to be performed in the Kleine Nete as part of the redesigned Sigma plan (further upstream of the study area) on groundwater levels at the riparian zones of Varenheuvel-Abroek are also investigated. In this investigation, different scenarios were considered for Kleine Nete River’s level (no change, a decrease of 15 cm, a decrease of 30 cm, an increase of 15cm and an increase of 30 cm). During simulations, these scenarios were combined with possible changes in recharge. Another fascinating study was that after the implementation of the Wetland in Viersels, the eastern area should not be impacted by the Wetland, since it is expected to still be used for agricultural/pasture purposes. That is, the Ground water table should be at least 0.5 m below the original Ground (OGL) in worst possible case. The modelling software used for the study is Triwaco. It is a finite elements model with a user-friendly interface to a wide range of model codes, it combines a variety of pre-and post-

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processing tools and visualizations, all in one integrated modelling environment. It also has the data management system with all information and data needed to set up a model. The software can virtually handle any data format without any conversion. The modelling environment consists of various types of models and different options of modelling codes. The following model codes are currently supported: Rainfall - Run off models (SOBEK-RR), Surface water models (SOBEK-CF), Unsaturated zone models (FLUZO, SWAP, metaSWAP-planned), Groundwater models (FLAIRS, MODFLOW-96/2000/2005), Linked models (OpenMI) and Effect models (Trace, MT3D, ecology, agriculture - planned). In terms of data for the model, two types of data were considered, namely model parameter values and GIS maps. The parameter values are mainly hydraulic parameters for the different components of the model (i.e. soil layers, Rivers, channels, boundary conditions, etc.). GIS maps data consist of spatial referenced information such as ground elevation, layers elevation (B_DIEST, B_BERCHEM), transmissivity (TH1), geographical location, River networks and cadaster references. Model simulations have shown that the recreation of the natural Wetland in the area of Varenheuvel-Abroek is both feasible and beneficial. The feasibility study from the water balance calculations concluded that the Wetland is possible to be kept up to 5,2m TAW. Due to the fact that the calculations included some assumptions it is possible that the Wetland can be in fact kept to the desired level of 5.5m TAW. Concerning the benefits the Wetland can offer, the nature status will be upgraded in the area and economy can be enhanced. Simulations had also reviled that climate change and the River restoration has minor or very little impacts on the Wetland extent and functioning. The findings of this research are important in that they show environmental consideration has to be put in place before the implementation of any sized watershed management practices in any part of the world. In addition, countries have to adopt policies that insure a strong link between Ecosystem preservation and watershed management practices to preserve and conserve ecosystem habitats for future generations. Key words: Wetland restoration, Scheldt River, Sigma plan, Ecosystem

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Water quality assessment of Lake Hawassa for multiple designated water uses

Brook Abate1*, Admasu Woldesenbet2 and Daniel Fitamo1

1 Hawassa University, Ethiopia 2 Mettu University, Ethiopia * e-mail: brooka12@yahoo.com Lake Hawassa is one of the Major Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes which has a closed basin system. It receives inflow from the only perennial River Tikurwuha and runoff from the remaining sub-catchment. Quality of lake water is vital for the surrounding community for proper and safe use of the lake. The present study was designed to examine the physicochemical and biological water quality suitability for multiple purposes and to determine trophic state index of the lake for a period of three months from December to February, 2011/12. Water samples were collected from the lake on monthly basis and analyzed for all water quality parameters by following standard methods. Data analysis was performed by descriptive, multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer test. The overall water quality parameters analytical results have been observed as pH (7.54), TDS (450.1), temp.( 21.23°C), DO (17.85), turbidity(8.44NTU), COD (48.73), BOD5 (117), F̄ (12.8), NO3̄ (5.27), PO43- (1.12), NO2¯ (0.04), TN (5.42), TP (0.37), Cl¯(30.84), Mn(0.09), Zn(0.19), Na+(331), Chll-a(25.45µg/l), TC(11,883MPN/100ml) and FC (99.67MPN/100ml) and units for others in mg/l. On the other hand, the value of indices for irrigation water quality was SAR (12.2-16), SSP(83.77-84.34%), MAR (93.83-95.37%) and KR (5.71-7.18). The values of the whole analyzed parameters have shown significant variation in site (P<0.05). As irrigation water quality mainly focuses on the indices of SAR and EC/TDS, the lake water is in good condition for the purpose. The values of trace heavy metals were under permissible limits for multiple aspects. On average, the trophic state index of the Lake Hawassa was hypereutrophic (TSI=72.6), as Carlson value category. In general, the lake water is not suitable for drinking, recreational and irrigation of some raw consuming crops but it’s suitable for aquatic life. Key words: Aquatic life, drinking water, irrigation water, Lake Hawassa, trophic state index, water quality parameters.

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Integrated assessment of ecosystem services for sustainable management of natural resource, a case of Lake Hawassa basin,

Ethiopia

Bedilu Reta1, Prof. Dr. Felix Müller 2, PD Dr. Benjamin Burkhard3

1,2,3 Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Ecosystem Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, of the Kiel University 1beamreta@gmail.com,2 fmueller@ecology.uni-kiel.de,3bburkhard@ecology.uni-kiel.de The existing anthropogenic activities coupled with population pressures and point and non-point source pollutions in the study area have contributed for the degradation of natural resources, which ultimately result in direct and/or indirect impact on the Lake Hawassa Basin (LHB) ecosystem services (ESS). The objective of this research is to assess and map the availability and importance of Lake Hawassa Basin ecosystem services and identify possible impacts due to point and non-point source pollution to recommend best management practices. The study mainly adopts primary and secondary data, expert judgment matrix, site visit and consultations with relevant stakeholders at different level and ArcGIS v10.1 for mapping the existing ESS. During consultation, consulted stakeholders selected ten (10) land use land cover (LULC) and thirteen (13) provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services (ESS), which are benefited the local community reside in the study area. Results of the study revealed that, based on the relevant capacity of the study area LULC classes to provide annual potential ESS, spatial and temporal variation of ecosystem services are identified within LHB. The outcomes of the study demonstrated with diagram and maps to show the spatial and temporal patterns of ESS in the Basin. Regarding, the temporal variation for next 30 years are also displayed in the study to indicate the potential ESS of the basin for the coming 30 years in 2037. In addition, the study identified potential impacts of point and non-point source pollution on the existing annual potential ecosystem services of Lake Hawassa Basin and recommended best management practices to offset and/or minimize these impacts. The study provides an alternative development options and basic information the will be uses as a tool to communicate decision makers and other development partners during future watershed management plan and other development activities to ensure sustainable management of natural resources in Lake Hawassa basin. Key words: Ecosystem services, LULC, Lake Hawassa, Ecohydrology, Point source, Expert judgment matrix

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Efficiency of vetiver grass for the treatment of coffee processing wastewater

Eyob Worku 1, Tena Alemayehu2 and Mekibi Dawit 2

1Addis Ababa University, Environmental Sciences Center, Addis Ababa, environment_cns@aau.edu.et 2Kotebe University College, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa, kcte@ethionet.et Recently, a growing number of industries and processing plants have come into operation in Ethiopia. However, many of them do not properly treat and dispose their wastewater. Due to its unique morphological and physiological characteristics, vetiver grass is believed to tolerate many adverse climatic and edaphic conditions; consequently, vetiver grass has a good potential for wastewater treatment. Present research was conducted to assess the treatment efficiency of vetiver grass for 70% coffee processing wastewater under floatation platform technique with no supporting medium. The solvent used for wastewater treatment was water. The wastewater dilution concentration was determined priori by looking into the performance of the vetiver grass by growing it at different proportions. The experiment was done in twenty liters plastic containers. Three buckets were planted with three vetiver grasses in each container while one additional was kept with no plants inside wastewater. Treatment started when vetiver grasses were a total of one month and three weeks old. Wastewater samples for analysis were taken at weekly interval for six weeks. The treatment performance of vetiver grass was evaluated based on its percentage removal efficiency. Within the study period, the mean removal efficiency of the vetiver hydroponic system was: 75% (BOD5), 63.6% (COD), 72.8% (DO), 55.3% (NH4 (N)), 74.8% (NO3 (N)), 68.6% (TN), 71.7% (orthophosphate), and 68.1% (TP) for coffee processing wastewater. It was concluded that vetiver hydrophonic system has a potential to substantially reduce the wastewater from coffee processing plants. Further field optimization scale research, however, is recommended. Key words: Vetiver grass, coffee processing wastewater, hydroponic System, wastewater, treatment efficiency, wastewater treatment

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Characterization of isolated bacterial strain capable of microcystin molecule degradation

Arnoldo Font Najera1,2, Ilona Gągała-Borowska1, Liliana Serwecińska1, Tomasz Jurczak2

and Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek1,2

1 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Łódź, Poland 2 Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland e-mail: arnoldofont01@gmail.com; j.mankiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl Cyanobacterial blooms occurrence is one of the most important problems facing the anthropocene era due to extensive anthropogenic eutrophication (Gillings & Hagan-Lawson, 2014). Their presence has been identified in most of the world’s aquatic ecosystems, both freshwater and marine, posing a threat of the loss of aquatic biodiversity and water security as an ecosystem service (Paerl et al., 2011; Newcombe et al., 2012). Cyanobacterial blooming activity is the source of different types of toxic chemicals that can remain stable in the water for several days (Rapala et al., 2006; Funari & Testai, 2008). These toxins, especially called cyanotoxins, can considerably damage the health of organisms, magnify in the food webs (Justine et al., 2014) and percolate to the groundwater systems that are used as water drinking sources (Falconer, 2005). The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms was recognized as a serious problem also for fast-developing countries in Africa, such as Ethiopia, facing degradation of the natural environment and limited access to water of good quality. Previous research undertaken on Lake Tana in Ethiopia between 2009 and 2011 identified microcystins (MCs) producing cyanobacteria with MCs levels ranging from 0.58 to 2.65 µg/L during the post rainy season (Mankiewicz-Boczek et al. 2015). Since the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) proposes a provisional guideline of 1 µg/L as the maximum concentration of total microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its equivalents in drinking water, the occasional presence of MCs (≥1 µg/L) in Lake Tana revealed a serious threat to water quality. It indicated also that direct consumption of surface water originating from Bahir Dar Gulf during the post rainy season, without prior water treatment, should be strictly prohibited under the threat of illness. Moreover, such lakes contaminated with MCs also represent a threat to other ecosystem services such as recreation and fish consumption for local community. Microcystin (MC)-degrading bacteria are proposed extensively as natural biotechnological tools for water treatment in contaminated aquatic ecosystems, which is consistent with the ecohydrological approach. However, in situ experiments with indigenous bacteria have been scarcely discussed. The aim of the present study was the isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of microcystin molecule degradation from Jeziorsko reservoir in the center region of Poland, where every year the presence of cyanobacteria of the genera Microcystis and Aphanizomenon together with the production of MCs is recorded. A microbiological batch test was performed using MC-LR as the only source of carbon to identify MC-degrading bacteria, with further molecular detection of four genes that are involved in the pathway of degradation (the mlrABCD gene cluster). From a total of 24 isolated bacterial strains, only the designated strains JEZ-8L and JEZ-15L were capable of MC-LR degradation; however, the strain JEZ-8L degraded MC-LR with a faster rate (92% in 7 days) than the strain JEZ-15L (100% in 21 days). Both MC-degrading strains were gram-negative bacilli belonging to the Sphingomonadaceae family, but only the strain JEZ-8L was found to contain all four mlrABCD genes for the development of the metabolic pathway. A phylogenetic analysis for strain JEZ-8L, using the molecular marker 16S rRNA for bacteria, revealed a closer association with the genus Sphingosinicella spp., in which Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans Y2 (another MC-degrading bacteria) showed the highest sequence homology (100%). The previous results strongly suggest that the strain JEZ-8L is the first bacteria, to our knowledge, to contain all four mlrABCD genes

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for MC-degradation in center Europe. Finally, using the ecohydrological principles, the strain JEZ-8L was strongly discussed as a potential biotechnological tool for the treatment of water bodies representing similar phytoplankton communities, with especial consideration in the importance of the use of autochthonous strains rather than the allochthonous strains that have already been proposed in the literature. Key words: cyanobacterial blooms, cyanotoxins, microcystin-degrading bacteria, Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans, mlrABCD gene cluster References: Falconer I.R. 2005. Cyanobacterial Toxins of Drinking Water Supplies; CRC Press: Boca Raton,

FL, USA, pp. 1-9. Funari E., Testai E. 2008. Human Health Risk Assessment Related to Cyanotoxins Exposure.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 38: 97-125. Gillings M., Hagan-Lawson E. 2014. The cost of living in the Anthropocene. Earth Perspectives,

1(2): 1-11. Justine S., Wilhelm W., Boyer G. 2014. The Fate of Microcystins in the Environment and

Challenges for Monitoring. Toxins. 6: 3354 – 3387. Mankiewicz-Boczek J., Gągała I., Jurczak T., Urbaniak M., Negussie Y., Zalewski M. 2015.

Incidence of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Lake Tana, the largest waterbody in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology. 53(1): 54-63.

Newcombe G., Chorus I., Falconer I., Lin T. 2012. Cyanobacteria: Impacts of Climate Change on Occurrence, Toxicity and Water Quality Management. Water Res. 46: 1347–1348.

Paerl H.W., Hall N.S., Calandrino E.S. 2011. Controlling Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a World Experiencing Anthropogenic and Climate-induced Change. Sci. Total Environ., 409: 1739–1745.

Rapala J., Niemela M., Berg K., Lepistö L., Lahti K. 2006. Removal of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, heterotrophic bacteria and endotoxins at an operating surface water treatment plant. Water Sci Technol. 54(3): 23-28.

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The importance of hydrological processes and biotic interactions in limiting of toxic cyanobacterial blooms

Adrianna Wojtal-Frankiewicz 1, Andrzej Kruk 2, Zuzanna Oleksińska1, Piotr Frankiewicz1,3

and Katarzyna Izydorczyk3

1Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland 2Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland 3European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Lodz, Poland Corresponding author: adwoj@biol.uni.lodz.pl The recognition of long-term patterns in the seasonal dynamics of Daphnia longispina and cyanobacteria is dependent upon their interactions, the water temperature and the hydrological conditions, which were all investigated between 1999 and 2008 in the lowland Sulejow Reservoir. The biomass of cyanobacteria, densities of D. longispina, concentration of chlorophyll a and water temperature were assessed weekly from April to October at three sampling stations along the longitudinal reservoir axis. The retention time was calculated using data on the actual water inflow and reservoir volume. A self-organising map (SOM) was used due to high interannual variability in the studied parameters and their often non-linear relationships. Classification of the SOM output neurons into three clusters that grouped the sampling terms with similar biotic states allowed identification of the crucial abiotic factors responsible for the seasonal sequence of events: cluster CL-ExSp (extreme/spring) corresponded to hydrologically unstable cold periods (mostly spring) with extreme values and highly variable abiotic factors, which made abiotic control of the biota dominant; cluster CL-StSm (stable/summer) was associated with ordinary late spring and summer and was characterised by stable non-extreme abiotic conditions, which made biotic interactions more important; and the cluster CL-ExSm (extreme/summer), was associated with late spring/summer and characterised by thermal or hydrological extremes, which weakened the role of biotic factors. The significance of the differences between the SOM sub-clusters was verified by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn tests. The importance of the temperature and hydrological regimes as the key plankton-regulating factors in the dam reservoir, as shown by the SOM, was confirmed by the results of canonical correlation analyses (CCA) of each cluster. The demonstrated significance of hydrology in seasonal plankton dynamics complements the widely accepted pattern proposed by the plankton succession model for lakes, the PEG (Plankton Ecology Group), and may be useful for the formulation of management decisions in dam reservoirs.

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Dynamics of accessing water in rural local municipalities of South Africa

Sithembiso Welcome Ngomante1, Emaculate Ingwani2

1Mbomebela Local Municipality, South Africa, ngoms.gm@gmail.com 2University of Venda, South Africa, ingwani@gmail.com Access to water for household use is increasingly becoming a huge challenge in most rural local municipalities of South Africa, and in Sub-Saharan Africa more generally. Using a case study of Mbombela Local Municipality of South Africa, this research unravels these research concerns. Some households living in Mbombela Local Municipality are facing challenges with regards to access to water for household use. As a result, they adopt a variety of coping strategies to adapt to these challenges. This paper highlights the dynamics used by these households to access water for household use; the adopted coping strategies; and the municipal response to the situation. Data was collected from sixty heads of households from a ‘village’ in Mbombela Local Municipality; seven municipal officials, three officials from a local water supplier; a Ward Councillor, and the Village Head. The Public Goods Theory was used to extract meaning from data collected through questionnaires and interviews during fieldwork. The research findings indicate that challenges to accessing water in the local municipality particularly in areas situated on the periphery of the municipal boundaries - the villages - are clearly apparent. These are not only a result of the local changes in demographic patterns due to population increase in the local municipality as a result of the ever-changing patterns of migration, but also economics and other factors such as climate change. A feasible policy strategy on water provision for household use (without excluding vulnerable groups of residents such as the elderly and the poor) is needed to ensure that households living in rural local municipalities particularly on the urban fringes or urban periphery - the ‘villages’ - access adequate water. Key words: water, household, municipality

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Climate change impact on livelihood, vulnerability and coping mechanisms: a case study of Boricha District, Sidama Zone, Ethiopia

Mulugeta Maramo

South Water Works Construction Enterprise (governmental), Awassa, Ethiopia Agriculture is one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change impact. The impact is even stronger in Africa, where agriculture is truly important for the daily subsistence, and where adaptive capacity is low. Therefore, it is crucial to increase the understanding of the actual climate change dynamics on agricultural activities and on the societies at the lower levels. This study uses the Boricha district in Ethiopia, as a case study and examines the local climatic trends and its impacts on the livelihood in the region. It also answers the questions who is more vulnerable and why, what are the local and institutional coping mechanisms, and what are the constraints that exacerbate vulnerability. The study uses semi-structured interview to gather data from local society, government officials and experts, and secondary data from published and unpublished sources, and systematically analyzes this material both using qualitative and quantitative analysis. The result shows that the trend of gradual and extreme weather change is particularly negative for the livelihood of mid and lowlands of the Boricha district in South Ethiopia, but has a positive role in some places where agriculture was constrained by low temperature. On the other hand, drought, rain delay, erratic precipitation, and heavy and unseasonal rain are challenges to the livelihood of the whole region. To cope with the impacts, the societies use saving, diversification, changing growth season, mobility, livestock sell, wood sell, and social interconnectedness as a strategy. Awareness raising, credit, dissemination of technology and provision of safety nets to some lowlanders and emergency aid are among the coping strategies provided by the government institution. Though, on-land diversification to enset, trees and vegetables is promising in highlands and some mid land areas, the study shows that the existing local and institutional strategies are not sufficient and sustainable to cope with climatic vagaries. Though all households in the district are vulnerable to climatic crisis, the problem is more acute for the poor, landless, children, women, large sized family and predominantly pastoralists. Vulnerability is further exacerbated by unavailability and unaffordability of agricultural inputs, landlessness and unemployment, and water shortage. The study suggests a relentless need to address these challenges both from short and long-term policy perspective.

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Maximizing food feed and wood with minimum amount of water: Alternative initiative in adopting technologies towards ending the

water crisis era

Dechasa Jiru

Agroforestry researcher and Consultant for Zero Hunger Project International NGO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, e-mail: dechasa_j@yahoo.com Global and regional water crisis is escalating than ever. Secondary causes take the lion share blame for converting the blessed basic resource to curs. Rectification must ponder around human capacity building, through awareness creation and experience sharing in effective information exchange networking and adoption of model practices of the traditional and modern application which is compatible in physical and biological science. Water scarcity is a global crisis. The magnitude of the problem is higher when the water reservoir/bank is glacier. This phenomenon is pronounced due to global warming due to secondary causes. On the contrary, underground water which supplies rivers is less affected by global warming. But highlands of the roof of Africa are unfortunate to enjoy such golden opportunity due to devegetation and free grazing. Thus, such scarcity problem can be alleviated using direct and indirect methods of efficient utilization of water, selection of drought resistant plants of high yield and quality. Drought tolerant multipurpose species selection technologies application in the field of plant water relation is one of the optional approaches in ecohydrological science that combines biological and physical measures of water conservation. This paper compares amount of water used to produce a given quantity of food or feed per man or animal. Woody perennial bushes, herbs and different crop combination arable and pasture vegetation structure maximize yield biodiversity and averts risk in production loss in vulnerable climatic conditions. This clearly shows the opportunity of alternatives in scare water use on a given unit of land by reviewing findings of forty years in food, feed and wood production in arid and semi-arid zones. Integrated research finding and effective technologies adoption of plants are from rain fed and some supplemental irrigation. Vegetables production under irrigation uses 10 times the amount of water that moringa consumes for optimum production per hectare in the dry Rift Valley intensive production system. The product amount and quality produced per unit of water is also considered in the discussion as factor in water use efficiency. Water maximization in dry climatic zone is based on the Konso techniques of growing food, feed and wood production system that concentrating scarce from rain of 300 to 500ml/year. Physical conservation of stone bund bench terraces construction on the wind ward side (as illustrated in the method) conserves soil and water. The technique maximizes rain water in tropics and dew in temperate (Italy personal observation 1996 to 97), which doubles or even triples the amount of moisture. On the leeward side, on the contrary, where that amount of rain is high for any food or feed crop it minimize the amount of rain water availed at the benched soil farm. In traditional farmers’ expression which says: achieving two different goals with the application of a single technological tool by maximizing water where it is scarce and minimizing where it is too much applies in water harvest. In this paper induced salinity by faulty irrigation and removal of perennial plant reclamation techniques reviewed from the past research findings will be presented. Key words: stone bund, maximizing and minimizing water, biodiversity, perennial plant, saline and degraded soil reclamation

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How to share ecosystem basin management (EBM) of major national basins in Central Africa? Case of the Sanaga basin in Cameroon and

Ogooué basin in Gabon

Fouépé Takounjou Alain1 & Paiz Marie-Claire 2

1Institute for Geological and Mining Research-Hydrological research Centre, Cameroon; mails:afouepe@yahoo.fr 2The Nature Conservancy, Gabon; e-mail: mcpaiz@tnc.org The decrepitude of hydrological norms in sub-Sahara motivated the World Bank and UNESCO to respectively undertake the modernization of national hydrological services and the consolidation of hydrological standards in Africa through the equipment and the follow up of experimental river watershed. In Central Africa, the economic crisis of the 80s caused a complete stop of hydrological monitoring in some countries (Gabon) and the drastic reduction in the number of hydrometric stations followed in other countries (Cameroon). With the revival of development initiatives and the prospect of emergence in short terms for those two countries, actions for efficient management of freshwater resources are becoming more noticeable. They are initiated and / or supported by state agencies or NGOs. In Gabon, The Nature Conservancy has started working in the Ogooué river basin on the cartography of freshwater with the help of drone and also on the ecosystem services of economically valuable watersheds, with emphasis on the optimization of hydroelectric dams, locally known as ‘Hydro-power by design’. In Cameroon, the revival of the hydrological monitoring of major national and transboundary basins continues; hydrological modeling of the Sanaga river basin and the hydroelectric potential of Cameroon is going on. These actions are sustained by the mapping of reservoirs and risky lakes with multibeam sonar. This contribution intends to highlight these works that are using modern tools and innovative concepts. It aims to present efforts pooling opportunities for a more concerted and effective watershed management at sub-regional scale. Keys words: Basin monitoring, conservation, ecosystem services, reservoirs bathymetry

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Opportunities for and challenges of implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Plans in Tanzania,

the case of Internal Drainage Basin

Robert K.M. Sunday*1, Rosemary Masikini2

1 Internal Drainage Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, P.O. Box 1673, Singida, Tanzania, 2 Wami-Ruvu Basin Water Board, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, P.O. Box 826, Morogoro, Tanzania * e-mail: robert.sunday@maji.go.tz, rkituha04@yahoo.com, rkituha04@gmail.com Internal Drainage Basin Water Board is one of the nine Water Basins in mainland Tanzania. It is located between Latitude 1.9°S and 6.9°S and Longitudes 32.5°E and 37.5°E from the central to northern part of the country within an area of 143,099 square kilometres. With the requirement of the Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009; Basins are required to develop Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Plans (IWRMDP). By the year 2015, six plans have been developed in respective Basins while the other three are underway. This paper highlights and discusses opportunities that can be obtained from these plans and challenges that are faced. The paper focuses in Internal Drainage Basin Water Board (IDBWB) plan for 2015, 2025 and 2035 phases, and management of ecohydrology. The Basin has notably Lakes Eyasi, Manyara, Natron and Babati wetlands that are rich in biodiversity and are important for socio-economic activities of the local communities such as fishing, crop production and tourism. Although the environment is often least considered when water management policies and plans are being developed and more often neglected when it comes to implementation, this IWRMDP addresses the issue. For instance, the plan connects upstream irrigators to downstream Tarangire - Lake Manyara National Parks ecosystems which are end and most affected users in Lake Manyara sub Basin. Already the enthusiastic cooperation is easing tension and making downstream users responsible in managing water. In the same way, it is increasing opportunities for collective funding from stakeholders for implementation of IWRMDP at different scales and themes in the Basin. Besides, the plan has indicated options for development of water resources such as dam construction and hydropower harnessing sites, data collection and river health monitoring among others. However, a decentralized structural and institutional setup to catchment level which is currently missing is quickly required for easy and fast execution of the plan since some of the constrains are institutional in nature. The structure may easily bring stakeholders together. In addition, the capacity of the Basin in coordinating the implementation of the plan is low due inadequacy of both financial and human resources. The Basin welcomes and invites water stakeholders locally and internationally to the development and management of water resources. The area of ecohydrology which interplays between hydrological and biological processes, and uses ecosystem properties as a tool for IWRMDP is therefore crucial in strengthening management of water sources that are homes of biodiversity. For example, more than two million endemic lesser flamingos that are hosted in Ramsar site of Lake Natron calls for a comprehensive collaboration among all stakeholders in the entire Basin as they only breed in Lake Natron but regularly migrate to Lake Manyara and other places. As a result, a tremendous investment in ecohydrology as a component in IWRMDP is required. Hopefully, the IWRMDP provides opportunities like managing water sources for ecology if successfully implemented. Key words: Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Plans, Internal Drainage Basin, Ecohydrology

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Towards advancing a united eastern Africa: an interdisciplinary networking catchment based development approach

Haemen Dechasa1*, Dechasa Jiru2, Gelila Asaminew3, Meaza Mekonen4 and Tamirat Mekonen5

1 Public Heath Maryland USA 2 Zero Hunger Project, Ethiopia 3 Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia 4 Wood technology teacher 5 Engineering National Air Force Tower, Ethiopia *email: Hemm_rio@yahoo.com Agroforestry research and development-a sector that integrated major agricultural discipline in Africa fail to address a severe problem of water scarcity and soil degradation which are a prime productivity and sustainability determinate input factors. of productivity input due is an old practice and a new science is reviewed from the role of traditional farming systems in wet and dry agroecology perspective. It further compares it with existing improper farming practice, which productivity is examined from agroecology based climatic and edaphic perspective In Africa agroforestry development program has been classified in to different regions on the basis of geo-climatic similarities. The East and Central African regions comprises of Northern Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The first five countries’ “The Great Lake Region” are characterized by few similar common problem domain namely: High Potential Highland (HPH), Biodiversity Conservation in the Lake Region(BCLR), Low Potential Degraded Land (LPDL) and Pre-urban Plantation (PUP). The sixth country, Ethiopia, having unique climatic conditions coupled with severe land degradation due to deforestation and free grazing had elevated its problem domain to eight. River waters are turbid and unsafe for drink is common challenge since human and animal waste and open laundry utilization traditional practices. The scale of the problem increases in Ethiopia where number of rivers are numerous and 80 percent of the farming community in the rural are victim of the circumstances. The health sector avoid human and animal wastes when the farming community utilizes as organic fertilizer. This paper synergizes the authentic idea through networking win-win situation approach. Primordial basic function of a net is to catch a fish. At higher institution says at ministries level they are net worked. Thus they plan and execute jointly. Professional on the contrary are not net worked and cannot catch a fish even if they know how to fish. At farmers’ level on the other end, like the government they are net worked even at the smallest unit family level. Professionals, despite being a link between the two networked institutions of government and the societal farmers’ institution they remain one of the critical weak link that had affect both integrated technology generation and the subsequent extension activities in agricultural development arena. Conflict resolving species and practices are in focus like Moringa stennopetala perennial food feed and wood perennial solution in Etio-Sudano-Somalia pastoralists’ conflict (the tree is bounded by political boundary). The authors disagree the conventional term given to rivers as a natural boundary. Rivers are not separators they are a natural link and are rather unifiers. Ecohydrological networking in water politics has to be revisited at all level since they are a root causes fundamental global regional and national conflict and its subsequent crisis. Potable water for a healthy public The objective of this paper is to strengthen the weak ling of professional in water development with the agricultural, meteorological and other related fields with policy makers to be networked to enhance jointly planning and implementation of economic development based on environmentally sound approach. The presentation is supplement with a model display showing echydrological challenges and opportunities of eastern African networked linkages. Key words: Eastern and Central Africa, water development, networking, policy influence

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Comparison of Polish and Ethiopian pesticides market and the mitigation approach within the Ecohydrological framework

Paweł Jarosiewicz1,2, Eyob Worku2,3

1European Regional Center for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland 2Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Lodz, Poland 3Environmental Science Center, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia e-mail: p.jarosiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl, eyobworku35@yahoo.com Industrial agricultural model is inseparably linked to high-amount of pesticides applications nowadays. Protection of low-biodiversity areas from threats like insects, fungi and other pests is necessary to maintain food production level in the current production model. Unfortunately, pesticides create a major threat for living organisms and can adversely affect the functioning of entire ecosystems. Many toxic effects of pesticides have been revealed during the last few decades, among them genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, oxidative stress inductions, endocrine disruption and alteration of intracellular pathways. Regarding the above facts, total pesticides’ impact on the environment is underestimated. Development of the mitigation methodology is possible only with profound understanding of pesticides-biota interactions and the recognition of the ‘Plant Protection Products’ (PPPs) usage patterns within different climatic conditions. This comparison was undertaken between Ethiopia and Poland within three steps: (i) agriculture market and PPPs usage; (ii) types of applied pesticides; (iii) government regulations and restrictions. Major differences were found between export markets where agriculture contributes to 83,9% of GDP in Ethiopia and respectively 9,1% in Poland. Nevertheless, protection of crops stands as a priority in both countries. Large differences occur also with application of pesticides prohibited in Poland within the Ethiopian landscape e.g. Endosulfan and its related isomers which creates higher risk for the environment. Different parameters, like (i) amount of applied PPPs or (ii) number of registered PPPs can be used to describe the market fluctuations. First one is representing the actual environmental load, the second is showing the diversity of pesticides and related environmental threat. (i) Reports show that the amount of pesticides imported to Ethiopia increased from 28 000 in 1996 to 32 230 tons in 2012. However, real applied amount is higher because of domestic pesticides production. In Poland total supply of PPPs increased from 19 687 tons in 1995 to 61 805 in 2012. (ii) Polish market of pesticides is changing rapidly as evidenced by the number of registered chemicals, 974 PPPs in 2005 and 1769 PPPs registered in 2016. Whereas in Ethiopia 309 PPPs registered in 2013 and 389 PPPs registered in 2015. That shows the differences between markets and creates the groundwork for holistic protection of the environment. Mitigation strategy of this uncontrolled impact should be a parallel approach form the agriculture adaptation and water protection management. Ecohydrological biotechnologies and systemic solutions enable to accelerate proper and impede unwanted processes in those ecosystems with specific hydraulic regime. By the profound understanding of the ecosystems dual-regulation properties and pesticides physico-chemical characteristics we can develop transdisciplinary solutions for the enhancement of carrying capacity of the most vulnerable ecosystems.

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Long-term social-ecological research – building capacity for African ecohydrological research and beyond

Kinga Krauze1, Michael Mirtl 2

1European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, LTER Europe Coordinating Committee; k.krauze@erce.unesco.lodz.pl 2Environmental Agency Austria, LTER Europe Coordinating Committee "Humans have changed the way the world works. Now they have to change the way they think about it, too" (The Economist, 2011). Ecohydrology postulates changing the way of thinking about systems sustainability towards quantification, understanding and bringing into action ecosystem processes as management tool. This requires: recognition of the reference line regarding ecosystem structure and functions, defining threats, defining discrete, chronic, complex and often unlinear cause-effect relationships. Recognizing such needs, not supported by systems of research funding neither science management, the Long-Term Ecosystem Research Network (LTER) has launched world-wide an unique, long-term, large scale, comparative and interdisciplinary monitoring and research on social and natural system treated as one entity, driven by geological and climatic processes on one hand, and societal and economic factors on the other, what creates feedbacks to society and nature, with consequences to current and future resilience (Haberl et al. 2009; Maas et al. 2016). As a network ILTER develops partnerships and contributes to European and global observation systems (GEOSS, GBON), global programmes (e.g. ICSU PECS, UNEP Land Use Change, UNESCO MAB, Future Earth), it is also establishing global coverage of sites to better address social-ecological challenges not only globally, but locally and regionally. It involves some of UNESCO IHP Ecohydrology demonstration sites and goes along IHP priorities listed in IHP-VIII Strategy as: understanding of hydrological processes and links with atmosphere/biosphere/human society, appropriate techniques for data integration and/or assimilation, scaling and heterogeneity issues, predictive capabilities of hydrological processes and interactions and feedbacks with socio-ecological systems, and uncertainty estimation and communication. The examples of LTER science to be presented as invitation to collaborative effort towards building ecohydrology- and biodiversity-based ecosystem services and resilience in Africa include: co-evolution of natural and man-made systems and its expression in land management, and transitions of social-ecological systems; analysis of nitrogen dynamics as a consequence of consumption patterns, and EH and NBS approach to increasingly wicked water management issues. The presentation will provide also overview of LTER infrastructure and policy for collaborative capacity building and win-win approach along North-South and East-West gradients.

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Advanced Training Course Lectures

Ecohydrology – Multidimensional Sustainability Goal for harmonization of catchment potential with socioeconomic demand

by ‘dual regulation’, biotechnologies and systemic solutions

Maciej Zalewski

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland; e-mail: mzal@biol.uni.lodz.pl The strategic visionary UN Sustainable Development Goals, define sustainability as a strategic goal for humanity in the 21st Century. This implies the need for harmonization of social needs with the biosphere potential. Such a broadly accepted approach has been focused on a human being as the central reference point for sustainability efforts. However, the implicit problem of such an approach has been the steadily increasing demand for declining ecosystem services versus the decline of the biosphere potential, due to, habitat degradation, emissions of pollutants and even more importantly, degradation of ecological cycles – first of all, of water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The dynamic and diversified status of the biosphere has been best described by the Greek expression panta rei, which means that biological evolution has been, first of all, the function of those process which major driver has been the water cycle. That is why the critical condition for harmonization of the biosphere potential with demographic change and economic development (increasing consumption) has been the understanding of the water-biota interplay and the ability to use them by “dual regulation”. This implies the use of the understanding of the water-biota interactions for regulation of hydrological cycle by biota and vice versa, regulation of ecosystems and their derived services by managing water resources (Zalewski 2006). This regulation is a background for enhancement of the ecological potential of the human modified ecosystems, such as agricultural and urban landscapes. To achieve the sustainable future we want, due to increasing complexity of interactions between Man and Nature, amplified by the quantity and complexity of the human demands, it is necessary to define a multiple goal. Such goal has to be based on identification the hierarchy of drivers. From the perspective of the use of Ecohydrology as a problem-solving science for the enhancement of carrying capacity (environmental potential) five elements have to be upgraded in every catchment – WBSR+C (Water resources, Biodiversity, ecosystem Services for society, Resilience to climate changes, considering Cultural heritage) as a key element for society participatory activities. Such multiple goal is critical, because up to now managers usually have been focusing their plans of the use of natural resources on a single goal, which usually had been interconnected with the exploitative resources use. Now when human population approaches the biosphere ecological potential we have to consider a strategy, which has to be based on the best current knowledge from different environmental science disciplines integrated into systemic solutions and innovative methods. The examples of such ecohydrological methods and systemic solutions where the hierarchy of problems and drivers is different will be introduced.

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Coastal Ecohydrology – a solution to solve and prevent coastal degradation

Luis Chícharo

University of Algarve; International Centre for Coastal Ecohydrology under the auspices of UNESCO e-mail: ichichar@ualg.pt The following issues will be discussed during the lecture: - Anthropogenic and climate change pressures on coastal ecosystems - Major degradation processes - Use of ecohydrology to solve and prevent coastal degradation: case studies

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Urban ecohydrology and systemic biotechnology solutions: good practices, research and implementation

Pascal Breil

French National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA), France Part 1: The water cycle in the urban context – Advantages and limits. Part 2: EcoHydrological principles and the urban context - an opportunity for developing countries? Part 3: When, where and how use EH principles in the urban water cycle?

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River ecohydrology and the Nile Basin environmental flows framework

Michael McClain

UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands The Nile Basin Initiative is an intergovernmental partnership of 10 Nile Basin countries to coordinate efforts to share and jointly manage the common water resources of the basin. To this end the partnership has established the Nile Basin Sustainability Framework, which has recently added a component focused on environmental flows (eflows) with the vision of achieving “sustainable water resources development through management of the Nile Basin’s flows required to sustain the freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and wellbeing that depend on these ecosystems.” This eflows framework is grounded in ecohydrological theory and practice, noting the need for quantifying and understanding the mutual linkages between flow and ecological processes that support human communities. This lecture and related discussion will explore the elements of river ecohydrology considered in the framework and the manner in which ecohydrological science and practice are being employed to meet sustainable development goals

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The UNESCO estuarine ecohydrology model: applications to the Guadiana Estuary in Portugal, Darwin Harbour in Australia,

Chilika Lagoon in India, and the Bohai Sea in China

Eric Wolanski

TropWATER and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia email: eric.wolanski@jcu.edu.au To quantify human impacts on estuarine ecosystems, numerical models are used. Because the physics often drive the biology, these models commonly start from sub-models of the dynamics of water and sediment and these are generally successful. To these are attached sub-models describing the chemistry and biology of the estuarine ecosystem. Because the biology is extremely complex, a model that reproduces in detail the ecosystem can become overwhelmingly complex and impractical as they end up having several hundreds of parameters. Thus estuarine ecosystem models require simplification to be practical and the greatest simplification, adopted in the UNESCO Estuarine Ecohydrology Model (UEEM), results from formulating the predator-prey relationship using the Lotka-Volterra equation by recognizing a priori that there are lower and upper limits of the population. This reduces the number of parameters in each predator-prey relationship from 10 to 3, and these parameters can be estimated from long-term, monitoring field data. This allows the development of complex but practical estuarine ecosystem models. For vertically well-mixed waters, the UEEM views the estuary as a series of connecting boxes (cells) chosen to represent the bathymetry and the oceanography. These cells exchange water by diffusion (tidal mixing) and by advection (the currents driven by the river runoff, the wind, and the oceanic inflow). The UEEM links the estuary with the watershed because it takes into account the riverine inflow of freshwater, fine sediment with its particulate nutrients (as detritus), dissolved nutrients, and freshwater plankton. The UEEM also links the estuary with the sea because the downstream estuarine cell receives seawater, clean marine sediment and detritus, dissolved nutrients, plankton and migrating fish from the sea. The physical processes and the open boundary conditions control the salinity distribution and the suspended solid concentration (SSC) in the estuary forming an estuarine turbidity maximum zone (ETM). The UEEM also recognizes the intertidal wetlands as sources of detritus and as a nursery ground for some species. The model food web varies from estuary to estuary. The UEEM runs quickly on a simple laptop. In the Guadiana Estuary, Portugal, the UEEM reproduces satisfactorily the observations of the spatial distribution of salinity, ETM, dissolved nutrients, zooplankton, bivalve and fish. Further the model is also been verified also by a comparison of the pre-dam and post-dam situations. The model suggests that the estuarine ecosystem health requires transient river floods and is compromised by flow regulation by the Alqueva dam. Remedial measures are thus necessary, and the UEEM has been used to assess their relative efficiency; such measures include creating wetlands, creating freshets by releasing water from the Alqueva dam, and managing bivalve species to remove nutrients from the river. In Darwin Harbour, Australia, the model also reproduces the observations of the spatial distribution of salinity, ETM, and the two dominant species of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The model can readily be used to test scenarios for human impacts from development such as (1) what would be the impact of doubling the suspended sediment concentration through increased land clearing, (2) what would be the impact of destroying the mangroves, and (3) what would be the impact of a doubling of the nutrient concentration in the upper and middle regions as a result of sewage, farming or aquaculture, but with no increase in SSC (i.e. with proper land care). In Chilika Lagoon, India, the LOICZ estuarine biogeochemistry nutrient budget model that considers riverine dissolved nutrients but not riverine detritus, predicts an unrealistic 5-10 times more seaward export of nutrients than there is import from rivers in Chilika Lagoon, India. The UEEM removes this discrepancy by considering both dissolved nutrients and detritus, and it reproduced successfully the spatial distribution of salinity, dissolved nutrients, phytoplankton and

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zooplankton as well as the fish yield data. Thus the model suggests that the riverine input of both detritus and dissolved nutrients supports the pelagic food web. The model also reproduces well the observation of decreased fish yield when the mouth of the lagoon was choked in the 1990s, demonstrating the importance of the physics that determine the flushing rate of waterborne matter. Thus, both farming in the watershed by driving the nutrient and detritus inputs to the lagoon, and dredging and engineering management of the mouth by controlling the flushing rate of the lagoon, have a major influence on fish stocks in the lagoon. The UEEM is thus useful to management to assess the impact of farming in the watershed, fishing and dredging in the lagoon, and engineering management of the mouth. The model has also been developed for the heavily degraded Bohai Sea, China, but it has not been verified yet against field data. The aim is to use it to evaluate the relative impact of human activities in the watershed and in the sea, and the relative usefulness of various remediation measures. In all cases the UEEM model shows that, to maintain the ecosystem services provided by the estuary, integrated coastal management needs to take the whole catchment as the fundamental planning unit.

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Microbial processes and self-purification potential of rivers and lakes as tools for Ecohydrology

Stefano Fazi

Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Italy *email: fazi@irsa.cnr.it Over three decades of molecular studies, the application of molecular methods to study natural microbial communities, without the traditional requirement for cultivation, has resulted in the discovery of an unexpected diversity of microbial life. During this course, students will learn about the diversity that is not visible to the naked eye. Students will be introduced to the genetic and functional diversity of bacteria, in different freshwater ecosystems. This diversity is crucial for defining and regulating biogeochemical cycles in nature, ranging all the way from transformation of nutrients to degradation of pollutants and production of greenhouse gases. During the course, we will present sampling strategies and methodologies and we will discuss different approaches for microbial community characterization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques will be also presented. These techniques enable us to visualize and quantify specific microbial populations, providing crucial information regarding the spatial distribution of specific microbial clusters in water and biofilms. The latest advances in metagenomics, e.g. direct DNA sequencing of complex microbial assemblages from different environments will be presented in detail. This will involve isolation and amplification of 16S rRNA genes as phylogenetic markers. We will also discuss the importance of promoting and maintaining microbial diversity in different ecosystems, for ecosystem functioning and self-purification processes. This can then guide the development of ecohydrological approaches and management interventions to enhance the self-purification processes mediated by biofilms.

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Writing scientific in Ecohydrology. From research project to publication – editor’s perspective

Kamila Belka

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-364 Lodz, Poland; e-mail: ehjournal@erce.unesco.lodz.pl Ecohydrology, as an interdisciplinary sustainability science has its goals, methods and tools. However, a good research project is problem-oriented, solution-finding and implies a holistic and often interdisciplinary approach. This short lecture will give an overview of good research practices and some pitfalls that should be omitted from an editor’s perspective. Key words: scientific writing, manuscript preparation, technical skills.

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Good laboratory practices, safety measures and quality of data for Ecohydrology research

Paweł Jarosiewicz1,2

1European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3, Tylna Str., 90-364, Lodz, Poland 2 University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Applied Ecology, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland e-mail: p.jarosiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl Transdisciplinary science must find the equilibrium interplay between different scientific disciplines and their methodologies. Ultimate goal of Ecohydrological research unit is the establishment of full-equipped laboratory with highest precision of detection and well-organized sample preparation chain. One of most vulnerable element in preparing a good data is the sample cycle. Starting from the collection in the field, through the preparation methods and ending with the detection system. Cumulative error from each step of sample proceeding can be mitigate at the design stage of laboratory. To obtain satisfying and reliable results it is necessary to implement Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) from various disciplines and unite them under the Ecohydrology scope. Well-organized laboratory is the key element for the best quality of data. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety but certain principles can be introduced to the laboratory practice to minimize the possibility of disturbances of measurements. System of laboratory rooms must work uniformly but be divided into sectors with appropriate level of contamination risk. In laboratory practice it is important to establish procedures that will be followed by experienced and well-educated staff. Establishment of EH laboratory can be compared to a jigsaw puzzle, where only after adjusting each little item we are able to see a harmonious overall picture.

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Table of contents

Aims .......................................................................................................... 1

Rationale .................................................................................................. 1

Participants and speakers ...................................................................... 2

Symposium topics .................................................................................... 2

Advanced Training Course topics ......................................................... 2

Honorary Patronage ............................................................................... 3

Scientific Committee ............................................................................... 4

Organizing Committee ........................................................................... 9

Hosting Institution ................................................................................ 10

Organizing Institutions ......................................................................... 11

Supporting Partners ............................................................................. 13

Programme of the Symposium ............................................................. 14

Programme of the Advanced Training Course .................................. 20

List of Posters ........................................................................................ 22

Symposium Abstracts ........................................................................... 23

Symposium Posters ............................................................................... 69

Advanced Training Course Lectures .................................................. 89

Table of contents ................................................................................... 98

Addendum

to Proceedings of the 2nd African International Symposium Ecohydrology for Water,

Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Resilience in Africa, 7-8 November 2016, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia & Advanced Training Course Ecohydrology and Systemic Biotechnology Solutions for

Implementation of Sustainability in Africa, 10-11 November 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Publ.

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, ISBN:

978-83-928245-3-4.

The following should be added in the poster session section:

Unlocking the economic potential of the Nandoni Dam Project: A

case study of Mulenje Village in the Limpopo Province of South

Africa.

Joseph Binala

University of Venda, P.Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo 0950, South Africa, e-mail:

joseph.binala@univen.ac.za

Dams vary considerably in their economic, environmental, and related social impacts on

communities. They can generate a vast array of economic impacts both in the region where they

are located and at inter-regional and national levels. Nandoni Dam which is located in the rural

Limpopo Province of South Africa lies in a low veld area which is prone to droughts and sporadic

flooding. The study assesses the underutilized economic potential of the dam resulting in the

deprivation of associated benefits to the Mulenzhe community. It investigates the constraints

hindering the full realization of economic benefits from the dam. A survey approach was adopted

to unpack the challenges. The systematic random sampling method was used for the community.

The purposive sampling method was applied for municipal and government officials. Traditional

leadership residing around the dam area were all interviewed. The results show that the major

constraint is lack of capital. The support being received from the Department of Sports and

Recreation is inadequate to support meaningful development around the study area. Lack of

entrepreneurship spirit among some community members and the lack institutional support has

been cited as a contributory to the lack of development. In order to realize positive economic

spin-offs of the Nandoni Dam to its environs, it is recommended that aggressive marketing

strategies be adopted to attract local and international tourists as the dam is about a stone’s throw

away from the renowned Kruger National Park. A sense of ownership and the entrepreneurial

spirit need to be cultivated among the local community. Well planned beach front properties need

to be developed on certain sections of the banks for seasonal renting. Public private partnership to

undertake specific projects should be promoted. With the necessary support, the Nandoni Dam

can be as successful as the other dams in South Africa.

Key words: Economic potential, Constraints, Institutional support

Editors in ChiefMaciej Zalewski

Submission deadline:15th December 2016

Submission Format and Guideline

All submitted papers must be clearly written in excellent English and contain only original work, which has not been published by or is currently under review for any other journal or conference. While there is no fixed word or figure limit, we suggest that you aim to make the article between 3000 and 5000 words long and include a few figures or tables as you see fit. We prefer to keep articles under a maximum of 6000 words (with a limited number of Figures).

For further information about the general format of the references etc., please refer to the on-line guide for authors that can be found at: www.journals.elsevier.com/ecohydrology-and-hydrobiology

All manuscripts and any supplementary material should be submitted through EVISEwww.evise.com/profile/#/ECOHYD/login

We look forward to receiving your manuscripts

Call for Papers

Ecohydrology and Ecosystem Biotechnologies for Water, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Resilience in Africa

Editor-in-Chief: Maciej Zalewski

Volume 13 • No 1 • 2013 ISSN 1642-3593 • e-ISSN 2080-3397

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology Under the auspices of UNESCO

United NationsEducational, Scientic and

Cultural Organization

This journal supports the following content innovations:•  AudioSlides      •  Interactive Map Viewer

www.journals.elsevier.com/ecohydrology-and-hydrobiology