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iiiHIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOKBuilding and Rehabilitating the InfrastructureRoger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. Editor President R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaThird Edition

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Highway engineering handbook : building and rehabilitating the infrastructure / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor.3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-159763-0 (alk. paper) 1. Highway engineeringUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Brockenbrough, R. L. TE23.H484 2009 625.7dc22 2009002381Copyright 2009, 2003, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 9ISBN 978-0-07-159763-0 MHID 0-07-159763-8Sponsoring Editor Larry S. Hager Editing Supervisor Stephen M. Smith Production Supervisor Richard C. Ruzycka Project Manager Anupriya Tyagi, International Typesetting and Composition Copy Editor Surendra Nath Shivam, International Typesetting and Composition Proofreader Ragini Pandey, International Typesetting and Composition Art Director, Cover Jeff Weeks Composition International Typesetting and CompositionPrinted and bound by RR Donnelley.McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a special sales representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com.This book is printed on acid-free paper.Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.iv

viiCONTENTSContributors xi Preface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement xixChapter 1.Environmental Issues James R. Brown and Samuel Less, AICP11.1 Environmental Issues Affecting Highway Projects 21.2 Federal Requirements Governing Transportation Planning and the Environment31.3 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) 51.4 Federal Requirements Governing Resource-Specific Environmental Aspects231.5 Lead-Based Paint Removal 391.6 Resource Recovery and Use of Waste Material 52Chapter 2.Highway Location, Design, and Traffic Larry J. Shannon, P.E.672.1 Transportation Development Process 672.2 Geometric Design 762.3 Cross-Section Design 1172.4 Intersection Design 1472.5 Interchange Ramp Design 1642.6 Collector-Distributor Roads 1732.7 Multilane Ramp and Roadway Terminals and Transitions 1752.8 Service Roads 1812.9 Access to Public Roads 1832.10 Driveway Design 1832.11 The Cost of Congestion 1952.12 Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 1972.13 High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes 1992.14 Highway Construction Plans 209

viii3.9 Methods of Pavement Rehabilitation 2963.10 Pavement Preventive Maintenance 3013.11 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements 3063.12 Reference Material 309Chapter 4. Bridge EngineeringWalter J. Jestings, P.E., and Mahir Sen, P.E.3114.1 Client-Consultant Relationship 3114.2 Aesthetic Considerations 3134.3 Bridge Design Specifications 3134.4 Bridge Geometrics 3144.5 Basic Bridge Materials 3164.6 Bridge Deck Materials and Systems 3214.7 Concrete Bridge Deck Design 3234.8 Concrete Bridge Deck Construction 3244.9 Concrete Bridge Deck Protection 3254.10 Deck Surfaces and Deck Overlays 3274.11 Selection of Materials for Main Superstructure Members 3274.12 Corrosion Protection of New Steel Bridges 3284.13 Weathering Steel 3294.14 Deflection and Expansion Joints 3304.15 Continuity and Jointless Bridges 3354.16 Characteristics and Selection of Bridge Types 3364.17 Determination of Span Lengths 3444.18 Bridge Widening and Rehabilitation 3444.19 Repainting of Existing Bridges 3464.20 Deck Drainage 3474.21 Bridge Bearings 3484.22 Provision for Inspection of New Bridges 3544.23 Scour 3544.24 Seismic Design 356Chapter 5. Culverts, Drainage, and Replacements for BridgesKevin E. White, P.E.3595.1 Hydrology 3595.2 Design of Open Channels 3715.3 Fundamentals of Open-Channel Flow 373

5.4 Design of Roadway Drainage 3795.5 Hydraulic Design of Culverts 3885.6 Culvert Types and Materials 4035.7 Culvert Service Life 4135.8 Structural Design of Drainage Pipes 4185.9 Replacements for Bridges 459

ix6.5 Characteristics of Roadside Barriers 4916.6 Selection of Roadside Barriers 4996.7 Placement of Roadside Barriers 5026.8 Upgrading Roadside Barrier Systems 5066.9 Median Barriers 5066.10 Placement of Barriers on Sloped Medians 5156.11 Bridge Railings and Transitions 5176.12 Barrier End Treatments and Crash Cushions 522Chapter 7.Signing and Roadway LightingPart 1. Signing Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E.5337.1 Traffic Signing Needs 5337.2 Crashworthy Concerns of Roadside Features 5397.3 Design of Single-Mount Sign Supports 5467.4 Slip Base Designs 5627.5 Design of Multiple-Mount Sign Supports 5667.6 Maintenance and Construction of Sign Supports 5747.7 Fastening Sign Blanks on SingleSign-Support Systems 5887.8 MultipleSign-Mount Installation 5947.9 Fastening Sign Blanks on MultipleSign-Support Systems 5987.10 Guidelines for MultipleSign-Support Construction 6027.11 Sign Vandalism Problems and Countermeasures 6047.12 Maintenance of Traffic Signs 6087.13 References on Signing 612Part 2. Roadway Lighting C. Paul Watson, P.E., Nelson Russell, P.E., and Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E.6157.14 Benefits and Fundamentals of Lighting 6157.15 Facility and Area Classifications 6187.16 Freeway Lighting Considerations 6207.17 Streets and Highways Other Than Freeways 6237.18 Tunnel Lighting 6247.19 Roadway Rest Areas 6267.20 Analytical Approach to Lighting Warrants 628

7.21 Types of Luminaires 6287.22 High Mast Lighting 6357.23 Roadside Safety 6367.24 Pole Types 6397.25 Electrical Hazard 6407.26 Foundations 6427.27 Bases 6467.28 Construction Considerations 6497.29 Acceptance Tests 651