Bone compsosition

Bone anatomy

fracture

• it’s the break in the continuity of the bone .

it could be:• 1-simple(closed)• 2-compound(open) .

Causes of fractures

• 1- sudden truma• 2-stress’’fatigue fracture’’.• 3-pathological fracture.

Types of fracture

• Complete fractures• In-complete fractures• Physeal fractures• Fracture displacement

Complete fractures:

• Transverse fracture• Oblique or spiral• Impacted • comminuted

Transverse fracture

Oblique fracture

Impacted fracture

spiral

Incomplete fractures

• The bone is incompletely divided and the periosteum remains in continuity.

• Exm:greenstick fracture.

• Stress fracture• Compression.

Fracture displacement

• We describe it in terms of:• Translation ‘’shift’’ • Length• Alignment ’’angulation’’• Rotation ‘’ twist’’

Soft tissue damage

• It could be either:• Low energey fractures like closed spiral

fractures,and it coz moderate soft tissue damage.

• High energy fractures:like comminuted fracturs and it coz severe tissue damage,no matter whether it open or close.

Fracture healing

• Healing by callus• Healing Without callus

Time factor

• The rate of the bone depends on:• 1-type of the bone.• 2-type of fracture.• 3- blood supply• 4-general constitution.• 5- pt age.

Average time for healingCallus visible

Upper limb

2-3 weeks

Lower limb

2-3 weeks

union 4-6 weeks 8-12 weeks

consolidation 6-8 weeks 12-16 weeks

Fractures that fail to unite(non union)• Distraction and separation of the fragments.• Interposition of soft tissues between the

fragments.• Excessive movement at the fracture site• Poor local blood supply.• Severe damage to soft tissues which makes

them non viable.• Infx • Abnormal bone.