Bolt and Screw Compendium

Introduction

Who invented the bolt, where, when and to what purpose it was invented, remainsentirely in the darkness of history (S. Kellermann/Treue: Die Kulturgeschichte derSchraube (The cultural history of bolts); 2nd Ed. Munich, Bruckmann 1962).

Today, in a slightly exaggerated sense, bolts hold together our entire civilization.Billions of bolts are manufactured throughout the year for the widest variety of uses.Hence it could be impulsively concluded that this omnipresent machine elementdoes not pose any problem to science and technology any more. But the fact that itis far from being so is shown by the abundance of works published on the subjectof bolts in the last two decades.

This quote, from the introduction to the first Bolt and Screw Compendium, in thebeginning of the eighties, has not lost any of its relevance even today. Even thoughthe standard topics have been processed to the point of saturation, there are andhave always been new fields of requirement. In order to allow for the awareness inthe areas of materials and surface finishes as well as the changes in the computationalregulations, KAMAX has revised the Bolt and Screw Compendium, maintaining the usual compact form.

We hope that this booklet, like its predecessor is carried in numerous pockets, andis helpful to its user.

Troy, MI September, 2006

Table of Contents

Page

1. Fastener Materials and Standards 6

2. Calculation of Bolted Joints 14

3. Self loosening of Bolted Joints 20

4. Tightening of Bolted Joints 23

5. Corrosion Protection and Lubrication 34

6. Durability-compatible Configuration 38

7. Miscellaneous 40

8. Formula Index 55

9. Literature 56


Prop

erty

Cla

sses

Mec

hani

cal a

nd p

hysi

cal

3.6

4.6

4.8

5.6

5.8

6.8

8.8a

9.8b

10.9

12.9

char

acte

risti

csd1

6m

mc

d>

16m

mc

Nom

inal

ten

sile

stre

ngth

Rm

nom

N/m

m2

300

400

500

600

800

800

900

1000

120

0

Min

imum

tens

ile st

reng

thR

m m

ind

eN

/mm

233

040

042

050

052

060

080

083

090

010

401

220

Vick

ers

hard

ness

HV

min

.95

120

130

155

160

190

250

255

290

320

385

F

98 N

m

ax.

220f

250

320

335

360

380

435

Brin

ell h

ardn

ess

HB

min

.90

114

124

147

152

181

238

242

276

304

366

F =

30 (D

2 )m

ax.

209f

238

304

318

342

361

414

HRB

min

.52

6771

7982

89

Rock

wel

l har

dnes

sH

RC m

in.

2223

2832

39

HRB

max

.95

.0f

99.5

HRC

max

.

32

3437

3944

Surf

ace

hard

ness

HV

0.3

g

Low

er y

ield

str

ess

nom

inal

180

240

320

300

400

480

R eL

hin

N/m

m2

min

.19

024

034

030

042

048

0

Stre

ss a

t 0.

2%

non

-pro

port

iona

l elo

ngat

ion

nom

inal

64

064

072

090

010

80

R p 0

.2 i

in N

/mm

2m

in.

64

066

072

094

011

00

Stre

ss u

nder

S p

/ReL

o. S

P/Rp

0.2

0.

940.

940.

910.

930.

900.

920.

910.

910.

900.

880.

88

proo

f lo

ad S

pN

/mm

218

022

531

028

038

044

058

060

065

083

097

0

Brea

king

tor

que

MB

Nm

min

.

see

ISO

898

-7

1.Fa

sten

er M

ater

ials

and

Sta

ndar

ds

1.1

Mec

hani

cal a

nd p

hysi

cal c

hara

cter

isti

cs o

f fa

sten

ers

(at

room

tem

pera

ture

)(A

bstr

act

from

DIN

EN

ISO

898

-1; E

diti

on 1

1/99

)

6 7

Elon

gatio

n af

ter

frac

ture

A %

min

.25

22

20

12

1210

98

Redu

ctio

n ar

ea a

fter

frac

ture

Z%

min

.

5248

4844

Stre

ngth

und

er

The

valu

e fo

r th

e en

tire

bolt

(not

stu

d bo

lts) u

nder

bev

el t

ensi

le s

trai

n

wed

ge lo

adin

gm

ust

not

fall

belo

w t

he m

inim

um t

ensi

le s

tren

gths

giv

en a

bove

Impa

ct s

tren

gth,

KU

J m

in.

25

30

3025

2015

Hea

d so

undn

ess

No

rupt

ure

Min

imum

hei

ght

of

1 /2

H1

2 /3

H1

3 /4

H1

non-

deca

rb. t

hrea

d ar

ea E

Max

. dep

th o

f (c

ompl

ete

deca

rbur

izat

ion)

mm

0.

015

Har

dnes

s af

ter

re-t

empe

ring

M

ax. 2

0 H

V dr

op in

har

dnes

s

Surf

ace

inte

grity

In c

onfo

rman

ce w

ith IS

O 6

157-

1 or

ISO

615

7-3,

whe

reve

r ap

plic

able

aFo

r bo

lts o

f pr

oper

ty c

lass

8.8

in d

iam

eter

s d

16 m

m, t

here

is a

n in

crea

sed

risk

of n

ut s

trip

ping

in t

he c

ase

of in

adve

rten

tov

er-t

ight

enin

g in

duci

ng a

load

exc

ess

of p

roof

load

. Ref

eren

ce t

o IS

O 8

98-2

is r

ecom

men

ded.

bAp

plie

s on

ly t

o no

min

al t

hrea

d di

amet

ers

d

16 m

m.

cFo

r st

ruct

ural

bol

ting

the

limit

is 1

2 m

m.

dM

inim

um t

ensi

le p

rope

rtie

s ap

ply

to p

rodu

cts

of n

omin

al le

ngth

l

2,5

d. M

inim

um h

ardn

ess

appl

ies

to p

rodu

cts

of le

ngth

l 700 N/mm2 A2 70 X 5 CrNi 18 12 1.4303

> 800 N/mm2 A2 80

> 700 N/mm2 A4 70 X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 1.4401

> 800 N/mm2 A4 80

* as per DIN EN ISO 3506-1

1.5 Material for corrosion resistant fasteners

10 11

1.6 Materials for high-tensile bolts without heat treatment after cold forming

Tensile Strength Rm Material Annotation

800 1000 N/mm2 10 MnSi 7 Micro-alloyed Tensile Strength Classes 800K 17 MnV 7 Steels

800 1000 N/mm2 34 Cr 4 Pre heat treatedmaterial

1.7 Materials for Fasteners made from Aluminum Alloys

Tensile Strength Rm Material Field of Application

Rm > 320 N/mm2 EN AW 6082 Magnesium bolting

Rp0,2 > 290N/mm2 AlSi1MgMn Temperature load 380 N/mm2 EN AW 6056 Magnesium bolting

Rp0.2 > 350 N/mm2 AlSi6MgCuMn Aluminum bolting

With heat treatment EN AW 6013 Temperature load

Type of Bolt Product Standard

Hexagon bolt DIN EN ISO 4014 Hexagon head boltsDIN EN ISO 4017 Hexagon head screwsDIN EN ISO 8676 Hexagon head screws,

with fine pitch threadDIN EN ISO 8765 Hexagon head bolts with

fine pitch threads

Hexagon bolt DIN EN 1662 Hexagon bolt with flange small with flange DIN EN 1665 Hexagon bolt with flange large

ISO 4162 Hexagon flange bolts small

Hexalobular bolt KN 7210 Kamax Spec. KARUND with flange external drive

DIN 34 800 Hexalobular bolts with small flange

DIN 34 801 Hexalobular bolts with large flange

Hexalobular KN 7230 Kamax Spec. KARUND with internal drive socket cap screws

KN 7240 Cylindrical bolt for overelastic tightening with large KARUND

DIN EN ISO 14 579 (Fig.) Hexalobular socket head cap screws

DIN EN ISO 14 580 (Fig.) Hexalobular socket cheese head screws

DIN 34 802 Hexalobular bolts with large internal drive


1.8 Types of Bolts and Associated Product Standards

12 13

Type of Bolt Product Standard

Hexagon socket head screws DIN EN ISO 4762 Hexagon socket head cap screwsDIN 6912 Hexagon socket thin head cap screws

with pilot recessDIN 7984 Hexagon socket thin head cap screws

Internal multipoint socket KN 7300 Kamax Spec. for internal drive multipoint socket head

KN 7310 Cylindrical bolts for overelastic tightening with internal multipointsocket head


2. Calculation of Bolted Joints

Generally a load carrying bolted joint is designed so that:

the forces occurring during tightening and operation of the joint do not overstrain the components of the joint

a minimal clamping force will be maintained during service which will guarantee the function of the joint regarding the necessary sealing force or a prevention of the opening of the joint

the fatigue strength of the bolt will be exceeded by the cyclic load

without over sizing of the joint.

During assembly, in principle, the bolts are elongated (fSM) and the bolted parts are compressed (fPM). The load of both partners is equal in magnitude (action = reaction = FM = FSM = FPM), but the elongation/comression of the bolts and bolted components are dependent on the stiffness, and thus unequal.

Fig. 2.1 Elongation/CompressionComponents of a bolted joint before and after loading

The basic relations of load and elongation alterations of a bolted joint are clearlyshown in the joint diagram.

2.1 Joint Diagram

The classical form of the joint diagram, originally introduced by Roetscher, will beused here. However, through various modifications, it can also be applied to complex joints.

Fig. 2.2 Joint Diagram

The relationship between the assemblypreload and the elongation of the boltis shown in the bolt curve, which isnone other than the spring characteristicof the bolt. This analogy is valid for the joint components which experiencea compression. The slope of the curve is dependent on the material and geometry. The typicaljoint diagram is now developed byreflecting the component displacementcurve on the same coordinate system asthe bolt elongation curve and bringingthe two curves to the point of intersec-tion of the clamp load. When a work load is applied to thejoint the internal load balance will bealtered.

The load on the bolt increases, that on the components decreases. The bolt is thusfurther elongated, and the components somewhat expand because of the release. Itshould be noted that the alteration of the displacement for the bolt and the jointcomponent is the same, whereas depending on the relation of the slope (equals the

14 15

Clamped plates

Elongation + f

Bolt

Compression f

+ F

F

Change in length

Change in length


ratio of the stiffness) of the curves the work load will be carried unequally. Therequirement of a minimal clamp load during operation therefore borders the bearable work load as well as the upper limit of the load capacity of the bolt.

2.2 Mechanics of Calculation

The fundamental pre-requisites for the calculation of a bolted joint according to the nominal diameter and tensile strength (PC) are: External forces and torques Stiffness and load introduction conditions Minimal clamping force Embedding Tightening factors

First, the diameter of the bolt is estimated from tables and approximate formulae,and from these estimated measures the actual calculation in carried out. If theresults do not lie within the permissible range of stress, the diameter should bechanged and the calculation should be carried out all over again.The systematic of calculation given below refers exclusively to the linear calculationapproach according to VDI2230 (10/2001).The core point of the calculation is the principle dimensioning formula (calculationstep 6) which is shown graphically as well as a formula in the force-elongation diagram below:

Fig. 2.3Principle dimensioning formula

Basis formula:

Elongation f

Load

F

f

f f

SA

FPA

PASA

fSM fPM

F

Verf

FV

F KR

F

Mm

inF

Mm

inF

Mm

axF

Mm

axF

Sm

axF

Ker

fF

ZF

MF

AF

AF

Step 0At the beginning of the calculation, the required bolt diameter d and the propertyclass as well as the applicability of the calculation rules for eccentrically deformedand/or loaded joints has to be evaluated on the basis of tables or simple formula.

Step 1A tightening method should be determined. Its accuracy is reflected through the factor A attributed to it. The method of assembly has huge influence on theassembly preload and consequently the designing of the bolted joint.

Step 2A minimal clamping force of the joint FKerf , not to be under-run at any time duringoperation is to be estimated from the working conditions. This can be deduced from the requirements regarding the sealing force of the joint, the friction, or theprevention of an opening under work load.

Step 3The load ratio is to be calculated in order to determine the distribution of axialworking load FA between the bolt and the joint components. Smaller the ratio , lesser additional force will be carried by the bolt. Thus defines itself from theelastic resilience of the bolt S and the joint parts P, as well as the load introduction level (denoted by the factor n) and the eccentricities of the jointand work load. In general, the value of decreases with the increase in the resilience of the bolt, as opposed to that of the deformed parts. The factor n isdependent on the given geometry, the level of load introduction level and the typeof joint. It can be defined according to VDI2230 or from a table.

Step 4Through the embedment of surfaces, the system looses partly its elastic deformati-on. This is reducing the assembly preload. Under consideration of the stiffness FZ ,the loss of preload as a result of the embedding, will be determined and used forthe calculation. Furthermore a change in the preload FVth will occur under thermalload when the components of the bolted joint do have different thermal expansioncoefficients.

16 17


Steps 5 and 6By using the main dimensioning formula FMax = A* [FKerf + (1- )* FA + FZ + FVth],the maximum assembly preload as well the minimum required assembly preloadFMin = FMax / A of the bolted joint will be calculated.

Step 7The result is to be compared against the table values for the bolt stress (FM) ) at a utilisation of the yield strength of 90% and the given friction factors. The condition FMzul FMmax or FMTab FMmax , must be fulfilled. The reference valuemust be calculated for specially designed bolts.Should the result lead to a necessary change in the bolt geometry or the ratio ofgrip length, the calculation is to be repeated right from step 2.

Step 8It should be calculated whether the allowable bolt load during operation is notexceeded through the total bolt load of FSmax = FMzul + en* FAmax - FVth. Thecondition red , B < Rp0.2min should be fulfilled, where red, B represents the compa-rative stress from maximum tensile stress and torsional stress obtained from thesmallest cross-sectional area of the bolt. The simplified formula FSmax Rp0.2min* A0is acceptable for torsion-free joints. Furthermore, a safety factor can be incorporatedfor red, B < Rp0.2min / SF.

Step 9The acceptable alternating stress A is relatively low for bolts as compared to theunthreaded wire. In case there is continious alternating stress, the joint should bechecked for the condition a AS where AS depends on whether the bolt hashad thread rolling before or after heat treatment. The existing alternating stress a isdetermined with respect to the tensile stress area of the bolt.

Step 10In general, the surface pressure in the joints should not exceed the allowable surfa-ce pressure of the components concerned in either the assembly state pMmax orduring operation pBmax in order to avoid a decrease in the preload by creep processes.A safety factor can be included for pG pM, Bmax .

Step 11The length of full thread engagement available has to be determined in order toavoid stripping of the thread(s). Related to nominal diameter and strength the minimum values can be gathered from the VDI 2230 standard.

Step 12The transverse loads working in the joint are generally transmitted by static frictionin the interfaces of the preloaded joint. Considering the number of interfaces andthe friction coefficients of the interfaces, a comparison has to be carried out betweenthe minimal residual clamp load FKRmin and the clamp load required for the trans-mission of the transverse loads FKQerf . A safety factor FKQerf < FKRmin / SF may alsobe included. If it comes to overloading of the joint, or also for the use of fittingbolts, one should avoid shearing the bolt. For that, max = FQmax / A B should be valid.

Step 13The assembly torque required for the tightening of the bolts can be read from corresponding tables for 90 % bolt utilization, or can be calculated through MA = FMzul* [0.16* P + 0.58* d2* Gmin + DKm / 2* Kmin]. Additional moments in case connecting elements are used to prevent slacking and loosening have to be considered.

18 19


3. Self loosening of bolted joints

A bolted joint with a mechanically sound design and reliable assembly does notneed a locking device in most cases. In these cases, the applied clamping forcesobstruct relative movements on the bolted joint over the entire life.

But under certain conditions, initial stress in the bolted joints can be broken down,reduced for a short time, or nullified.

1. Relaxation of bolted joint through loss of preload as a result of compression or permanent elongations, e.g. creep.

2. Dynamic load normal to the bolt axis can result in complete self-loosening of a bolt. This begins under a full preload when transverse shearing deformationoccurs as relative movement between joint components.

20 21

Mat

rix f

or S

ecur

ing

Elem

ents

for

Bol

ted

Join

tsM

echa

nica

l Saf

ety

Elem

ents

Nam

eW

orki

ngSa

fety

Har

dnes

sIn

stal

lati

onRe

cycl

e

Lubr

icat

ion

Surf

ace

of

Shel

f-lif

e

tem

p.fo

r dy

n.of

coun

t of

bol

t/be

arin

gof

pro

duct

Clo

adbe

arin

gbe

arin

gsu

rfac

esu

rfac

esu

rfac

e

Karip

pU

pto

yes

Mus

t be

La

rger

m

ultip

leAn

y

Min

or

unlim

ited

star

ting

less

tha

n fla

nge

lubr

icat

ion

dam

age,

te

mp.

the

tens

iledi

amet

erpo

ssib

le

not

for

st

reng

than

d sp

ace

lacq

uer

of t

he b

olt

requ

irem

ent

Kalo

kse

rrat

ion

Upt

oye

sM

ust

be le

ssLa

rger

mul

tiple

Any

Maj

orun

limite

dst

artin

gth

an th

e te

n-fla

nge

lubr

icat

ion

dam

age,

tem

p.si

le s

tren

gth

diam

eter

poss

ible

not

for

of t

he b

olt:

and

spac

ela

cque

rm

ax. 4

0 HR

Cre

quire

men

t

Kalo

k II

Upt

oye

sM

ust

be le

ssle

ss s

pace

mul

tiple

Any

Maj

orun

limite

dst

artin

gth

an th

e te

n-re

quire

men

tlu

bric

atio

nda

mag

e,te

mp.

sile

str

engt

hpo

ssib

leno

t fo

rof

the

bol

t:

lacq

uer

max

. 40

HRC

Plas

tic

lock

ing

-56

cond

ition

alAl

l le

ss s

pace

mul

tiple

no4

Year

sPa

tch

coat

ins

bis

hard

ness

esre

quire

men

tsda

mag

ePA

1112

0

Trilo

bula

rlo

ckin

g fe

atur

e of

U

pto

cond

ition

alTe

nsile

stre

ngth

Lock

ing

mul

tiple

Any

noun

limite

dTh

read

sth

read

form

ing

area

in

star

ting

of t

he d

rill

effe

ct o

nly

lubr

icat

ion

dam

age

conn

ectio

n w

ithte

mp.

mus

t be

less

in b

lind

poss

ible

fem

ale

thre

adth

an t

heho

le b

orin

gste

nsile

stre

ngth

of t

he b

olt


Mat

rix f

or S

ecur

ing

Elem

ents

for

Bol

ted

Join

tsM

echa

nica

l Saf

ety

Elem

ents

Man

ufac

ture

r,W

orki

ngSa

fety

for

H

ardn

ess

of

Inst

alla

tion

Recy

cle

Lubr

icat

ion

Surf

ace

of

Shel

f-lif

e tr

adem

ark

tem

p.dy

n. L

oad

seal

ing

run

coun

tbo

lt/

seal

ing

run

ofC

seal

ing

run

prod

uct

MVK

,O

mni

-U

pto

150

yes

All

No

easy

secu

ring

N

o 2

4

year

s,

red

Tech

nik

hard

ness

esad

ditio

nal

MVK

not

dam

age

less

er a

t

Prec

ote

80sp

ace

with

SM

; hi

gh

requ

irem

ents

nut

thre

ad

hum

idity

oilfr

ee

MVK

,3M

Upt

o 11

0ye

sAl

l N

oea

syse

curin

g N

o2

4

year

s,

blue

Scot

ch g

ripha

rdne

sses

addi

tiona

lM

VK n

ot

dam

age

less

er a

t

2353

spac

ew

ith S

M;

high

requ

irem

ents

nut

thre

adhu

mid

ityoi

lfree

MVK

,O

mni

-U

pto

170

yes

All

No

easy

secu

ring

No

2

4 ye

ars,

turq

uois

eTe

chni

kha

rdne

sses

addi

tiona

lM

VK n

ot

dam

age

less

er a

t

Prec

ote

85sp

ace

with

SM

;hi

gh

requ

irem

ents

nut

thre

adhu

mid

ityoi

lfree

Liqu

idye

sAl

so s

uita

ble

No

easy

No

adhe

sive

for

high

ad

ditio

nal

dam

age

hard

ness

essp

ace

requ

irem

ents

22

4. Tightening joints

The tightening methods used today are not able to measure the assembly preloaddirectly, but only as a function of the tightening torque, the elastic elongation, the tightening angle or the determination of the yield point of the bolt. The variationof the friction coefficients and the inaccuracy of the tightening methods do lead to a need for over dimensioning of the bolted joint, which is expressed by the tightening factor

A = Fvmax / Fvmin

4.1 Torque Controlled Tightening

By tightening tests on original components, the friction coefficients are first determined,and the required torque is subsequently specified. This torque must be assigned in such a way that the elastic limit of the bolt is not exceeded even in adverse conditions e.g. low friction factor, etc. Pic 4.1. For hexagon bolts acc. DIN EN 24014and similar, the torque values are shown on table 4.1. These are valid for a stress inthe shank of 90 % of the standard minimum yield strenght according to VDI code2230. The table values represent the maximal torque values. For deviant head-geometry, the initial torque is calculated by

MA = FM(0.16*P+0.58*d2*G+(DKm/2)*K)

For torque-driven tightening, the designing of bolts is based on a A of 1.8 .

Monitoring the final angle of rotation along with a given torque is recommendedfor the control of the assembly process. The tolerance range of the final angle ofrotation must be in a defined zone (window), which is established through tests. In case the final angle of rotation lies outside of this window, the driver indicates a failure.

23


Fig. 4.1 Scatter of FM for torque controlled tightening of bolted joints

4.2 Angle Controlled Tightening

First the joint is loaded with a snug torque until all interfaces are completely closed. Subsequently a defined angle A will be applied, which is measured fromthe point the snug torque is achieved, with which the bolt will be tightened to or beyond the yield point.

For the control of the tightening process a tolerance range for the final torque hasto be specified. The final torque must be in this range. The big advantage of this tightening process versus torque controlled tightening is that the elongation of the bolt in the plastic area is defined over thegiven angle. The cut off torque preferably lies above the yield point. The bolt willthus be used to the full. It therefore underlies a tightening factor A = 1.0 .

150

100

50 50

100

150

50 50

MA

max

MA

max

MK

MG

A m

ax

MG

A m

in

FF

min

FF

min

FM

max

FM

maxF [kN]M

= 0G

= 0

,10

G

=

0,16

G

=

0,10

ges

=

0,10

ges

=

0,17

1ge

s

=

0,17

1ge

s

=

0,10

;

G

=

0,10

K

=

0,10

;

G

=

0,10

K

=

0,16

;G

=

0,18

K

=

0,16

;G

=

0,18

K

F [kN]M

MA

min

MA

min

FM FM

MA

MGAMA

,MK

MAMAMA

[Nm]

MA[Nm]

v = 0,9 v=1 v = 0,

9 v=1

1

23

4

Fig. 4.2Angle controlled tightening of bolted connections

4.3 Yield Controlled Tightening

Similar to angle controlled tightening, a snug torque will be applied until all inter-faces are completely closed. From this point, the angle and the attained torque aredynamically measured, and the respective differential ratio

Ma/

is calculated. This differential ratio is constant in the elastic region, and diminishesas it approaches the elastic limit of the bolt; the torque does not increase in proportion to the angle of rotation any more. When the value of the differentialratio declines to a pre determined value,

e.g. 0.5*(Ma/)

the assembly machine will be cut off and the tightening process is completed.

24 25

Angle

Snugpoint

Pre

load

FM

50

50

100

kN

100 150grd

A

F

M

F

M

FF

Rp 0,2 -Punkt

AA

F p 0,2


Fig. 4.3Yield controlled tighteningof bolted connections

The position of the cut-off in the diagram Ma/ is essentially determined throughthe tensile strength of the bolt and the friction. The assembly preload varies withthe elastic limit of the bolt and thread friction (Fig. 4.4).

Fig. 4.4Scatter of clampload due to variances of thread friction andyield point of fastener materialduring yield controlled tighteningof bolted joints

Rp 0,2 -point

Angle D

iffer

entia

l quo

tiant

MAmax

M

A

MAmax

MA

MA

MA

M

A

M

A

MF

max

Cut-off point

= 0,5

= f ()

Pre

load

MA

F

Snugpoint

Snu

gtor

que

Snugangle

1

2

3150

150

100

100

50

50

Nm

grd

=

0,14

ges

=

0,10

ges

= 0

,10

G

= 0G

=

0,12

G

=

0,14

G

FM

MG

A

R p 0,2 = 1100 N/mm2

FM [kN]

MGA ,MA[Nm]

R p 0,2 = 940 N/mm2

1

2

3

4

150

100

100

50

50

AFMmax

66,684,1 1,26

FMmin= = =

For the control of the tightening, the min. and max. values of tightening torque androtating angle of tightening are calculated, or established through tests. Recordedin diagram Ma/, these values define a right angle, which is usually indicated by agreen window (Fig. 4.5). If the cut-off points lie within this range, the tighteningprocess is deemed OK.

Fig 4.5 green window for yield controlled tightening of bolted joints

As compared to the angle control, there is the advantage that the bolts undergo a smaller plastic elongation; of course the assembly preload level is somewhatlower.

The required torque and the attained assembly preload can be estimated through multiplication of values from Table 4.1 with the following conversion factors:

FM bzw. MA = 1.1-1.3* Table value

26 27

MAmax(Rp 0,2 =1100 N/mm

2; G=K=0,14)

(Rp 0,2 =1100 N/mm2; G=K=0,12)

(Rp 0,2 =940 N/mm2; G=K=0,12)

(Rp 0,2 =940 N/mm2; G=K=0,10)

MAmax

MAmin

MAmin

m

in (R

p 0,

2 =

940

N/m

m2 ;

G=

K=

0,14

)

m

in (R

p 0,

2 =

940

N/m

m2 ;

G=

K=

0,12

)

m

ax (R

p 0,

2 =

110

0 N

/mm

2 ;

G=

K=

0,12

)

m

ax (R

p 0,

2 =

110

0 N

/mm

2 ;

G=

K=

0,10

)

Angle

Tigh

teni

ng to

rque

MA

Snu

gtor

que

Snugangle

MF

F

150

100

50

50 100 grd

Nm

bc

a

A'A

A''

Point Rp0.2 F mG mK[N/mm2] [kN]

A 1020 75.3 0.120 0.120A' 960 70.2 0.125 0.134A" 1080 82.7 0.100 0.114a 870 65.4 0.110 0.130b 1200 85.2 0.140 0.100c 1000 87.2 0.080 0.140


Thre

ad S

ize

Prop

erty

Asse

mbl

y Pr

eloa

d F M

[kN

] fo

r g

Tigh

teni

ng T

orqu

e M

A[N

m]

for

k=

gCl

ass

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.16

0.20

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.16

0.20

M6

8.8

10.7

10.4

10.2

09.6

09.0

07.7

09.0

10.1

12.3

14.1

AS=

20.1

mm

210

.915

.715

.314

.914

.113

.211

.313

.214

.918

.020

.712

.918

.417

.917

.516

.515

.513

.215

.417

.421

.124

.2M

78.

815

.515

.114

.814

.013

.112

.614

.816

.820

.523

.6A

S=

28.9

mm

210

.922

.722

.521

.720

.519

.318

.521

.724

.730

.134

.712

.926

.626

.025

.424

.022

.621

.625

.428

.935

.240

.6M

8 x

1.0

8.8

21.2

20.7

20.2

19.2

18.1

19.3

22.8

26.1

32.0

37.0

AS=

39.2

mm

210

.931

.130

.429

.728

.126

.528

.433

.538

.347

.054

.312

.936

.435

.634

.732

.931

.033

.239

.244

.955

.063

.6M

8 x

1.25

8.8

19.5

19.1

18.6

17.6

16.5

18.5

21.6

24.6

29.8

34.3

AS=3

6.6

mm

210

.928

.728

.027

.325

.824

.327

.231

.836

.143

.850

.312

.933

.632

.832

.030

.228

.431

.837

.242

.251

.258

.9M

9 x

1.0

8.8

27.7

27.2

26.5

25.2

23.7

28.0

33.2

38.1

46.9

54.4

AS=

51.0

mm

210

.940

.739

.939

.037

.034

.941

.148

.855

.968

.879

.812

.947

.746

.745

.643

.340

.848

.157

.065

.480

.693

.4M

10 x

1.0

8.8

35.2

34.5

33.7

32.0

30.2

39.0

46.0

53.0

66.0

76.0

AS=

64.5

mm

210

.951

.750

.649

.547

.044

.457

.068

.078

.097

.011

2.0

12.9

60.4

59.2

57.9

55.0

51.9

69.0

80.0

91.0

113.

013

1.0

M10

x 1

.25

8.8

33.1

32.4

31.6

29.9

28.2

38.0

44.0

51.0

62.0

72.0

AS=

61.2

mm

210

.948

.647

.546

.444

.041

.455

.065

.075

.092

.010

6.0

12.9

56.8

55.6

54.3

51.4

48.5

65.0

76.0

87.0

107.

012

4.0

4.1

Clam

p Lo

ads

and

tigh

teni

ng t

orqu

es f

or b

olts

wit

h m

etric

thr

ead

acc

DIN

13 a

ndhe

ad c

onfi

gura

tion

acc

D/E

/I 4

014

for

=

0.9

28 29

M10

x 1

.58.

831

.030

.329

.627

.926

.336

.043

.048

.059

.068

.0A

S=

58.0

mm

210

.945

.644

.543

.441

.038

.653

.063

.071

.087

.010

0.0

12.9

53.3

52.1

50.8

48.0

45.2

62.0

73.0

83.0

101.

011

6.0

M12

x 1

.25

8.8

50.1

49.1

48.0

45.6

43.0

66.0

79.0

90.0

111.

012

9.0

AS=

92.1

mm

210

.973

.672

.170

.566

.963

.297

.011

6.0

133.

016

4.0

190.

012

.986

.284

.482

.578

.373

.911

4.0

135.

015

5.0

192.

022

2.0

M12

x 1

.58.

847

.646

.645

.543

.140

.664

.076

.087

.010

7.0

123.

0A

S=

88.1

mm

210

.970

.068

.566

.863

.359

.795

.011

2.0

128.

015

7.0

181.

012

.981

.980

.178

.274

.169

.811

1.0

131.

015

0.0

183.

021

2.0

M12

x 1

.75

8.8

45.2

44.1

43.0

40.7

38.3

63.0

73.0

84.0

102.

011

7.0

AS=

84.3

mm

210

.966

.364

.863

.259

.856

.392

.010

8.0

123.

014

9.0

172.

012

.977

.675

.974

.070

.065

.810

8.0

126.

014

4.0

175.

020

1.0

M14

x 1

.58.

867

.866

.464

.861

.558

.110

4.0

124.

014

2.0

175.

020

3.0

AS=

125

mm

210

.999

.597

.595

.290

.485

.315

3.0

182.

020

9.0

257.

029

9.0

12.9

116.

511

4.1

111.

410

5.8

99.8

179.

021

3.0

244.

030

1.0

349.

0M

14 x

2.0

8.8

62.0

60.6

59.1

55.9

52.6

100.

011

7.0

133.

016

2.0

187.

0A

S=

115

mm

210

.991

.088

.986

.782

.177

.214

6.0

172.

019

5.0

238.

027

4.0

12.9

106.

510

4.1

101.

596

.090

.417

1.0

201.

022

9.0

279.

032

1.0

M16

x 1

.58.

891

.489

.687

.683

.278

.615

9.0

189.

021

8.0

269.

031

4.0

AS=

167

mm

210

.913

4.2

131.

612

8.7

122.

311

5.5

233.

027

8.0

320.

039

6.0

461.

012

.915

7.1

154.

015

0.6

143.

113

5.1

273.

032

5.0

374.

046

3.0

539.

0M

16 x

2.0

8.8

84.7

82.9

80.9

76.6

72.2

153.

018

0.0

206.

025

2.0

291.

0A

S=

157

mm

210

.912

4.4

121.

711

8.8

112.

610

6.1

224.

026

4.0

302.

037

0.0

428.

012

.914

5.5

142.

413

9.0

131.

712

4.1

262.

030

9.0

354.

043

3.0

501.

0M

18 x

1.5

8.8

122.

012

0.0

117.

011

2.0

105.

023

7.0

283.

032

7.0

406.

047

3.0

AS=

216

mm

210

.917

4.0

171.

016

7.0

159.

015

0.0

337.

040

3.0

465.

057

8.0

674.

012

.920

4.0

200.

019

6.0

186.

017

6.0

394.

047

2.0

544.

067

6.0

789.

0


Thre

ad S

ize

Prop

erty

Asse

mbl

y Pr

eloa

d F M

[kN

] fo

r g

Tigh

teni

ng T

orqu

e M

A[N

m]

for

k=

gCl

ass

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.16

0.20

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.16

0.20

M18

x 2

.08.

811

4.0

112.

010

9.0

104.

098

.022

9.0

271.

031

1.0

383.

044

4.0

AS=

204

mm

210

.916

3.0

160.

015

6.0

148.

013

9.0

326.

038

6.0

443.

054

5.0

632.

012

.919

1.0

187.

018

2.0

173.

016

3.0

381.

045

2.0

519.

063

8.0

740.

0M

18 x

2.5

8.8

107.

010

4.0

102.

096

.091

.022

0.0

259.

029

5.0

360.

041

5.0

AS=

193

mm

210

.915

2.0

149.

014

5.0

137.

012

9.0

314.

036

9.0

421.

051

3.0

592.

012

.917

8.0

174.

017

0.0

160.

015

1.0

367.

043

2.0

492.

060

1.0

692.

0M

20 x

1.5

8.8

154.

015

1.0

148.

014

1.0

133.

032

7.0

392.

045

4.0

565.

066

0.0

AS=

272

mm

210

.921

9.0

215.

021

1.0

200.

019

0.0

466.

055

8.0

646.

080

4.0

90.0

12.9

257.

025

2.0

246.

023

4.0

222.

054

5.0

653.

075

6.0

941.

011

00.0

M20

x 2

.58.

813

6.0

134.

013

0.0

123.

011

6.0

308.

036

3.0

415.

050

9.0

588.

0A

S=

245

mm

210

.919

4.0

190.

018

6.0

176.

016

6.0

438.

051

7.0

592.

072

5.0

838.

012

.922

7.0

223.

021

7.0

206.

019

4.0

513.

060

5.0

692.

084

8.0

980.

0M

22 x

1.5

8.8

189.

018

6.0

182.

017

3.0

164.

044

0.0

529.

061

3.0

765.

089

6.0

AS=

333

mm

210

.926

9.0

264.

025

9.0

247.

023

3.0

627.

075

4.0

873.

010

90.0

1276

.012

.931

5.0

309.

030

3.0

289.

027

3.0

734.

088

2.0

1022

.012

75.0

1493

.0M

22 x

2.5

8.8

170.

016

6.0

162.

015

4.0

145.

041

7.0

495.

056

7.0

697.

080

8.0

AS=

303

mm

210

.924

2.0

237.

023

1.0

213.

020

7.0

595.

070

4.0

807.

099

3.0

1151

.012

.928

3.0

277.

027

1.0

257.

024

2.0

696.

082

4.0

945.

011

62.0

1347

.0M

24 x

1.5

8.8

228.

022

4.0

219.

020

9.0

198.

057

0.0

686.

076

9.0

995.

011

66.0

AS=

401

mm

210

.932

5.0

319.

031

2.0

298.

028

2.0

811.

097

7.0

1133

.014

17.0

1661

.012

.938

0.0

373.

036

6.0

347.

033

0.0

949.

011

43.0

1326

.016

58.0

1943

.0M

24 x

2.0

8.8

217.

021

0.0

209.

019

8.0

187.

055

7.0

666.

076

9.0

955.

011

14.0

AS=

384

mm

210

.931

0.0

304.

029

7.0

282.

026

7.0

793.

094

9.0

1095

.013

60.0

1586

.012

.936

2.0

355.

034

8.0

331.

031

2.0

928.

011

10.0

1282

.015

91.0

1856

.0

30 31

M24

x 3

.08.

819

6.0

192.

018

8.0

178.

016

8.0

529.

062

5.0

714.

087

5.0

1011

.0A

S=

353

mm

210

.928

0.0

274.

026

7.0

253.

023

9.0

754.

089

0.0

1017

.012

46.0

1440

.012

.932

7.0

320.

031

3.0

296.

027

9.0

882.

010

41.0

1190

.014

58.0

1685

.0M

27 x

1.5

8.8

293.

028

8.0

282.

026

9.0

255.

082

2.0

992.

011

53.0

1445

.016

97.0

AS=

514

mm

210

.941

8.0

410.

040

2.0

383.

036

3.0

1171

.014

13.0

1643

.020

59.0

2417

.012

.948

9.0

480.

047

0.0

448.

042

5.0

1370

.016

54.0

1922

.024

09.0

2828

.0M

27 x

2.0

8.8

281.

027

6.0

270.

025

7.0

243.

080

6.0

967.

011

19.0

1394

.016

30.0

AS=

496m

m2

10.9

400.

039

3.0

384.

036

6.0

346.

011

49.0

1378

.015

94.0

1986

.023

22.0

12.9

468.

046

0.0

450.

042

8.0

405.

013

44.0

1612

.018

66.0

2324

.027

17.0

M27

x 3

.08.

825

7.0

252.

024

6.0

234.

022

0.0

772.

091

5.0

1050

.012

92.0

1498

.0A

S=

459

mm

210

.936

7.0

359.

035

1.0

333.

031

4.0

1100

.013

04.0

1496

.018

40.0

2134

.012

.942

9.0

420.

041

0.0

389.

036

7.0

1287

.015

26.0

1750

.021

53.0

2497

.0


4.5 Tightening Torques for bolt assembly beyond yield point

The snug torques and angles of rotation in the following table are valid for bolt grip lengths from 1d to 4d which are assembled beyond yield (angle controlled and yield controlled tightening). For smaller and larger grip length,the required angle of rotation is to be determined by test on original components.In such cases, by keeping the same initial torques, rotation angles of 45 or 180should be considered. The reusability of these bolted joints is limited.

Thread Property Initial Preload Force Tightening Torque Class Torque [kN] [Nm]

[Nm] + overelastic angle overelastic angle Rotation controlled tightening controlled tighteningAngle 90

FMmin FMmax MAmin MAmax8.8 8 10.5 14.5 10.0 17

M 6 10.9 10 15.5 20 14.5 23.512.9 10 18.5 22.5 17.0 26.58.8 20 19.5 26 24.0 41

M 8 10.9 20 29 36 35.5 5712.9 20 34 41.5 41.5 658.8 40 31 41.5 47.5 81

M 10 10.9 50 45.5 57 70 11012.9 50 54 66 81 1308.8 60 48 64 85 154

M 12 x 1.5 10.9 90 71 88 125 20012.9 90 83 100 145 2308.8 100 69 91 140 240

M 14 x 1.5 10.9 150 100 125 205 33512.9 150 115 145 235 3808.8 120 95 125 215 380

M 16 x 1.5 10.9 180 135 170 310 51012.9 180 160 195 360 5858.8 140 125 165 315 555

M 18 x 1.5 10.9 210 175 220 450 74512.9 210 205 250 525 855

32 33

4.6 Recommended Values for Tightening Factors

4.7 Recommended Minimum Length of Thread Engagement for Blind-hole Threads (VDI 2230)

Tightening process Tightening factors a Remarks

Yield point controlled, 1.18motorized or manual

Angle of rotation controlled, 1.18 Snug torque (pre-tightening) and motorized or manual angle of rotation determined

through experimentation

Elongation measurement of 1.2calibrated bolt

Hydraulic tightening 1.2 to 1.6 Long bolts: lower valuesShort bolts: higher values Established through measurement of elongation length and applied pressure

Torque controlled, 1.4 to 1.6 Determination of required torque with torque wrench or through measurement of FM on precision screwdriver with the jointdynamic torque control 1.6 to 1.8 Nominal torque determined with

the estimated friction coefficient of the particular case

Torque controlled, 1.7 to 2.5 Pre-setting of power screwdriver with mechanical screwdriver with post torque, which isImpulse controlled, 2.5 to 4,0 established from the requiredwith impact wrench torque plus post torque

Tensile Strength of Bolt 8.8 8.8 10.9 10.9Fineness of thread d/P < 9 9 < 9 9

AlCuMg1 F 40 1.1 d 1.4 d

GG 22 1.0 d 1.2 d 1.4 d

St 37 1.0 d 1.25 d 1.4 d

St 50 0.9 d 1.0 d 1.2 d

C 45 V 0.8 d 0.9 d 1.0 d


5. Corrosion Protection and Lubrication

5.1 Surface Coating System (Optional)Specifications as known at the time of printing.

Symbol (abbr.) Basecoat Passivation Topcoat / Sealing

Surfaces containing Cr(VI)

Zn yellow Galv. Zinc Yellow -

Zn + Metex LM Galv. Zinc (acid) Yellow Metex LM

ZnFe black Galv. Zinc-Iron Black -

ZnNi transparent Galv. Zinc-Nickel Transparent -

ZnNi black Galv. Zinc-Nickel Black- -

DAC 320 DACROMET 320 -

DAC 500 DACROMET 500 -

DAC 320 + Plus L DACROMET 320 Plus L

Cr(VI)-free Surfaces

op thin Zinc phosphate - -

Zn transp. / Zn Thin III Galv. Zinc Thin layer Cr(III) -

Zn Thin III + V Galv. Zinc Thin layer Cr(III) Sealing

Zn Thick III Galv. Zinc Thick layer Cr(III) -

Zn Thick III + V Galv. Zinc Thick layer Cr(III) Sealing

ZnFe Pass III Galv. Zinc-Iron Containing Cr(III) -

ZnFe Pass III + V Galv. Zinc-Iron Containing Cr(III), if black Sealing if black

ZnNi Pass III Galv. Zinc-Nickel Containing Cr(III) -

ZnNi Pass III + V Galv. Zinc-Nickel Containing Cr(III), if black Sealing if black

DS (GZ) - DELTA-Seal (GZ)

GEO 500 GEOMET 500 -

DT/DP 100 (+ SM) DELTA-Tone / DELTA-Protekt KL 100 -

GEOMET + V GEOMET 321 e.g. DACROLUB x

DT / DP 100 + DS GZ DELTA-Tone / DELTA-Protekt KL 100 DELTA-Seal GZ

DT / DP 100 + Klevercol DELTA-Tone / DELTA-Protekt KL 100 Klevercol

GEOBLACK GEOMET 500 Plus ML black

DP 100 + DP 30x DELTA-Protekt KL 100 DELTA-Protekt VH 30x

GEO + Plus VL GEOMET 321 Plus VL

GEOMET + Plus x GEOMET 321 Plus 10 / L / ML / M

B 46 + B 18 x MAGNI B 46 MAGNI B 18 x

1 Reference values for parts in new condition (head and thread ends) to be examined individually /these values can be reduced through subsequent handling operation

34 35

Optical characteristics Layer Additional NaCl-Test Resistance to thickness lubricant DIN 50 021 chemicals 1, 2

[m] treatment RR (WR) 1, 2 (Rim-cleanser)

Yellow 8 Necessary 144h (72h) -Yellowish 15 TTF 600h (192h) -Black 8 Necessary 360h (48h) -Silver 8 Necessary 480h (240h) -Black 8 Necessary 480h (120h) -Silver 5 / 8 Necessary 480h / 720h NoSilver 5 / 8 - (Possible) 480h / 720h NoSilver 5 - (Possible) 720h (Yes)

Dark / black 1 - 4 Oiled 8h No

Silver 8 Necessary 96h (6h) -Silver 8 If necessary 144h (48h) -Silver (iridescent) 8 Necessary 168h (72h) -Silver 8 If necessary 240h (96h) -(Silver) 8 Necessary 240h (24h) -Silver / black 8 If necessary 480h (120h) -(Silver) 8 Necessary 480h (120h) -Silver / black 8 If necessary 720h (240h) -Silver / black 10 If necessary 120h YesSilver 12 - (Possible) 480 / 720h NoSilver 8 / 12 If necessary 240h / 480h NoSilver 8 / 12 - (Possible) 480h conditionalSilver / black 12 - (Possible) 480h (120h) YesBlack 12 - (Possible) 480h (240h) YesBlack 12 - (Possible) 720h (120h) (Yes)Silver 12 - (Possible) 480 / 720h (Yes)Silver-gray 12 - (Possible) 480 / 720h (Yes)Silver-gray 12 - (Possible) 480 / 720h (Yes)Silver-gray 12 - (Possible) 480 / 720h Yes

2 With Cr(VI)-free surfaces, a considerably stronger scaling should be accounted for, compared to surfaces containing with Cr(VI), as there's no self-healing effect


5.2 Lubrication

The primary task of lubricants is to set up a defined and constant coefficient offriction. Along with this task, lubricants can also fulfill other functions (e.g. Anti-corrosion, chemical resistance, optical characteristics etc.) where applicable.

Specifications VDA 235-101/ DIN 946 / DIN EN ISO 16047According to VDA 235-101, a total friction coefficient tot of 0.09 0.14 is requiredfor lubricated bolts (partial friction coefficients K and G between 0.08 and 0.16).The determination of the friction coefficients generally is performed according toDIN 946 and DIN EN ISO 16047 respectively.

Influencing Factors(To be considered while choosing a suitable lubricant)The friction coefficients and their range, in practice, are greatly dependant on the following factors:

Coating system of the bolt: Type of coating, thickness of layer etc. Bearing plates: hard (e.g. hardened steel), middle (e.g. auto-body sheet steel),

soft (e.g. Al), uncoated / KTL-coated) Geometry of the bolt-head: Convex / Concave bearing surface,

flange diameter, etc. Nut thread: un-coated / coated (type of coating), crimped nut, etc. End conditions: Temperature, dampness, tightening speed,

multiple surfaces etc.

NotesThe friction-coefficient window defined in the VDA test sheet 235-101 can generally beobtained by proper lubrication. The process-safe compliance in the serial productionwith acceptable range of distribution can still be problematic ( Influencing factors).In principle, integrated lubricants are best suited for majority applications. If required, friction coefficients over 0.14 can be reached through proper lubricanttreatment or through a single coating system without additional lubricant treatment.The spread of friction coefficients increases with increase in the coefficients. Friction coefficients under 0.08 are technically quite difficult to set, and are notdesired due to the required safety against self loosening of a joint.

Standard Lubricants with usual areas application (Example)

36 37

Product name Friction Coefficients Area of application(DIN 946)

Subsequently-applied LubricantsGardorol CP 8006 or similar 0.08 0.14 Phosphated bolts

(Motor bolts)

Torque N Tension Fluid 0.09 0.14 Zinc-plated coats /galv. surface

microGLEIT DF911 / 921 0.09 0.14 Zinc-plated coats /galv. surface

Gleitmo 605 0.07 0.14 Galvanic surfaces

Gleitmo 2332 V 0.09 0.14 Application withhigh temperatures

OKS 1700 0.09 0.14 Aluminum bolts /thread-forming bolts

OKS 1765 0.08 0.14 Thread-forming bolts

Gleitmo 627 0.09 0.14 Austenitic bolts

Integrated LubricantsTorque N Tension 11 / 15 0.08 0.14 / 0.12 0.18 Galvanic surfacesmicroGLEIT DCP 9000 0.09 0.14 Zinc-plated coats /

galv. surface

DACROLUB 10 / 15 0.10 0.14 / 0.15 0.20 DACROMET 320 /GEOMET 321

Geomet 500 0.12 0.18 -

Plus VL 0.09 0.14 GEOMET 321

Plus L / ML / M 0.08 0.14 / 0.10 0.16 / DACROMET 320 / 0.15 0.20 GEOMET 321

DELTA-Seal GZ 0.10 0.16 DELTA-Tone / DELTA-Protekt KL 100

DP VH 301 GZ / VH 302 GZ 0.09 0.14 / 0.10 0.16 DELTA-Tone / DELTA-Protekt KL 100

B 18 / B 18 N / B 18 T 0.12 0.18 / 0.15 0.21 / MAGNI B 460.18 0.24


6. Durability-compatible Configuration

The fatigue limit of a bolted connection can be raised through the following measures:

a) Rolling of threads after heat treatment; Please note: Disassembly of residual stress occurs during a temperature load.Hence it is important to note the working temperature and thermal load duringthe coating process.

b) Cold worked bolts from annealed raw material or tensile strength class 800 K.

c) The geometery of bolts constructed according to the largest possible elastic resilience. e.g. fully threaded parts, parts, waisted shank or reduced shank, hollow shaft option of the largest possible grip length.

d) Observance of the thermal expansion of bolted parts and fastener. Choosing materials with similar coefficients of expansion if possible.

e) Usage of MJ thread with enlarged core-radius according to DIN ISO 5855 sections 1-3.

f) Equal load distribution in threads:1.) Nut materials of smaller E-modules (e.g. cast iron, Aluminum, Titanium)2.) Nut materials of lower tensile strength (Note depth of thread!)3.) Nuts designed as tensile-nuts

g) Bolt head designed for fatigue endurance (e.g. bigger radius in head-shaft transition).Avoiding metal-cutting process, especially under the bolt head.

h) Reduction of setting amount through:1.) Reduction of joint faces/clamped parts2.) Avoiding over-loading of bearing faces.

(Note surface pressure!)3.) Usage of the smoothest possible bearing areas

6.1 Estimation of fatigue limits (reference value)

a) Heat treated after thread rolling

ASV = 0.75 (180/d + 52)

b) Heat treated before thread rolling

ASG = (2 - FV / F0.2) ASV

38 39

+-

+-


7. Miscellaneous

7.1 Conversion tables for hardness and tensile strength

Hardness test and Conversion Cold forming material and Punching in untempered Condition

HB, HV, HRc and Tensile Strength(according to DIN 50150 Table A.1 Oct. 2000) values partly interpolated

Brinell Conversion 2.5 [mm] 5 [mm] 10 [mm] HB HV HRc Rm1.839 [kN] 7.355 [kN] 29.42 [kN] [N/mm2]

0.750 1.50 3.00 415 436 44.0 1407

0.760 1.52 3.04 404 424 43.1 1367

0.770 1.54 3.08 393 413 42.1 1331

0.780 1.56 3.12 383 402 41.0 1295

0.790 1.58 3.16 373 392 40.0 1262

0.800 1.60 3.20 363 381 38.9 1225

0.810 1.62 3.24 354 372 37.9 1195

0.820 1.64 3.28 345 362 36.8 1163

0.830 1.66 3.32 337 354 35.9 1137

0.840 1.68 3.36 329 346 34.9 1111

0.850 1.70 3.40 321 337 34.2 1082

0.860 1.72 3.44 313 329 33.3 1056

0.870 1.74 3.48 306 321 32.4 1031

0.880 1.76 3.52 298 313 31.5 1005

0.890 1.78 3.56 292 307 30.6 986

0.900 1.80 3.60 285 299 29.8 960

0.910 1.82 3.64 278 292 28.9 937

0.920 1.84 3.68 272 286 27.9 918

0.930 1.86 3.72 266 279 27.1 895

0.940 1.88 3.76 260 273 26.2 876

0.950 1.90 3.80 255 268 25.2 860

0.960 1.92 3.84 249 261 24.5 837

0.970 1.94 3.88 244 256 23.4 821

40 41

Brinell Conversion 2.5 [mm] 5 [mm] 10 [mm] HB HV HRc Rm1.839 [kN] 7.355 [kN] 29.42 [kN] [N/mm2]

0.980 1.96 3.92 239 251 805

0.990 1.98 3.96 234 246 789

1.000 2.00 4.00 229 240 770

1.010 2.02 4.04 224 235 754

1.020 2.04 4.08 219 230 738

1.030 2.06 4.12 215 226 725

1.040 2.08 4.16 211 222 712

1.050 2.10 4.20 207 217 696

1.060 2.12 4.24 202 212 680

1.070 2.14 4.28 198 208 667

1.080 2.16 4.32 195 205 657

1.090 2.18 4.36 191 201 644

1.100 2.20 4.40 187 196 631

1.110 2.22 4.44 184 193 621

1.120 2.24 4.48 180 189 607

1.130 2.26 4.52 177 186 597

1.140 2.28 4.56 174 183 587

1.150 2.30 4.60 170 179 573

1.160 2.32 4.64 167 175 563

1.170 2.34 4.68 164 172 553

1.180 2.36 4.72 161 169 543

1.190 2.38 4.76 158 166 533

1.200 2.40 4.80 156 164 526

1.210 2.42 4.84 153 161 516

1.220 2.44 4.88 150 158 506


Hardness test and Conversion Cold forming material and Punching in tempered Condition

HB, HV, HRc and Tensile Strength(according to DIN 50150 Table B.2 Oct. 2000) values partly interpolated

Brinell Conversion 2.5 [mm] 5 [mm] 10 [mm] HBW HV HRc Rm1.839 [kN] 7.355 [kN] 29.42 [kN] [N/mm2]0.720 1.44 2.88 451 458 46.2 1424

0.725 1.45 2.90 444 450 45.7 1401

0.730 1.46 2.92 438 444 45.4 1390

0.735 1.47 2.94 432 438 44.7 1365

0.740 1.48 2.96 426 432 44.3 1347

0.745 1.49 2.98 420 426 43.7 1328

0.750 1.50 3.00 415 421 43.3 1317

0.755 1.51 3.02 409 414 43.0 1294

0.760 1.52 3.04 404 409 42.4 1281

0.765 1.53 3.06 398 403 41.8 1260

0.770 1.54 3.08 393 398 41.3 1244

0.775 1.55 3.10 388 393 40.8 1238

0.780 1.56 3.12 383 388 40.4 1214

0.785 1.57 3.14 378 383 39.9 1198

0.790 1.58 3.16 373 378 39.4 1185

0.795 1.59 3.18 368 373 38.9 1168

0.800 1.60 3.20 363 368 38.4 1152

0.805 1.61 3.22 359 364 38.0 1140

0.810 1.62 3.24 354 359 37.5 1125

0.815 1.63 3.26 350 355 37.1 1113

0.820 1.64 3.28 345 350 36.5 1097

0.825 1.65 3.30 341 346 36.0 1085

0.830 1.66 3.32 337 341 35.5 1073

0.835 1.67 3.34 333 337 35.1 1060

0.840 1.68 3.36 329 333 34.6 1046

0.845 1.69 3.38 325 329 34.2 1033

42 43

Brinell Conversion 2.5 [mm] 5 [mm] 10 [mm] HB HV HRc Rm1.839 [kN] 7.355 [kN] 29.42 [kN] [N/mm2]0.850 1.70 3.40 321 325 33.7 1020

0.855 1.71 3.42 317 321 33.2 1006

0.860 1.72 3.44 313 317 32.7 994

0.865 1.73 3.46 309 313 32.2 981

0.870 1.74 3.48 306 310 31.8 972

0.875 1.75 3.50 302 306 31.3 959

0.880 1.76 3.52 298 302 30.8 946

0.885 1.77 3.54 295 299 30.4 937

0.890 1.78 3.56 292 296 29.9 925

0.895 1.79 3.58 288 292 29.3 915

0.900 1.80 3.60 285 289 28.9 906

0.905 1.81 3.62 282 286 28.5 896

0.910 1.82 3.64 278 282 28.0 883

0.915 1.83 3.66 275 279 27.6 874

0.920 1.84 3.68 272 276 27.1 864

0.925 1.85 3.70 269 273 26.7 852

0.930 1.86 3.72 266 270 26.2 845

0.935 1.87 3.74 263 268 26.0 842

0.940 1.88 3.76 260 266 25.6 832

0.945 1.89 3.78 257 262 24.9 819

0.950 1.90 3.80 255 260 24.6 813

0.955 1.91 3.82 252 257 24.1 803


7.2 Size limit for regular (standard) and fine threads Metric ISO-threads, size limits for regular threads, DIN 13 Part 20, Oct 1983

Sym

bol

max

.m

in.

min

.m

ax.

min

.m

in.

max

.m

in.

min

.4h

- 6

h4h

6h4g

-6g

4g6g

4e-6

e4e

6e

oute

r=d

3.00

02.

933

2.89

42.

980

2.91

32.

874

2.95

02.

883

2.84

4M

3 x

0.5

flank

=d

22.

675

2.62

72.

600

2.65

52.

607

2.58

02.

625

2.57

72.

550

core

=d

32.

387

2.32

02.

293

2.36

72.

299

2.27

32.

337

2.27

02.

243

oute

r=d

4.00

03.

910

3.86

03.

978

3.88

83.

838

3.94

43.

854

3.80

4M

4 x

0.7

flank

=d

23.

545

3.48

93.

455

3.52

33.

467

3.43

33.

489

3.43

33.

399

core

=d

33.

141

3.05

83.

024

3.11

93.

036

3.00

23.

085

3.00

22.

968

oute

r=d

5.00

04.

905

4.85

04.

976

4.88

14.

826

4.94

04.

845

4.79

0M

5 x

0.8

flank

=d

24.

480

4.42

04.

385

4.45

64.

396

4.36

14.

420

4.36

04.

325

core

=d

34.

019

3.92

83.

893

3.99

53.

903

3.86

93.

959

3.86

83.

833

oute

r=d

6.00

05.

888

5.82

05.

974

5.86

25.

794

5.94

05.

828

5.76

0M

6 x

1.0

flank

=d

25.

350

5.27

95.

238

5.32

45.

253

5.21

25.

290

5.21

95.

178

core

=d

34.

773

4.66

34.

622

4.74

74.

637

4.59

64.

713

4.60

34.

562

oute

r=d

7.00

06.

888

6.82

06.

974

6.86

26.

794

6.94

06.

828

6.76

0M

7 x

1.0

flank

=d

26.

350

6.27

96.

238

6.32

46.

253

6.21

26.

290

6.21

96.

178

core

=d

35.

773

5.66

35.

622

5.74

75.

637

5.59

65.

713

5.60

35.

562

oute

r=d

8.00

07.

868

7.78

87.

972

7.84

07.

760

7.93

77.

805

7.72

5M

8 x

1.25

flank

=d

27.

188

7.11

37.

070

7.16

07.

085

7.04

27.

125

7.05

07.

007

core

=d

36.

466

6.34

36.

300

6.43

86.

315

6.27

26.

403

6.28

06.

237

oute

r=d

9.00

08.

868

8.78

88.

972

8.84

08.

760

8.93

78.

805

8.72

5M

9 x

1.25

flank

=d

28.

188

8.11

38.

070

8.16

08.

085

8.04

28.

125

8.05

08.

007

core

=d

37.

466

7.34

37.

300

7.43

87.

315

7.27

27.

403

7.28

07.

237

oute

r=d

10.0

009.

850

9.76

49.

968

9.81

89.

732

9.93

39.

783

9.69

7M

10 x

1.5

flank

=d

29.

026

8.94

18.

894

8.99

48.

909

8.86

28.

959

8.87

48.

827

core

=d

38.

160

8.01

77.

970

8.12

87.

985

7.93

88.

093

7.95

07.

903

oute

r=d

11.0

0010

.850

10.7

6410

.968

10.8

1810

.732

10.9

3310

.783

10.6

97M

11 x

1.5

flank

=d

210

.026

9.94

19.

894

9.99

49.

909

9.86

29.

959

9.87

49.

827

core

=d

39.

160

9.01

78.

970

9.12

88.

985

8.93

89.

093

8.95

08.

903

44

Metric ISO-threads, size limits for regular threads, DIN 13 Part 20, Oct 1983

45

Sym

bol

max

.m

in.

min

.m

ax.

min

.m

in.

max

.m

in.

min

.4h

- 6

h4h

6h4g

-6g

4g6g

4e-6

e4e

6e

oute

r=d

12.0

0011

.830

11.7

3511

.966

11.7

9611

.701

11.9

2911

.759

11.6

64M

12 x

1.7

5fla

nk

=d2

10.8

6310

.768

10.7

1310

.829

10.7

3410

.679

10.7

9210

.697

10.6

42co

re

=d3

9.85

39.

691

9.63

59.

819

9.65

69.

602

9.78

29.

619

9.56

5

oute

r=d

14.0

0013

.820

13.7

2013

.962

13.7

8213

.682

13.9

2913

.749

13.6

49M

14 x

2.0

flank

=d

212

.701

12.6

0112

.541

12.6

6312

.563

12.5

0312

.630

12.5

3012

.470

core

=d

311

.546

11.3

6911

.309

11.5

0811

.331

11.2

7111

.475

11.2

9811

.238

oute

r=d

16.0

0015

.820

15.7

2015

.962

15.7

8215

.682

15.9

2915

.749

15.6

49M

16 x

2.0

flank

=d

214

.701

14.6

0114

.541

14.6

6314

.563

14.5

0314

.630

14.5

3014

.470

core

=d

313

.546

13.3

6913

.309

13.5

0813

.331

13.2

7113

.475

13.2

9813

.238

oute

r=d

18.0

0017

.788

17.6

6517

.958

17.7

4617

.623

17.9

2017

.708

17.5

85M

18 x

2.5

flank

=d

216

.376

16.2

7016

.206

16.3

3416

.228

16.1

6416

.296

16.1

9016

.126

core

=d

314

.933

14.7

3114

.666

14.8

9114

.688

14.6

2514

.853

14.6

5014

.587

oute

r=d

20.0

0019

.788

19.6

6519

.958

19.7

4619

.623

19.9

2019

.708

19.5

85M

20 x

2.5

flank

=d

218

.376

18.2

7018

.206

18.3

3418

.228

18.1

6418

.296

18.1

9018

.126

core

=d

316

.933

16.7

3116

.666

16.8

9116

.688

16.6

2516

.853

16.6

5016

.587

oute

r=d

22.0

0021

.788

21.6

6521

.958

21.7

4621

.623

21.9

2021

.708

21.5

85M

22 x

2.5

flank

=d

220

.376

20.2

7020

.206

20.3

3420

.228

20.1

6420

.296

20.1

9020

.126

core

=d

318

.933

18.7

3118

.666

18.8

9118

.688

18.6

2518

.853

18.6

5018

.587

oute

r=d

24.0

0023

.764

23.6

2523

.952

23.7

1623

.577

23.9

1523

.679

23.5

40M

24 x

3.0

flank

=d

222

.051

21.9

2621

.851

22.0

0321

.878

21.8

0321

.966

21.8

4121

.766

core

=d

320

.319

20.0

7820

.003

20.2

7120

.030

19.9

5520

.234

19.9

9319

.918

oute

r=d

27.0

0026

.764

26.6

2526

.952

26.7

1626

.577

26.9

1526

.679

26.5

40M

27 x

3.0

flank

=d

225

.051

24.9

2624

.851

25.0

0324

.878

24.8

0324

.966

24.8

4124

.766

core

=d

323

.319

23.0

7823

.003

23.2

7123

.030

22.9

5523

.234

22.9

9322

.918

oute

r=d

30.0

0029

.735

20.5

7529

.947

29.6

8229

.522

29.9

1029

.645

29.4

85M

30 x

3.5

flank

=d

227

.727

27.5

9527

.515

27.6

7427

.542

27.4

6227

.637

27.5

0527

.425

core

=d

325

.706

25.4

3925

.359

25.6

5325

.386

25.3

0625

.616

25.3

4925

.269


Sym

bol

max

.m

in.

min

.m

ax.

min

.m

in.

max

.m

in.

min

.4h

- 6

h4h

6h4g

-6g

4g6g

4e-6

e4e

6e

oute

r=d

8.00

07.

910

7.86

07.

978

7.88

87.

838

7.94

47.

854

7.80

4M

8 x

0.75

flank

=d

27.

513

7.45

07.

413

7.49

17.

428

7.39

17.

457

7.39

47.

357

core

=d

37.

080

6.98

86.

951

7.05

86.

968

6.92

97.

024

6.93

26.

895

oute

r=d

8.00

07.

888

7.82

07.

974

7.86

27.

794

7.94

07.

828

7.76

0M

8 x

1.0

flank

=d

27.

350

7.27

97.

238

7.32

47.

253

7.21

27.

290

7.21

97.

178

core

=d

36.

773

6.66

36.

622

6.74

76.

637

6.59

66.

713

6.60

36.

562

oute

r=d

9.00

08.

888

8.82

08.

974

8.86

28.

794

8.94

08.

828

8.76

0M

9 x

1.0

flank

=d

28.

350

8.27

98.

238

8.32

48.

253

8.21

28.

290

8.21

98.

178

core

=d

37.

773

7.66

37.

622

7.74

77.

637

7.59

67.

713

7.60

37.

562

oute

r=d

10.0

009.

888

9.82

09.

974

9.86

29.

794

9.94

09.

828

9.76

0M

10 x

1.0

flank

=d

29.

350

9.27

99.

238

9.32

49.

253

9.21

29.

290

9.21

99.

178

core

=d

38.

773

8.66

38.

622

8.74

78.

637

8.59

68.

713

8.60

38.

562

oute

r=d

10.0

009.

868

9.78

89.

982

9.84

09.

760

9.93

79.

805

9.72

5M

10 x

1.2

5fla

nk

=d2

9.18

89.

113

9.07

09.

160

9.08

59.

042

9.12

59.

050

9.00

7co

re

=d3

8.46

68.

343

8.30

08.

438

8.31

58.

272

8.40

38.

280

8.23

7

oute

r=d

12.0

0011

.888

11.8

2011

.974

11.8

6211

.794

11.9

4011

.828

11.7

60M

12 x

1.0

flank

=d

211

.350

11.2

7511

.232

11.3

2411

.249

11.2

0611

.290

11.2

1511

.172

core

=d

310

.773

10.6

5910

.616

10.7

4710

.633

10.5

9010

.713

10.5

9910

.556

oute

r=d

12.0

0011

.868

11.7

8811

.972

11.8

4011

.760

11.9

3711

.805

11.7

25M

12 x

1.2

5fla

nk

=d2

11.1

8811

.103

11.0

5611

.160

11.0

7511

.028

11.1

2511

.040

10.9

93co

re

=d3

10.4

6610

.333

10.2

8610

.438

10.3

0510

.258

10.4

0310

.270

10.2

23

oute

r=d

12.0

0011

.850

11.7

6411

.968

11.8

1811

.732

11.9

3311

.783

11.6

97M

12 x

1.5

flank

=d

211

.026

10.9

3610

.886

10.9

9410

.904

10.8

5410

.959

10.8

6910

.819

core

=d

310

.160

10.0

129.

962

10.1

289.

980

9.93

010

.093

9.94

59.

895

oute

r=d

14.0

0013

.888

13.8

2013

.974

13.8

6213

.794

13.9

4013

.828

13.7

60M

14 x

1.0

flank

=d

213

.350

13.2

7513

.232

13.3

2413

.249

13.2

0613

.290

13.2

1513

.172

core

=d

312

.773

12.6

5912

.616

12.7

4712

.633

12.5

9012

.713

12.5

9912

.556

oute

r=d

14.0

0013

.850

13.7

6413

.968

13.8

1813

.732

13.9

3313

.783

13.6

97M

14 x

1.5

flank

=d

213

.026

12.9

3612

.886

12.9

9412

.904

12.8

5412

.959

12.8

6912

.819

core

=d

312

.160

12.0

1211

.962

12.1

2811

.980

11.9

3012

.093

11.9

4511

.895

Metric ISO-threads, size limits for fine pitch threads, DIN 13 Part 21, Oct 1983

46

Sym

bol

max

.m

in.

min

.m

ax.

min

.m

in.

max

.m

in.

min

.4h

- 6

h4h

6h4g

-6g

4g6g

4e-6

e4e

6e

oute

r=d

16.0

0015

.888

15.8

2015

.974

15.8

6215

.794

15.9

4015

.828

15.7

60M

16 x

1.0

flank

=d

215

.350

15.2

7515

.232

15.3

2415

.249

15.2

0615

.290

15.2

1515

.172

core

=d

314

.773

14.6

5914

.616

14.7

4714

.633

14.5

9014

.713

14.5

9914

.556

oute

r=d

16.0

0015

.850

15.7

6415

.968

15.8

1815

.732

15.9

3315

.783

15.6

97M

16 x

1.5

flank

=d

215

.026

14.9

3614

.886

14.9

9414

.904

14.8

5414

.959

14.8

6914

.819

core

=d

314

.160

14.0

1213

.962

14.1

2813

.980

13.9

3014

.093

13.9

4513

.895

oute

r=d

18.0

0017

.850

17.7

6417

.968

17.8

1817

.732

17.9

3317

.783

17.6

97M

18 x

1.5

flank

=d

217

.026

16.9

3616

.886

16.9

9416

.904

16.8

5416

.959

16.8

6916

.819

core

=d

316

.160

16.0

1215

.962

16.1

2815

.980

15.9

3016

.093

15.9

4515

.895

oute

r=d

18.0

0017

.820

17.7

2017

.962

17.7

8217

.682

17.9

2917

.749

17.6

49M

18 x

2.0

flank

=d

216

.701

16.6

0116

.541

16.6

6316

.563

16.5

0316

.630

16.5

3016

.470

core

=d

315

.546

15.3

6915

.309

15.5

0815

.331

15.2

7115

.475

15.2

9815

.238

oute

r=d

20.0

0019

.850

19.7

6419

.968

19.8

1819

.732

19.9

3319

.783

19.6

97M

20 x

1.5

flank

=d

219

.026

18.9

3618

.886

18.9

9418

.904

18.8

5418

.959

18.8

6918

.819

core

=d

318

.160

18.0

1217

.962

18.1

2817

.980

17.9

3018

.093

17.9

4517

.895

oute

r=d

20.0

0019

.820

19.7

2019

.962

19.7

8219

.682

19.9

2919

.749

19.6

49M

20 x

2.0

flank

=d

218

.701

18.6

0118

.541

18.6

6318

.563

18.5

0318

.630

18.5

3018

.470

core

=d

317

.546

17.3

6917

.309

17.5

0817

.331

17.2

7117

.475

17.2

9817

.238

oute

r=d

22.0

0021

.850

21.7

6421

.968

21.8

1821

.732

21.9

9321

.783

21.6

97M

22 x

1.5

flank

=d

221

.026

20.9

3620

.886

20.9

9420

.904

20.8

5420

.959

20.8

6920

.819

core

=d

320

.160

20.0

1219

.962

20.1

2819

.980

19.9

3020

.093

19.9

4519

.895

oute

r=d

22.0

0021

.820

21.7

2021

.962

21.7

8221

.682

21.9

2921

.749

21.6

49M

22 x

2.0

flank

=d

220

.701

20.6

0120

.541

20.6

6320

.563

20.5

0320

.630

20.5

3020

.470

core

=d

319

.546

19.3

6919

.309

19.5

0819

.331

19.2

7119

.475

19.2

9819

.238

oute

r=d

24.0

0023

.850

23.7

6423

.968

23.8

1823

.732

23.9

3323

.783

23.6

97M

24 x

1.5

flank

=d

223

.026

22.9

3122

.876

22.9

9422

.899

22.8

4422

.959

22.8

6422

.809

core

=d

322

.160

22.0

0721

.952

22.1

2821

.975

21.9

2022

.093

21.9

4021

.885

oute

r=d

24.0

0023

.820

23.7

2023

.962

23.7

8223

.682

23.9

2923

.749

23.6

49M

24 x

2.0

flank

=d

222

.701

22.5

9522

.531

22.6

6322

.557

22.4

9322

.630

22.5

2422

.460

core

=d

321

.546

21.3

6321

.299

21.5

0821

.325

21.2

6121

.475

21.2

9221

.228

Metric ISO-threads, size limits for fine pitch threads, DIN 13 Part 21, Oct 1983

47


7.3 GO Screw ring gage measurement acc. DIN/ISO 1502 edition 01/12.96th

read

sm

in.

Flan

k-

Flan

k-

Tigh

teni

ngco

re-

oute

r-

(tol

eran

cew

ear

limit

torq

ue

ball

cont

act

Test

dim

ensi

on

Test

Dim

ensi

on

(tol

eran

cein

m

)N

m m

ax.

M (t

ol. i

n m

)M

wor

n ou

tin

m

)

M6

-6h

6.08

15.

348

7

5.36

40.

220.

620

5.59

2

75.

608

4.91

7

7M

8-6

h8.

099

7.18

6

77.

202

0.51

0.72

57.

5416

77.

5576

6.64

7

7M

8 x

1.0

-6h

8.08

17.

348

7

7.36

40.

510.

620

7.59

3

77.

609

6.91

7

7M

10-6

h10

.119

59.

018

9

9.03

91.

00.

837

9.47

8

99.

499

8.37

6

9M

10 x

1.0

-6h

10.0

819.

348

7

9.36

41.

00.

620

9.59

34

79.

6094

8.91

7

7M

10 x

1.2

5-6

h10

.099

9.18

6

79.

202

1.0

0.72

59.

5424

7

9.55

848.

647

7

M12

-6h

12.1

375

10.8

55

910

.876

1.73

1.10

11.2

68

9

11.2

8910

.106

9

M12

x 1

.0-6

h12

.081

11.3

48

711

.364

1.73

0.62

011

.593

6

711

.609

610

.917

7

M12

x 1

.25

-6h

12.1

0111

.180

9

11.2

011.

730.

725

11.5

368

9

11.5

578

10.6

47

9M

12 x

1.5

-6h

12.1

195

11.0

18

911

.039

1.73

0.83

711

.478

7

911

.499

710

.376

9

M14

-6h

14.1

555

12.6

93

912

.714

2.7

1.11

213

.310

7

913

.331

711

.835

9

M14

x 1

.0-6

h14

.081

13.3

48

713

.364

2.7

0.62

013

.593

7

713

.609

712

.917

7

M14

x 1

.5-6

h14

.119

513

.018

9

13.0

392.

70.

837

Bolt and Screw Compendium

Documents

Transcript of Bolt and Screw Compendium