BLOOD RBC – non nucleated Hemoglobin

- is the molecule that imparts the red color in the blood- molecule for which the oxygen combines with, therefore blood can carry oxygen- Oxyhemoglobin – hemoglobin with the attached oxygen

Blood cell formation or hematopoiesis or hemapoesis Formation of red blood cells – erythropoesis

- erthyropoetin (the hormone)- only happens when there is decrease in oxygen in the blood- hypoxia – lack of oxygen- negative feedback mechanism

Formation of platelets – thrombopoesis Fate of Old Erythrocytes and hemoglobin

- old RBS are removed from the blood by the macrophages or phagocytes in the spleen (divided into a red pulp and white pulp) and liver

o red pulp is considered as the graveyard of effete RBCo splenic macrophage – the macrophage in the spleeno Kupffer cells – macrophage in the liver

- Hemoglobin is broken down into its two components: globin and heme- Globin reduced to amino acid- hemoglobin’s iron is recycled, others will go to the blood- Heme is converted to bilirubin which is taken up by liver and it will go to the intestine and is

added to the bile when needed WBC

- considered to be cells with a nucleus- is considered as the true cell because they are the only one that has a real nucleus- 5-10,000 cells in a cubic milliliter of a cell- immune cells- some will function as phagocytes (neutrophil and monocytes)- types:

o depending on the presence of absence of SSG or staining granules1. granulocytes – with staining

containing granulesa. neutrophils – do not change in form and functionally are phagocytes and involved in

acute infectionsa. HYPERSEGMENTED OR POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NUCLEOPHIL

b. eisinophils – reduce inflammation and only has 2 lobes and its granules contains histamine and heparin

c. basophils – least common- the shape of the nucleus may be S,C,U

2. agranulocytes – a. monocytes – when they enter the tissue, they turn into macrophages

largest involved in chronic kidney shaped with gray

b. lymphocytes – main cells involved in the immune response PLATELETS

- blood clotting cells produced in the red bone marrow HEMATOPOIESIS

- starting from fetal life, there is already the formation of blood cells- in infants, the liver,thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes takes care of the formation- all the different blood cell comes from one stem cell which is called hemacytoblast

Blood Loss- must be replaced by the bone marrow- if there is too much loss and erythropoiesis cannot compensate with the loss, then blood

transfusion must be done- hemostasis – arrest of bleeding or stoppage of blood flow

o vascular spasm – the contraction of the smooth muscle which is the first stepo platelet plugs – platelet adheres on the wet surface, which is the surface with the exposed

collagen. Factors in the platelets:

o Coagulation transformation of liquid blood to gel medium clotting factors: synthesized in liver and requires vitamin K

o growth of fibrostation (?) damaged vessel

1. generation of the thromboplastin2. prothrombinase -> thrombin3. fibrimosyn -> fibrin

-ia and –cytosis – it means there is an increase-enia - decreasenormochromic – normal level of hemoglobinhypochromic – low level of hemoglobinhyperchromic – high level of hemoglobinnormocytic – the size of the red blood cell is normalmicrocytic – smaller than the normalmacrocytic – larger than the normalanisocytosis- condition wherein there is a variation in size of red blood cellspoikilocytosis - condition wherein there is a variation in shape of red blood cells