EXPT. 14 BLOOD

BLOOD

Connective tissue circulating consisting of several types of cells

Greek word “haima” which means blood

Produced from the bone marrow (Hematopoiesis)

medical terms related to blood use the prefix hemo- or hemato

Functions

1. TRANSPORTATION- carries O2 and nutrients to the cells

- transports CO2 and wastes from the tissues to the lung and kidneys where wastes can be removed

2. REGULATION- regulate body temperature- pH regulation

Functions

3. PROTECTION-clotting mechanisms prevent blood loss through hemmorhage when blood vessels become damaged-white blood cells helps protect the body against diseases

PLASMA – aqueous solution where formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) are suspended

- liquid that can be separated from whole blood and contains fibrinogen

SERUM- supernatant fluid from coagulated blood

- SERUM = plasma - fibrinogen

HEMOGLOBIN

o Iron containing protein that acts as carrier of O2 from the lungs to the tissues

o Pigment that gives the color of RBC

o OXYHEMOGLOBIN- O2 molecule + iron ion of heme

o CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN- CO2 + hemoglobin

A. Separation of serum from the whole blood

B. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES

BENEDICT’S TEST

Serum + Bemedict’s rgt. POSITIVE RESULT: brick red ppt. Indicates the presence of sugar in blood

serum

C.TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF PROTEINS

1. TEST FOR SERUM ALBUMIN AND GLOBULIN serum + sat. (NH4)2SO4 red orange

solution with precipitate add NaCl precipitate dissolved

and formation of white solution

o (NH4)2SO4 – precipitating agento NaCl – dissolving agent

D. CHLORIDE DETERMINATION serum + AgNO3 white ppt.

o Chemical equation involved in the reaction:

Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3

E. PHOSPHATE DETERMINATION

Serum + (NH4)2MoO4 yellow ppt.

o Chemical reaction involved:

PO4-3 + NH4 MoO4 (NH4)3PO4

F. TEST FOR FIBRIN IN THE CLOTTED BLOOD

FIBRIN: pink cream color and thread like structure

Fibrin + Millon’s rgt. Brick red ppt. Brick red ppt. indicates the presence of

tyrosine

Fibrin + Hopkin’s Cole Violet ring at the junction Violet ring formation indicates the presence

of tryptophan

G. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF CHOLESTEROL

LIEBERMANN BURCHARD TEST

Alcohol- ether mixture + whole blood residue +chloroform clear light green solution

Standard cholesterol dark green solution

evaporate

H. IRON DETERMINATION

Whole blood ash + HCl filtrate + NH4SCN salmon pink sol’n

The purpose of adding NH4SCN is to detect the presence of Iron in the blood

evaporate

filter

I. BLOOD GASES

Whole blood + dist. H2O brick red sol’n due to the presence of oxyhemoglobin

whole blood + dist. H2O + Stoke’s sol’n

dark red sol’n with precipitate and bubbles reduced hemoglobin

BLOOD CLOTTING

Clot formation results in a mass of protein fibers, trapped blood cells and platelet that repair the injury sustained.

CLOTTING FACTORS – elements involved in clotting

BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM: 1. Intrinsic pathway- factors found in the

blood2. Extrinsic pathway- factors outside the

bloodstream

CLOT