• Individuals who have experienced a stroke that has selectively damaged area V1, or who have had V1 removed surgically, report being blind in the affected part of visual space (e.g., damage to left V1 affects the right visual field).

• However, if these individuals are asked to point to an object to reach out and grasp an object in the “blind” field, they can do so accurately, even though they claim they are just guessing.

Blindsight: What happens when V1 is damaged?

• Similarly if they are asked to report on an object in the good visual field, the presentation of objects in the impaired field can influence those reports (e.g., responses to objects in the good field are slowed down when another object is presented at the same in the bad field compared to when it is shown alone).

• Some visual information is getting through to the parts of the brain that control action, but not entering awareness.

• Does this mean that V1 is necessary for visual awareness?

Blindsight: What happens when V1 is damaged?

Blindsight patient GY has a lesion in left V1. He reports being blind to objects in the right visual field, yet he can correctly point to and grasp them.

These fMRI scans show robust activity in extrastriate visual areas when stimuli were presented in the ‘blind’ region.

Without V1, how did these signals get to the dorsal pathway?

There’s a second pathway to the dorsal stream that bypasses V1!

Retina – Superior Colliculus - Pulvinar

So damage to V1 can lead to sight without awareness (blindsight).

But damage to the (usually right) parietal lobe can lead to the opposite problem, called anosognosia – which is when you don’t know that you don’t know something.

These patients can be blind, but insist that they can see. They’ll often confabulate stories or excuses to prevent them from demonstrating their disability.

This means that an intact V1, but a damaged parietal lobe can lead to awareness without sight!

Damage to V1: Some sight without awareness

Damage to parietal cortex (dorsal stream): Awareness without sight

Chapter 7: Perceiving Color

-The physical dimensions of color-The psychological dimensions of color appearance

(hue, saturation, brightness)-The relationship between the psychological and physical dimensions of color

(Trichromacy Color opponency)- Other influences on color perception

(color constancy, top-down effects)

Sir Isaac Newton

Newton’s Prism Experiment (1704)

White light is composed of multiple colors

Light

Monochromatic light: one wavelength (like a laser)

Physical parameters for monochromatic light1. Wavelength2. Intensity

Heterochromatic light: many wavelengths (normal light sources)

For heterochromatic lightThe spectral composition gives the intensity at each wavelength

Monochromatic light

Heterochromatic light

Spectral composition of two common (heterochromatic) illuminants

The spectral components of light entering the eye is the product of the illuminant and the surface reflectance of objects.

Reflectance of some common surfaces and pigments

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Surface reflectance of some common objects

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Spectral composition of light entering the eye after being reflected from a surface =

XSpectral composition of the illuminant

Reflectance of the surface

Consider a ripe banana illuminated with a bright monochromatic blue (420 nm) light. What color will the banana appear to be?

a. bright orange

b. dark/dim orange

c. black

d. dark/dim blue

Wavelength

Rel

ativ

e am

ount

of l

ight

Blue (monochromatic)

Spectral composition of light entering the eye after being reflected from a surface =

XSpectral composition of the illuminant

Reflectance of the surface

Wavelength

Rel

ativ

e am

ount

of l

ight White light

Blue

(monochromatic)

Orange

(monochromatic)

Psychology and Color

• Physical dimensions of colorSpectral composition light source X reflectance

• Psychological dimensions of color1. Hue (e.g., red, blue, green)2. Saturation (e.g., pastel, ‘deep & rich’)3. Brightness (e.g., dim, bright)

Newton, 1703

Newton noticed that the color spectrum could be represented in a circle.

Psychological dimensions of color

1. hue

Psychological dimensions of color

2. saturation

Psychological dimensions of color

3. brightness

Psychological dimensions of color

Psychological dimensions of color

The color solid.

Graphics programs allow you to pick colors by hue, saturation and brightness from a color circle.

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How do we get from the physical properties of light:

To the psychological dimensions of color?

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Hue: peak (center) of spectral distribution

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Saturation: spread (variance) of spectral distribution

Brightness: height of spectral distribution

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Bright, saturated blue Bright, partially desaturatedred (pink)

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Dark, desaturated green

These rules of hue, saturation and brightness are useful for simple (univariate) spectral distributions:

But what about any arbitrary distribution?

400 500 600 700two primary colors

+ = ?three primary colors

+ = ?+

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random

?

Color mixtures

Subtractive mixtures

Occur with paints (pigments) and filters

For pigments: In the mixture, the only wavelengths reflected by the mixture are those that are reflected by all components in the mixture.

Cyan paint Yellow paint

White light Cyan reflected White light Yellow reflected

+ =

White light

Subtractive mixtures

For filters: wavelengths in the ‘mixture’ are those that are passed by every filter in use.

The spectrum above is created on an RGB computer monitor by additive mixing

Additive mixtures

You can create additive mixtures by putting pixels very close together

That’s how TVs and computer monitors work.

And stadium scoreboards

Georges Seurat, The Channel of Gravelines (1890)

Georges Seurat, the French Pointillist Painter knew about this!

Closeup, Georges Seurat, The Channel of Gravelines (1890)

Pointillism painters mixed colors additively rather than subtractively!

TV’s with three phosphors work because almost any color can be generated by adding different amounts of the three primary colors.