Björn Landfeldt School of Information Technologies Investigating a theoretical model Bjorn...
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Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Investigating a theoretical model
Bjorn Landfeldt
University of Sydney
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
We’ll look at:
• We have a theory and a model
• How do we check the accuracy of our model?
• Methodology
• Things to consider
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Background
• This paper is rather mathematical, we won’t go through the models in detail (unless you really want a Laplace question in quiz).
• We’ll focus on experiments
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Background
• Telecommunication traffic– interarrival times Poisson distributed– makes modeling very easy
• Internet traffic, no such luck– Many different applications– Capture effects, etc.
• What does it look like?
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So what?
• System engineering– Save costs (dimension correctly)– Provide guarantees to customers– SLAs possible only with tight bounds
• Assuming Poisson we don’t know what will happen just that it will not be very accurate.
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So what does traffic look like?
• Many studies show, Internet traffic exhibits– Self similar patterns (similar characteristics
over different time scales)– Heavy tailed distributions
• Several models have been proposed.
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
In this paper:
• We investigate queuing delay through a router using priority queuing
• Devise first closed form expressions for such a system
• Our traffic model– Simple (few parameters)
– Flexible (can model large range of traffic)
• Developed by Mine Caglar
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Without going into details:
• We present a model for how to calculate queuing delay through a single router
• We the want to investigate if our model is correct
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
What tools can we use?
• Numerical analysis– Get numerical results from closed form expression
– Do they make sense?
• Simulations– Get numerical results
– Do they make sense?
• Experimental measurements– What do we get in reality?
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Initial investigation
• Numerical analysis
• We vary Hurst parameter (traffic intensity)
• Delay follows reasonable pattern and right order of magnitude.
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Next step
• We implement a simulator and run simulations.
• Compare our results with numerical results• Output very similar, good• However, our own code, have we
introduced bias?• Experiment time!
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Experiments
• We purchase a CISCO router and a couple of PCs to use as source and sink
• Configure router with 2 queues PQ
• Implement traffic generator and run on source trough router to sink
• Synchronise clocks and measure time through router (packet sniffer)
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Results
• Experiments larger delay than simulation and numerical when H increases why?
• Two reasons really– Input queue packets waiting (looks like longer delay in
router)– NTP (timing protocol for synchronisation) uses low
priority queue through router • gets delayed when H increases, sync skewed
• Paper not updated to show this correctly yet :)
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
What conclusions do we draw
• The model matches both simulations and experiments well (when errors taken into account)
• Our mathematical model is accurate– That does not mean we know how to set H for
all traffic though!!!– We can determine queuing delay if we know H
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So, when use what?
• Depends really!
• MAIN point:
• No matter what you use, THINK before you start
• Errors possible in ALL approaches
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So, when use what?
• If your model is complete (no simplifications), analytical model accurate and provable
• If you make any simplifications/assumptions remember this when drawing conclusions
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So, when use what?
• Simulations
• Good, when you need quick indications of what will happen r want to investigate something of low complexity
• Investigations of scale. Can you experiment with the Gnutella network? No choice.
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
So, when use what?
• Experiments– Used to get exact results, very good.– However, setup prone to errors– Results validity, only for exact experiment. Can
conclusions be generalised? Think before determining that.
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Before experimenting
• Ask yourself– What are my sources of error?– How big are those errors?– How can they affect my results?– If I change experimental setup, will the above
points change?
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Make a habit of
• Estimating the errors in your results. Use:– Gaussian approximation– Logarithmic transformation etc.
• Understanding that the results of a single run may not show anything
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Error propagation
• Addition and subtraction– eA = bB + cC; e = b+c easy but,
• Multiplication and division?
• What is error of volume of cylinder– Radius 5 cm +- 0.05 cm, hight 10 cm +- 0.01
cm
Björn LandfeldtSchool of Information Technologies
Error propagation
€
V = πr2 × h = 3.14 × 52 ×10 = 785cm2
€
δV = δr + δh =Δr
r+
Δh
hΔV = δV (V )
Δr
r=
0.05
5;Δh
h=
0.01
10;δV = 0.01+ 0.001 = 0.011
ΔV = 0.011× 785 = 8.642